1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 RAYMOND E. MOORE, Jr., Case No. 2:22-cv-01517-DJC-JDP (PC) 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13 v. THAT DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS BE DENIED 14 BUTTE COUNTY, et al., ECF No. 35 15 Defendants.
16 17 Plaintiff was housed as a pretrial detainee at Butte County Jail when his appendix 18 ruptured. For days leading up to the rupture, plaintiff repeatedly sought medical treatment, but 19 his requests went largely ignored by defendants. Now, one of the guards, defendant Erwin, 20 moves for her dismissal from this action. ECF No. 35. For the reasons stated below, I 21 recommend that defendant’s motion be denied. 22 Background 23 Plaintiff filed his initial complaint on August 29, 2022, ECF No. 1; his first amended 24 complaint on February 17, 2023, ECF No. 19; and his operative complaint on May 22, 2023, ECF 25 No. 24. The complaint generally alleges that defendant Erwin, along with other defendants, 26 violated plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment right to medical care.1 ECF No. 24 at 3. According to 27
28 1 To date, the remaining defendants, Sage and Shoemaker, have not appeared. 1 the complaint, on August 13, 2020, plaintiff asked defendant for medical treatment and to be seen 2 by a doctor because he was in pain. Id. Instead of assisting plaintiff, defendant laughed at him. 3 Id. During the time plaintiff was requesting medical attention, his appendix ruptured. Plaintiff 4 was treated nine days later for his ruptured appendix and resulting complications, including 5 gangrene. Id. at 3-5. 6 Motion to Dismiss 7 A. Legal Standards 8 “Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is proper when the complaint either (1) lacks a cognizable 9 legal theory or (2) fails to allege sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory.” Somers v. 10 Apple, Inc., 729 F.3d 953, 959 (9th Cir. 2013). To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state 11 a claim, a plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” 12 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim has facial plausibility when a 13 plaintiff “pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 14 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 15 In deciding motions under Rule 12(b)(6), the court generally considers only allegations 16 contained in the pleadings, exhibits attached to the complaint, and matters properly subject to 17 judicial notice, and construes all well-pleaded material factual allegations in the light most 18 favorable to the nonmoving party. Chubb Custom Ins. Co. v. Space Sys./Loral, Inc., 710 F.3d 19 946, 956 (9th Cir. 2013); Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012). In certain 20 circumstances, the court may also consider documents referenced in—but not included with—the 21 complaint or that form the basis of plaintiff’s claims. United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 907 22 (9th Cir. 2003). 23 B. Discussion 24 Defendant asserts four main arguments for why she should be dismissed from this action. 25 None are availing; thus, I recommend that defendant’s motion be denied. 26 1. Statute of Limitations 27 Defendant posits that the statute of limitations has run on plaintiff’s claim. ECF No. 35-1 28 at 5. Specifically, she argues that plaintiff was not taken to the hospital for his ruptured appendix 1 until August 21, 2020, and that his complaint, which was filed on August 29, 2022, was untimely 2 because it was not filed within two years of August 21, 2020. This argument fails. While 3 generally a two-year statute of limitations applies, California law extends the statute of limitations 4 period by two years for inmates serving a sentence of less than life without the possibility of 5 parole. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 352.1(a). And as the Ninth Circuit instructs, California Civil 6 Procedure Code section 352.1’s tolling provisions apply equally to pretrial detainees and state 7 prisoners. See Elliott v. City of Union City, 25 F.3d 800, 802-03 (9th Cir. 1994); Mosteiro v. 8 Simmons, No. 22-16780, 2023 WL 5695998, at *4 (9th Cir. Sept. 5, 2023); Gosztyla v. French, 9 No. 2:21-cv-01403-DJC-EFB (PC), 2024 WL 1908603, at *2 (E.D. Cal. May 1, 2024). Plaintiff 10 filed his complaint before the applicable statute of limitations expired. 11 2. Legal Theory 12 Next, defendant argues that plaintiff’s claim is impermissibly vague because he only 13 alleges a Fourteenth Amendment violation without a specific legal theory. ECF No. 35-1 at 5. 14 Again, this argument fails. On the form complaint, plaintiff indicated that his Fourteenth 15 Amendment rights were violated and checked the box for medical care. ECF No. 24 at 4. 16 Despite defendant’s argument that she is forced to guess at the nature of plaintiff’s claim, it is 17 sufficiently evident that plaintiff is alleging a Fourteenth Amendment violation of his medical 18 care. 19 3. Failure to State a Claim 20 Defendant argues that the allegations fail to state a claim for denial of medical care in 21 violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. ECF No. 35-1 at 6. 22 “[V]iolations of the right to adequate medical care ‘brought by pretrial detainees against 23 individual defendants under the Fourteenth Amendment’ must be evaluated under an objective 24 deliberate indifference standard.” Gordon v. Cnty. of Orange, 888 F.3d 1118, 1124-25 (9th Cir. 25 2018). To state a cognizable claim, a plaintiff must set forth factual allegations identifying 26 individual acts or omissions by each person related to his medical treatment or conditions of 27 confinement which resulted in a constitutional violation. See Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 633 28 (9th Cir. 1988) (“The inquiry into causation must be individualized and focus on the duties and 1 responsibilities of each individual defendant whose acts or omissions are alleged to have caused a 2 constitutional deprivation.”). The elements of a pretrial detainee’s medical care claim are:
3 (i) the defendant made an intentional decision with respect to the 4 conditions under which the plaintiff was confined; (ii) those conditions put the plaintiff at substantial risk of suffering serious 5 harm; (iii) the defendant did not take reasonable available measures to abate that risk, even though a reasonable official in the 6 circumstances would have appreciated the high degree of risk involved—making the consequences of the defendant’s conduct 7 obvious; and (iv) by not taking such measures, the defendant 8 caused the plaintiff’s injuries. 9 Id. at 1145. 10 Defendant argues that plaintiff failed to plead the first two elements: (1) that she made an 11 intentional decision about plaintiff’s condition of confinement, and (2) that her decision put him 12 at a substantial risk of suffering serious harm. ECF No. 35-1 at 6. Defendant contends that the 13 complaint is devoid of facts demonstrating that plaintiff provided her with information about his 14 injury and then decided to not act.2 I disagree.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 RAYMOND E. MOORE, Jr., Case No. 2:22-cv-01517-DJC-JDP (PC) 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13 v. THAT DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS BE DENIED 14 BUTTE COUNTY, et al., ECF No. 35 15 Defendants.
16 17 Plaintiff was housed as a pretrial detainee at Butte County Jail when his appendix 18 ruptured. For days leading up to the rupture, plaintiff repeatedly sought medical treatment, but 19 his requests went largely ignored by defendants. Now, one of the guards, defendant Erwin, 20 moves for her dismissal from this action. ECF No. 35. For the reasons stated below, I 21 recommend that defendant’s motion be denied. 22 Background 23 Plaintiff filed his initial complaint on August 29, 2022, ECF No. 1; his first amended 24 complaint on February 17, 2023, ECF No. 19; and his operative complaint on May 22, 2023, ECF 25 No. 24. The complaint generally alleges that defendant Erwin, along with other defendants, 26 violated plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment right to medical care.1 ECF No. 24 at 3. According to 27
28 1 To date, the remaining defendants, Sage and Shoemaker, have not appeared. 1 the complaint, on August 13, 2020, plaintiff asked defendant for medical treatment and to be seen 2 by a doctor because he was in pain. Id. Instead of assisting plaintiff, defendant laughed at him. 3 Id. During the time plaintiff was requesting medical attention, his appendix ruptured. Plaintiff 4 was treated nine days later for his ruptured appendix and resulting complications, including 5 gangrene. Id. at 3-5. 6 Motion to Dismiss 7 A. Legal Standards 8 “Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is proper when the complaint either (1) lacks a cognizable 9 legal theory or (2) fails to allege sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory.” Somers v. 10 Apple, Inc., 729 F.3d 953, 959 (9th Cir. 2013). To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state 11 a claim, a plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” 12 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim has facial plausibility when a 13 plaintiff “pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 14 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 15 In deciding motions under Rule 12(b)(6), the court generally considers only allegations 16 contained in the pleadings, exhibits attached to the complaint, and matters properly subject to 17 judicial notice, and construes all well-pleaded material factual allegations in the light most 18 favorable to the nonmoving party. Chubb Custom Ins. Co. v. Space Sys./Loral, Inc., 710 F.3d 19 946, 956 (9th Cir. 2013); Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012). In certain 20 circumstances, the court may also consider documents referenced in—but not included with—the 21 complaint or that form the basis of plaintiff’s claims. United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 907 22 (9th Cir. 2003). 23 B. Discussion 24 Defendant asserts four main arguments for why she should be dismissed from this action. 25 None are availing; thus, I recommend that defendant’s motion be denied. 26 1. Statute of Limitations 27 Defendant posits that the statute of limitations has run on plaintiff’s claim. ECF No. 35-1 28 at 5. Specifically, she argues that plaintiff was not taken to the hospital for his ruptured appendix 1 until August 21, 2020, and that his complaint, which was filed on August 29, 2022, was untimely 2 because it was not filed within two years of August 21, 2020. This argument fails. While 3 generally a two-year statute of limitations applies, California law extends the statute of limitations 4 period by two years for inmates serving a sentence of less than life without the possibility of 5 parole. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 352.1(a). And as the Ninth Circuit instructs, California Civil 6 Procedure Code section 352.1’s tolling provisions apply equally to pretrial detainees and state 7 prisoners. See Elliott v. City of Union City, 25 F.3d 800, 802-03 (9th Cir. 1994); Mosteiro v. 8 Simmons, No. 22-16780, 2023 WL 5695998, at *4 (9th Cir. Sept. 5, 2023); Gosztyla v. French, 9 No. 2:21-cv-01403-DJC-EFB (PC), 2024 WL 1908603, at *2 (E.D. Cal. May 1, 2024). Plaintiff 10 filed his complaint before the applicable statute of limitations expired. 11 2. Legal Theory 12 Next, defendant argues that plaintiff’s claim is impermissibly vague because he only 13 alleges a Fourteenth Amendment violation without a specific legal theory. ECF No. 35-1 at 5. 14 Again, this argument fails. On the form complaint, plaintiff indicated that his Fourteenth 15 Amendment rights were violated and checked the box for medical care. ECF No. 24 at 4. 16 Despite defendant’s argument that she is forced to guess at the nature of plaintiff’s claim, it is 17 sufficiently evident that plaintiff is alleging a Fourteenth Amendment violation of his medical 18 care. 19 3. Failure to State a Claim 20 Defendant argues that the allegations fail to state a claim for denial of medical care in 21 violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. ECF No. 35-1 at 6. 22 “[V]iolations of the right to adequate medical care ‘brought by pretrial detainees against 23 individual defendants under the Fourteenth Amendment’ must be evaluated under an objective 24 deliberate indifference standard.” Gordon v. Cnty. of Orange, 888 F.3d 1118, 1124-25 (9th Cir. 25 2018). To state a cognizable claim, a plaintiff must set forth factual allegations identifying 26 individual acts or omissions by each person related to his medical treatment or conditions of 27 confinement which resulted in a constitutional violation. See Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 633 28 (9th Cir. 1988) (“The inquiry into causation must be individualized and focus on the duties and 1 responsibilities of each individual defendant whose acts or omissions are alleged to have caused a 2 constitutional deprivation.”). The elements of a pretrial detainee’s medical care claim are:
3 (i) the defendant made an intentional decision with respect to the 4 conditions under which the plaintiff was confined; (ii) those conditions put the plaintiff at substantial risk of suffering serious 5 harm; (iii) the defendant did not take reasonable available measures to abate that risk, even though a reasonable official in the 6 circumstances would have appreciated the high degree of risk involved—making the consequences of the defendant’s conduct 7 obvious; and (iv) by not taking such measures, the defendant 8 caused the plaintiff’s injuries. 9 Id. at 1145. 10 Defendant argues that plaintiff failed to plead the first two elements: (1) that she made an 11 intentional decision about plaintiff’s condition of confinement, and (2) that her decision put him 12 at a substantial risk of suffering serious harm. ECF No. 35-1 at 6. Defendant contends that the 13 complaint is devoid of facts demonstrating that plaintiff provided her with information about his 14 injury and then decided to not act.2 I disagree. The complaint alleges that defendant laughed as 15 she denied plaintiff’s repeated requests for medical treatment and did so while he was in 16 demonstrable pain. ECF No. 24 at 3. Such an allegation is sufficient at this stage of the 17 proceeding. 18 Next, defendant contends that plaintiff has not pled that she acted with deliberate 19 indifference to a substantial risk of serious harm. ECF No. 35-1 at 7. Defendant argues that 20 because plaintiff had his vitals taken by another defendant on an unspecified date, he was not 21 denied medical treatment. Notwithstanding that allegation, the complaint alleges that plaintiff’s 22 numerous requests to be seen by a doctor and to receive proper medical attention went 23 unanswered for days. Finally, defendant argues that her lack of action did not cause plaintiff’s 24 injury. ECF No. 35-1 at 8-9. However, plaintiff alleges that because he was denied treatment, his 25
2 Defendant’s argument that plaintiff had access to medical care because plaintiff alleged 26 in a previous complaint that he had a medical call button in his cell and was seen by a nurse on at 27 least two occasions is unavailing. An amended complaint supersedes the original, the original being treated thereafter as non-existent. Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967), overruled 28 on other grounds by Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 896 (9th Cir. 2012). 1 condition worsened, resulting in an infection from his ruptured appendix. At this stage, those 2 allegations are sufficient. 3 4. Qualified Immunity 4 Defendant argues in a cursory fashion that she is entitled to qualified immunity because 5 plaintiff has not demonstrated that he had a clearly established right to receive immediate medical 6 attention due to reports of stomach pains. ECF No. 35-1 at 10. 7 There are two prongs in the qualified-immunity inquiry: “(1) whether ‘the facts alleged 8 show the official’s conduct violated a constitutional right; and (2) if so, whether the right was 9 clearly established’ as of the date of the involved events ‘in light of the specific context of the 10 case.’” Tarabochia v. Adkins, 766 F.3d 1115, 1121 (9th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation omitted). 11 The court must view the facts “in the light most favorable to the injured party.” Chappell v. 12 Mandeville, 706 F.3d 1052, 1058 (9th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). 13 As explained above, the first prong of the qualified immunity analysis is met. With 14 respect to the second prong, the Ninth Circuit has held that it is clearly established that a prison 15 official may not intentionally deny or delay access to medical care. See Clement v. Gomez, 298 16 F.3d 898, 906 (9th Cir. 2002); Hamilton v. Endell, 981 F.2d 1062, 1066 (9th Cir. 1998) (“A 17 finding of deliberate indifference necessarily precludes a finding of qualified immunity; prison 18 officials who deliberately ignore the serious medical needs of inmates cannot claim that it was not 19 apparent to a reasonable person that such actions violated the law.”), overruled on other grounds 20 by Colwell v. Bannister, 763 F.3d 1060 (9th Cir. 2014). Here, plaintiff alleges that despite the 21 fact that he repeatedly informed defendant of his pain, she ignored him. As such, qualified 22 immunity is not an appropriate basis to dismiss this suit at the current stage. 23 Accordingly, it is RECOMMENDED that defendant’s motion to dismiss, ECF No. 35, be 24 denied. 25 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 26 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen days 27 after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 28 objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 1 | “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any response to the 2 | objections shall be served and filed within fourteen days after service of the objections. The 3 | parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to 4 | appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez 5 | v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 6 7 g IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: _ June 4, 2024 Q_———— 10 JEREMY D. PETERSON i UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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