(PC) Janoiko v. Marchak

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: April 21, 2025
• Docket: 1:24-cv-00652
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2

7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 RICHARD JANOIKO, Case No. 1:24-cv-00652-CDB (PC)

12 Plaintiff, FIRST SCREENING ORDER 13 v. (Doc. 1) 14 MARINA MARCHAK, et al., 15 Defendants.

16 17 Plaintiff Richard Janoiko (“Plaintiff”) is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma 18 pauperis in this civil rights action brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff initiated this action 19 with the filing of a complaint on June 3, 2024. (Doc. 1). Plaintiff asserts an Eighth Amendment 20 medical care deliberate indifference claim against Defendants Marina Marchak, Steven Galarza, 21 and Vahid Nikzad (collectively, “Defendants”), all of whom are doctors are Corcoran State Prison 22 (“CSP”) and are sued in their individual capacities. (Id. at 2, 4). Plaintiff alleges Defendants 23 violated his constitutional rights while under their care at CSP when they were deliberately 24 indifferent to his serious medical condition that worsened due to their actions and inactions. (Id. at 25 4). Specifically, Plaintiff alleges the facts contained in the medical records show Defendants’ 26 deliberate indifference caused him to develop and contributed to worsening tardive dyskinesia 27 (“TD”) and other symptoms. (Id. at 3). 28 /// 1 I. SCREENING REQUIREMENT 2 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 3 governmental entity or an officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). 4 The Court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner raises claims that are 5 frivolous or malicious, fail to state a claim on which relief may be granted, or seek monetary relief 6 from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(i)–(iii); 28 U.S.C. 7 § 1915A(b). The Court must dismiss a complaint if it lacks a cognizable legal theory or fails to 8 allege sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory. O’Neal v. Price, 531 F.3d 1146, 1151 9 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Vaden v. Summerhill, 449 F.3d 1047, 1050 (9th Cir. 2006)). 10 II. PLEADING REQUIREMENTS 11 A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) 12 A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader 13 is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). “Rule 8(a)’s simplified pleading standard applies to 14 all civil actions, with limited exceptions.” Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 513 (2002). 15 The statement must give the defendant fair notice of the plaintiff’s claims and the grounds 16 supporting the claims. Id. at 512. 17 Detailed factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a 18 cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 19 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). Plaintiff must 20 set forth “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim that is plausible on its face.’” 21 (Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570)). Plausibility does not require probability, but it requires 22 more than the “sheer possibility” of a defendant’s liability. (Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 23 556)). A claim is plausible when the facts pleaded allow the court to make reasonable inferences 24 that the defendant is liable for wrongful conduct. (Id.). However, a court “is not required to indulge 25 unwarranted inferences.” Metzler Inv. GMBH v. Corinthian Colls., Inc., 540 F.3d 1049, 1064 (9th 26 Cir. 2008). 27 The Court construes pleadings of pro se prisoners liberally and affords them the benefit of 1 pleading standard applies to a plaintiff’s factual allegations but not to his legal theories. Neitzke 2 v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 330 n.9 (1989). Moreover, a liberal construction of the complaint may 3 not supply essential elements of a claim not pleaded by the plaintiff. Bruns v. Nat’l Credit Union 4 Admin., 122 F.3d 1251, 1257 (9th Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks & citation omitted). The 5 mere possibility of misconduct and facts merely consistent with liability is insufficient to state a 6 cognizable claim. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; Moss v. U.S. Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 7 2009). Vague and conclusory allegations of official misconduct are insufficient to withstand a 8 motion to dismiss. Ivey v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Alaska, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982). 9 B. Linkage and Causation 10 Section 1983 provides a cause of action for the violation of constitutional or other federal 11 rights by persons acting under color of state law. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To state a claim under 12 section 1983, a plaintiff must show a causal connection or link between the actions of the defendants 13 and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by the plaintiff. See Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 14 362, 373–75 (1976). The Ninth Circuit has held that a government actor may be liable under section 15 1983, if he performs an affirmative act, participates in another’s affirmative acts, or fails to perform 16 an act which he is legally required to do that causes the prisoner to suffer a deprivation of rights. 17 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (citing Sims v. Adams, 537 F.2d 829 (5th Cir. 18 1976)). In addition to direct participation, a government actor may be liable for “setting in motion 19 a series of acts by others which the actor knows or reasonably should know would cause others to 20 inflict the constitutional injury.” Preschooler II v. Clark Cnty. Sch. Bd. of Trustees, 479 F.3d 1175, 21 1183 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Johnson, 588 F.2d at 743). 22 III. DISCUSSION 23 A. Plaintiff’s Allegations1 24 Plaintiff names as Defendants CSP doctors Marina Marchak, Steven Galarza, and Vahid 25 Nikzad, and sues them in their individual capacities. (Doc. 1 at 2, 4). In his request for relief, 26 Plaintiff seeks: a declaration that his constitutional rights were violated; a jury demand; 27 1The Court accepts Plaintiff’s allegations in the complaint as true only for the purpose of 1 compensatory damages of $300,000 against each Defendant jointly and severally; punitive 2 damages of $300,000 against each Defendant; costs and attorneys’ fees; and any additional relief 3 the Court deems proper or necessary. (Id. at 9). The complaint is signed and dated May 22, 2024. 4 (Id.). The complaint notes that “Prisoner Jeffrey McCreary” helped prepare the complaint. (Id.). 5 Plaintiff asserts a single medical care claim under the Eighth Amendment and cites to 6 Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976). (Id. at 3). Plaintiff asserts that during his prison term, Dr. 7 Saritha Sunkara tested Plaintiff for involuntary movements due to psychiatric medications on 8 February 27, 2021, on May 19, 2021, and July 26, 2021, and found no movements and no TD. 9 (Id.). On August 6, 2021, Defendant Dr. Marchak tested Plaintiff and assessed a movement score 10 of “AIMS 4 to 5” and later on August 13, 2021, “raised it to AIMS 9[.]” (Id.). Despite “all the 11 previous zero test results[,]” Dr. Marchak “claimed that Plaintiff had TD for many years.” (Id.). 12 Plaintiff alleges Dr. Marchak’s “claim go[e]s against all the previous tests” and “highlights that this 13 doctor did nothing to change the Zyprexa Plaintiff was on that is known to cause TD.” (Id.). 14 Plaintiff alleges that when “suddenly movements started and then quickly grew worse” that Dr. 15 Marchak “did nothing” and “instead of following training and warnings about TD” he “invented a 16 false history.” (Id. at 5). Plaintiff alleges Dr. Marchak “was deliberately indifferent to an emerging 17 case of TD that could have been stopped early.” (Id.). 18 Plaintiff alleges Defendant Dr. Galarza “created medical records” on February 24, 2022, 19 and on July 18, 2022, “stating Plaintiff had no movements even though the official movement score 20 was updated on” November 1, 2022 “to AIMS 13.” (Id. at 3). By March 27, 2023, Dr. Galarza 21 “stopped the Zyprexa due to worsening movements, requested a neurology consultation, and started 22 Plaintiff on Seroquel, another drug known to cause TD.” (Id.). Plaintiff alleges Dr. Galarza 23 “somehow missed movements for months and then suddenly found the movements so severe that 24 he put in a request for a specialist[,] [a]t which point he discontinued a known TD causing drug and 25 replaced it with another TD causing drug.” (Id. at 5). Plaintiff alleges Dr. Galarza “[n]ot caring 26 which drug to replace it with when there were so many choices that don’t cause TD was deliberate 27 indifference.” (Id.). 1 the records of “the latest movement score of AIMS 33 given just one month after changing to 2 Seroquel” on April 23, 2023, saw Plaintiff on September 14, 2023, and “documented that Plaintiff 3 wanted to discontinue Seroquel because it causes TD[.]” (Id. at 4). Dr. Nikzad “admits that he 4 talked Plaintiff into continuing to take [Seroquel]’ which “caused Plaintiff to be on Ingrezza to 5 combat his TD while taking Seroquel … for several months until another [doctor] finally 6 discontinued the Seroquel.” (Id.). Plaintiff alleges that Dr. Nikzad talked him “into continuing to 7 take the TD causing drug” while Plaintiff was suffering “extreme movements[,] even involuntarily 8 hitting himself,” which “was beyond deliberate indifference, [and] it was intentional infliction of 9 pain and suffering.” (Id. at 5). 10 Plaintiff alleges he suffers injuries as he developed TD, “uncontrollable repetitive 11 movements of his head, mouth, tongue, [and] hands that make it extremely hard to walk, talk, eat, 12 and has brought [him] severe physical, social, and emotional consequences.” (Id.). He alleges that 13 his TD is severe and his head “is constantly thrown back” and “hard” that “he now has bone 14 spurs[.]” (Id. at 5). At a “recent hospital stay[,]” an E.R. doctor gave him a permanent neck brace 15 and a spine brace. (Id.). Plaintiff alleges that on good days, “he chomps his gums, his hands jerk 16 so much [that] it takes him [two] minutes to dial the phone, and [he] must live with the ridicule and 17 avoidance of those around him.” (Id.). On bad days, “his tongue jump[s] out of his mouth, and 18 arms flailing has cause him to knock cellmates[‘] property and even a TV off counters and made it 19 very difficult to eat.” (Id.). He alleges that “[b]ecause of the movements [he has] bone spurs in 20 [his] neck, and problems with [his] back, and they gave [him] a neck and back braces, and will 21 require surgery.” (Id. at 6). He alleges that in the approximately two years he suffered from TD, 22 he has “deteriorated to the point where [he] now” permanently ambulates with a walker and “must 23 wear” back and neck braces “under [his] big, bright yellow mobility vest.” (Id.). He has “severe 24 pain” and his “ruined life now comes with the fearful knowledge that soon [he] must submit to a 25 dangerous surgery to fuse the bones in [his] neck.” (Id.). He “cannot stand for more than ten 26 minutes, and must utilize the seat in [his] walker constantly during the day.” (Id.). 27 He alleges that each Defendant, “based on the facts above taken directly from Plaintiff’s 1 due to their actions and inactions.” (Id. at 4). 2 Plaintiff cites to case law to show that “[i]t has been proven that Zyprexa and Seroquel cause 3 TD.” (Id.) (citing Lucero v. Colvin, No. CIV-15-0434 LAM, 2016 WL 8230654 (D. N. M., Aug. 4 17, 2016) (Zyprexa); Patteson v. Maloney, No. 10-1760 (JEB), 2013 WL 5133495 (D. D. C. Sept. 5 16, 2013) (Seroquel)). Plaintiff alleges “TD has been a known problem by the American 6 Psychological Association for decades” and “they created a task force who published a report in 7 1980 causing them to send a letter to all psychiatrists warning them of TD.” (Id.) (citing 8 Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210 (1990)). Plaintiff alleges that “[e]very two years[,] 9 California’s Legislature creates a ‘TD Awareness Week’ … because it is estimated over 60,000 10 Californians suffer [from] TD[.]” (Id.). 11 Plaintiff attaches to his complaint three exhibits. First, he attaches “Health Care Grievance 12 #23001545” which documents: (a) on August 10, 2023, “an abnormal EKG due to Propranol which 13 was recently started and is known to cause low blood pressure and heart problems”; (b) on 14 September 14, 2023, he “was sent to the E.R. for low blood pressure, given IV fluids”; (c) on 15 September 20, 2023, “TTA … for chest pains”; (d) on October 13, 2023, lumbar x-ray due to back 16 pain; and (e) on October 27, 2023, a hip x-ray due to pain. (Id. at 6). Second, he attaches a 17 reasonable accommodation form that was granted and alleges that he was issued a “mobility 18 impaired” vest and a walker. (Id.). Third, he attaches another reasonable accommodation that was 19 granted and alleges a “2-wheel walker caused fall, changed to wheelchair, then 4-wheeled walker 20 [and] walker and vest made permanent.” (Id.). 21 B. Discussion 22 1. Governing Authority on Eighth Amendment Deliberate Indifference to 23 Serious Medical Need 24 Prison officials violate the Eighth Amendment if they are “deliberate[ly] indifferen[t] to [a 25 prisoner’s] serious medical needs.” Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104. “A medical need is serious if failure 26 to treat it will result in ‘“significant injury or the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.”’” 27 Peralta v. Dillard, 744 F.3d 1076, 1081-82 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1 on other grounds by WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc)). 2 To maintain an Eighth Amendment claim based on medical care in prison, a plaintiff must 3 first “show a serious medical need by demonstrating that failure to treat a prisoner’s condition could 4 result in further significant injury or the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain. Second, the 5 plaintiff must show the defendants’ response to the need was deliberately indifferent.” Wilhelm v. 6 Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1122 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096 (quotation marks 7 omitted)). 8 As to the first prong, indications of a serious medical need “include the existence of an 9 injury that a reasonable doctor or patient would find important and worthy of comment or treatment; 10 the presence of a medical condition that significantly affects an individual’s daily activities; or the 11 existence of chronic and substantial pain.” Colwell v. Bannister, 763 F.3d 1060, 1066 (9th Cir. 12 2014) (citation & internal quotation marks omitted); accord Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1122; Lopez v. 13 Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1131 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (“Examples of serious medical needs include 14 ‘[t]he existence of an injury that a reasonable doctor or patient would find important and worthy of 15 comment or treatment; the presence of a medical condition that significantly affects an individual’s 16 daily activities; or the existence of chronic and substantial pain”). 17 As to the second prong, deliberate indifference is “a state of mind more blameworthy than 18 negligence” and “requires ‘more than ordinary lack of due care for the prisoner’s interests or 19 safety.’” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 835 (1994) (quoting Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 20 319 (1986)). Deliberate indifference is shown where a prison official “knows that inmates face a 21 substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that risk by failing to take reasonable measures to 22 abate it.” (Id. at 847). In medical cases, this requires showing: (a) a purposeful act or failure to 23 respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible medical need and (b) harm caused by the indifference. 24 Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1122 (quoting Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096). “A prisoner need not show his harm 25 was substantial; however, such would provide additional support for the inmate’s claim that the 26 defendant was deliberately indifferent to his needs.” Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096, citing McGuckin, 974 27 F.2d at 1060. 1 (9th Cir. 2004). “Under this standard, the prison official must not only ‘be aware of the facts from 2 which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists,’ but that person 3 ‘must also draw the inference.’” (Id. at 1057) (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837). “‘If a prison 4 official should have been aware of the risk, but was not, then the official has not violated the Eighth 5 Amendment, no matter how severe the risk.’” (Id.) (quoting Gibson v. County of Washoe, Nevada, 6 290 F.3d 1175, 1188 (9th Cir. 2002)). 7 To prevail on a deliberate-indifference claim, a plaintiff must also show that harm resulted 8 from a defendant’s wrongful conduct. Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1122; see Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096; Hallett 9 v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 746 (9th Cir. 2002) (prisoner alleging deliberate indifference based on 10 delay in treatment must show delay led to further injury). 11 2. Analysis 12 Here, liberally construing the complaint, the Court concludes that Plaintiff states a 13 cognizable claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for medical care under the Eighth Amendment against 14 Defendants. As set forth in more detail below, each Defendant is alleged in general to have missed 15 or failed to identify and diagnose a serious condition (TD) and prescribed or mis-prescribed 16 medications that are known to cause or exacerbate the effects of TD. 17 As to Dr. Marchak, Plaintiff alleges that during his term of incarceration, he “was tested 18 for involuntary movements due to psychiatric medications” on several occasions by various 19 doctors, including Defendants, and when Dr. Marchak later determined that Plaintiff “had TD for 20 many years” he did “nothing to change the Zyprexa Plaintiff was on that is known to cause TD” 21 instead “of following training and warnings about TD.” This satisfies the first prong. Plaintiff 22 alleges that Dr. Marchak “invented a false history” and “was deliberately indifferent to an 23 emerging case of TD that could’ve been stopped early” and “worsened due to [his] actions and 24 inactions.” Plaintiff details the harm he faced from being prescribed the “TD causing drugs” of 25 Zyprexa and Seroquel and having developed TD and other symptoms, and have caused him 26 “severe physical, social, and emotional consequences.” Plaintiff’s allegations that Dr. Marchak 27 failed to modify Plaintiff’s prescription of Zyprexa in response to his TD diagnosis, falsification 1 The undersigned similarly finds the claim sufficiently alleged against Dr. Galarza. Plaintiff 2 | alleges that Dr. Galarza created medical records indicating Plaintiff “had no movements” even 3 | though his movement score was later updated with a higher score and waited over four months 4 | before Dr. Galarza “stopped the Zyprexa due to worsening movements[,]” requested a specialist 5 | for consultation, and started Plaintiff on Seroquel. Plaintiff alleges Dr. Galarza, in “not caring” 6 | about selecting a drug for replacement despite the “many choices” available that do not cause TD 7 | was “deliberate indifference.” 8 Likewise, Plaintiff sufficiently alleges a claim against Dr. Nikzad. Plaintiff alleges that 9 | Dr. Nikzad, despite having available to him records which indicate a high movement score “just 10 | one month after changing to Seroquel” and over Plaintiff's desire to discontinue the use of 11 | Seroquel as he suffered extreme and involuntary self-inflicting movements, “admits that he talked 12 | Plaintiff into continuing to take” Seroquel for several months until another doctor discontinued its 13 | use on Plaintiff. Plaintiff alleges that Dr. Nikzad’s conduct was “beyond deliberate indifference” 14 | and was “intentional infliction of pain and suffering.” 15 Thus, and liberally construing the complaint for purposes of screening, the undersigned 16 | finds Plaintiff's complaint sufficiently alleges a claim for medical indifference to serious medical 17 || needs against each of the named Defendants. Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1122. 18 | IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 19 For the reasons set forth above, it is HEREBY ORDERED: 20 1. This action proceeds on Plaintiff's complaint, filed on June 3, 2024 (Doc. 1) against 21 Defendants Marina Marchak, Steven Galarza, and Vahid Nikzad for a claim under 22 the Eighth Amendment for deliberate indifference to serious medical needs; and 23 2. A separate order will issue regarding service of the complaint. 24 | IT IS SO ORDERED. * | Dated: _ April 18, 2025 | hwwrD bh 26 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 27 28