1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 NATHAN HILL, No. 2:19-cv-1680 JAM AC P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 GAVIN NEWSOME, et al.,1 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, a state prisoner proceeding pro se, has filed this civil rights action seeking relief 18 under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The matter was referred to a United States Magistrate Judge pursuant to 19 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Local Rule 302. 20 Before this court are plaintiff’s motions for preliminary injunction2 and his motion for 21 witness protection. See generally ECF No. 1 at 4-9, 11; see also ECF Nos. 6, 12. For the reasons 22 stated below, the undersigned recommends that plaintiff’s preliminary injunction motions and his 23 motion to receive witness protection be denied. 24 1 Gavin Newsom, Governor of the State of California, is named as a defendant in this action. See 25 ECF No. 1 at 1. The court will direct the Clerk of Court to correct the spelling of Governor 26 Newsom’s last name in the case caption of the court’s docket. 2 In plaintiff’s second preliminary injunction motion, filed September 9, 2019, he asks that the 27 court return a copy of the motion and its exhibits to him because the copy filed with the court was the only one he had, and he is unable to go to the prison library to make copies. See generally 28 ECF No. 6 at 7. As a one-time courtesy, the court will direct the Clerk of Court to do so. 1 I. PLAINTIFF’S PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION AND WITNESS PROTECTION 2 MOTIONS 3 A. Preliminary Injunction Motions 4 In plaintiff’s complaint filed August 27, 2019, he names as defendants Governor Gavin 5 Newsom; Director of California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”) Ralph 6 Diaz; California State Prison – Corcoran (“CSP-Corcoran”) Warden Ken Clark; Chief Deputy 7 Warden Gamboa; Captain Gallagher; Appeals Coordinator J. Ceballos, and Correctional Officer 8 Vera.3 See ECF No. 1 at 1-3. Plaintiff effectively requests that a preliminary injunction issue 9 that transfers him to “safe fed[eral] custody” 4 and that a permanent restraining order issue on “all 10 of CDCR.” See generally id. at 4-9, 11 (brackets added). He contends that injunctive relief 11 should be granted because he is anticipating a transfer to a different prison in December where he 12 may be “exposed to threats from violent [and] sexual predators.” See id. at 4. According to 13 plaintiff, “all gang members [are] a threat to [him].” Id. at 4. He seeks transfer “to [a] non- 14 violent atmosphere or [to] segregated housing in federal custody” so that he may “avoid imminent 15 danger [and] accumulative [sic] psychological damage from prolonged anxiety [and] stress.” Id. 16 at 7. 17 In plaintiff’s second, stand-alone preliminary injunction request filed September 9, 2019, 18 he reiterates his request for an injunction his immediate transfer to the custody of the Federal 19 Bureau of Prisons. See ECF No. 6 at 1. He claims that the CDCR’s refusal to keep him 20 permanently segregated from prison gang members constitutes a denial of his rights to due 21 process. See id. at 3. Plaintiff also states that he fears being attacked by gang members in part 22 because he has reported how they have assaulted other inmates on behalf of the police. See id. at 23 3-4. He asserts that the CDCR is actively trying to send him to a prison where he can be attacked 24 by gangs. See id. at 4. 25 //// 26
27 3 Unless otherwise specified, all defendants are employed at CSP-Corcoran. 4 When addressing these motions herein, the undersigned need not and does not speculate on this 28 court’s ability to transfer an inmate who is currently in state custody to federal custody. 1 Plaintiff further asserts that he has been threatened with serious bodily injury by defendant 2 Vera, a correctional officer, despite the fact that he has never interacted with him otherwise. See 3 id. at 4. He claims that the threats from prison officials are “having severe psychologically 4 harmful [e]ffects” on him, and states that his reporting of the threats has been ignored. See id. at 5 4-5 (brackets added). These facts, plaintiff argues, further justify a grant of this preliminary 6 injunction motion. See id. at 5. 7 B. Motion to be Placed in a Witness Protection Program 8 Plaintiff’s motion for witness protection, filed November 7, 2019, appears to be an 9 extension of his preliminary injunction motions. It asks that the court remove him from CSP- 10 Corcoran and place him in a witness protection program, in light of the claims made and facts 11 stated in his preliminary injunction motion. See generally ECF No. 12 at 1. Plaintiff contends 12 that his placement into witness protection is necessary because he is in imminent danger of 13 serious harm or death. See id. 14 II. APPLICABLE LAW 15 The legal principles applicable to requests for injunctive relief, such as a temporary 16 restraining order or preliminary injunction, are well established. To prevail, the moving party 17 must show that irreparable injury is likely in the absence of an injunction. See Stormans, Inc. v. 18 Selecky, 586 F.3d 1109, 1127 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 19 555 U.S. 7 (2008)). To the extent prior Ninth Circuit cases suggest a lesser standard by focusing 20 on the mere possibility of irreparable harm, such cases are “no longer controlling, or even viable.” 21 Am. Trucking Ass’ns, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, 559 F.3d 1046,1052 (9th Cir. 2009). Under 22 Winter, the proper test requires a party to demonstrate: (1) he is likely to succeed on the merits; 23 (2) he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of an injunction; (3) the balance of 24 hardships tips in his favor, and (4) an injunction is in the public interest. See Stormans, Inc., 586 25 F.3d at 1127 (citing Winter, 555 U.S. at 20). 26 The propriety of a request for injunctive relief hinges on a significant threat of irreparable 27 injury that must be imminent in nature. Caribbean Marine Servs. Co. v. Baldrige, 844 F.2d 668, 28 674 (9th Cir. 1988); see also Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131-32 1 (9th Cir. 2011). “A preliminary injunction is an ‘extraordinary and drastic remedy; it is never 2 awarded as of right.” Munaf v. Geren, 553 U.S. 674, 689-90 (2008) (citations omitted). 3 III. DISCUSSION 4 A. Preliminary Injunction Motions 5 Plaintiff’s motions for preliminary injunctive relief should be denied for several reasons. 6 First, they are premature. The court has not obtained personal jurisdiction over any of the 7 defendants since they have not yet been served with process in this action. See Zepeda v. United 8 States Immigration Service, 753 F.2d 719, 727 (9th Cir.1985) (“A federal court may issue an 9 injunction if it has personal jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the 10 claim; it may not attempt to determine the rights of persons not before the court.”); see also Local 11 Rule 231(a) (stating TRO shall not be granted in the absence of actual notice to the affected party 12 or counsel except in the most extraordinary of circumstances). 13 Next, even if jurisdiction over defendants had attached, plaintiff has failed to meet the 14 requirements for injunctive relief laid out in Winter.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 NATHAN HILL, No. 2:19-cv-1680 JAM AC P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 GAVIN NEWSOME, et al.,1 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, a state prisoner proceeding pro se, has filed this civil rights action seeking relief 18 under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The matter was referred to a United States Magistrate Judge pursuant to 19 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Local Rule 302. 20 Before this court are plaintiff’s motions for preliminary injunction2 and his motion for 21 witness protection. See generally ECF No. 1 at 4-9, 11; see also ECF Nos. 6, 12. For the reasons 22 stated below, the undersigned recommends that plaintiff’s preliminary injunction motions and his 23 motion to receive witness protection be denied. 24 1 Gavin Newsom, Governor of the State of California, is named as a defendant in this action. See 25 ECF No. 1 at 1. The court will direct the Clerk of Court to correct the spelling of Governor 26 Newsom’s last name in the case caption of the court’s docket. 2 In plaintiff’s second preliminary injunction motion, filed September 9, 2019, he asks that the 27 court return a copy of the motion and its exhibits to him because the copy filed with the court was the only one he had, and he is unable to go to the prison library to make copies. See generally 28 ECF No. 6 at 7. As a one-time courtesy, the court will direct the Clerk of Court to do so. 1 I. PLAINTIFF’S PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION AND WITNESS PROTECTION 2 MOTIONS 3 A. Preliminary Injunction Motions 4 In plaintiff’s complaint filed August 27, 2019, he names as defendants Governor Gavin 5 Newsom; Director of California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”) Ralph 6 Diaz; California State Prison – Corcoran (“CSP-Corcoran”) Warden Ken Clark; Chief Deputy 7 Warden Gamboa; Captain Gallagher; Appeals Coordinator J. Ceballos, and Correctional Officer 8 Vera.3 See ECF No. 1 at 1-3. Plaintiff effectively requests that a preliminary injunction issue 9 that transfers him to “safe fed[eral] custody” 4 and that a permanent restraining order issue on “all 10 of CDCR.” See generally id. at 4-9, 11 (brackets added). He contends that injunctive relief 11 should be granted because he is anticipating a transfer to a different prison in December where he 12 may be “exposed to threats from violent [and] sexual predators.” See id. at 4. According to 13 plaintiff, “all gang members [are] a threat to [him].” Id. at 4. He seeks transfer “to [a] non- 14 violent atmosphere or [to] segregated housing in federal custody” so that he may “avoid imminent 15 danger [and] accumulative [sic] psychological damage from prolonged anxiety [and] stress.” Id. 16 at 7. 17 In plaintiff’s second, stand-alone preliminary injunction request filed September 9, 2019, 18 he reiterates his request for an injunction his immediate transfer to the custody of the Federal 19 Bureau of Prisons. See ECF No. 6 at 1. He claims that the CDCR’s refusal to keep him 20 permanently segregated from prison gang members constitutes a denial of his rights to due 21 process. See id. at 3. Plaintiff also states that he fears being attacked by gang members in part 22 because he has reported how they have assaulted other inmates on behalf of the police. See id. at 23 3-4. He asserts that the CDCR is actively trying to send him to a prison where he can be attacked 24 by gangs. See id. at 4. 25 //// 26
27 3 Unless otherwise specified, all defendants are employed at CSP-Corcoran. 4 When addressing these motions herein, the undersigned need not and does not speculate on this 28 court’s ability to transfer an inmate who is currently in state custody to federal custody. 1 Plaintiff further asserts that he has been threatened with serious bodily injury by defendant 2 Vera, a correctional officer, despite the fact that he has never interacted with him otherwise. See 3 id. at 4. He claims that the threats from prison officials are “having severe psychologically 4 harmful [e]ffects” on him, and states that his reporting of the threats has been ignored. See id. at 5 4-5 (brackets added). These facts, plaintiff argues, further justify a grant of this preliminary 6 injunction motion. See id. at 5. 7 B. Motion to be Placed in a Witness Protection Program 8 Plaintiff’s motion for witness protection, filed November 7, 2019, appears to be an 9 extension of his preliminary injunction motions. It asks that the court remove him from CSP- 10 Corcoran and place him in a witness protection program, in light of the claims made and facts 11 stated in his preliminary injunction motion. See generally ECF No. 12 at 1. Plaintiff contends 12 that his placement into witness protection is necessary because he is in imminent danger of 13 serious harm or death. See id. 14 II. APPLICABLE LAW 15 The legal principles applicable to requests for injunctive relief, such as a temporary 16 restraining order or preliminary injunction, are well established. To prevail, the moving party 17 must show that irreparable injury is likely in the absence of an injunction. See Stormans, Inc. v. 18 Selecky, 586 F.3d 1109, 1127 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 19 555 U.S. 7 (2008)). To the extent prior Ninth Circuit cases suggest a lesser standard by focusing 20 on the mere possibility of irreparable harm, such cases are “no longer controlling, or even viable.” 21 Am. Trucking Ass’ns, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, 559 F.3d 1046,1052 (9th Cir. 2009). Under 22 Winter, the proper test requires a party to demonstrate: (1) he is likely to succeed on the merits; 23 (2) he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of an injunction; (3) the balance of 24 hardships tips in his favor, and (4) an injunction is in the public interest. See Stormans, Inc., 586 25 F.3d at 1127 (citing Winter, 555 U.S. at 20). 26 The propriety of a request for injunctive relief hinges on a significant threat of irreparable 27 injury that must be imminent in nature. Caribbean Marine Servs. Co. v. Baldrige, 844 F.2d 668, 28 674 (9th Cir. 1988); see also Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131-32 1 (9th Cir. 2011). “A preliminary injunction is an ‘extraordinary and drastic remedy; it is never 2 awarded as of right.” Munaf v. Geren, 553 U.S. 674, 689-90 (2008) (citations omitted). 3 III. DISCUSSION 4 A. Preliminary Injunction Motions 5 Plaintiff’s motions for preliminary injunctive relief should be denied for several reasons. 6 First, they are premature. The court has not obtained personal jurisdiction over any of the 7 defendants since they have not yet been served with process in this action. See Zepeda v. United 8 States Immigration Service, 753 F.2d 719, 727 (9th Cir.1985) (“A federal court may issue an 9 injunction if it has personal jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the 10 claim; it may not attempt to determine the rights of persons not before the court.”); see also Local 11 Rule 231(a) (stating TRO shall not be granted in the absence of actual notice to the affected party 12 or counsel except in the most extraordinary of circumstances). 13 Next, even if jurisdiction over defendants had attached, plaintiff has failed to meet the 14 requirements for injunctive relief laid out in Winter. Specifically, plaintiff has failed to establish 15 that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm if an injunction does not issue that transfers him to 16 federal custody. All plaintiff’s statements regarding future harm are conclusory and speculative. 17 He fails to show that he has been harmed in the past by gangs in state prison or by state prison 18 officials either at CSP-Corcoran or elsewhere. See generally ECF Nos. 1, 6, 12. With respect to 19 defendant Vera’s alleged threat to inflict serious bodily harm on plaintiff, this reportedly occurred 20 in September of this year. See ECF No. 6 at 1, 4. However, more than two months later, in his 21 request to be placed in a witness protection program, plaintiff makes no claim that defendant Vera 22 followed through on the alleged threat, nor does he make a claim that irreparable harm has come 23 to him at the hands of other prison officials or inmates since he filed his injunction motions. See 24 generally ECF No. 12. 25 In sum, all plaintiff offers in support of his requests for injunctive relief is an unsupported 26 belief that he may be harmed if he is transferred to another state prison. Speculative injury does 27 not constitute irreparable harm. Caribbean Marine Servs. Co., Inc., 844 F.2d at 674. 28 //// 1 Finally, plaintiff has not established that any hardships exist, let alone that they tip in his 2 favor. See generally Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. Accordingly, a grant of his preliminary injunction 3 motions is not in the public’s interest. See generally id. For these reasons, the motions should be 4 denied. 5 B. Plaintiff’s Motion to be Placed in a Witness Protection Program 6 The undersigned is unaware of any authority for the proposition that plaintiff has a 7 constitutional right to be placed in a witness protection program based upon speculative future 8 harm. Plaintiff’s motion does not cite to any law in support of this request. See generally ECF 9 No. 12. There is also no indication that plaintiff is actually serving as a witness in any active 10 investigation or proceeding, and the undersigned is unaware of any precedent for court-ordered 11 participation in a witness protection program. For all these reasons, the motion should be denied 12 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Clerk of Court shall: 13 1. Change the spelling of Governor Newsom’s name from “Newsome” to “Newsom” in 14 the case caption of the court’s docket, and 15 2. Print out and send plaintiff a copy of his motion for a preliminary injunction (ECF No. 16 6) as a one-time courtesy. 17 IT IS FURTHER RECOMMENDED that: 18 1. Plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction included in his complaint, ECF No. 1 at 19 4-9, 11, be DENIED; 20 2. Plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction, ECF No. 6, be DENIED, and 21 3. Plaintiff’s motion to be placed in a witness protection program, ECF No. 12, be 22 DENIED. 23 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 24 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen days 25 after being served with these findings and recommendations, plaintiff may file written objections 26 with the court. Such a document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings 27 //// 28 //// 1 | and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the specified 2 || time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Martinez v. YIst, 951 F.2d 1153 3 | (Oth Cir. 1991). 4 | DATED: November 25, 2019 ~ 5 Hthren— Lhar—e_ ALLISON CLAIRE 6 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28