1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 STANLEY GLEASON, No. 2:20-cv-1971-EFB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 JEFF LYNCH, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding without counsel in an action brought under 42 18 U.S.C. § 1983. In addition to filing a complaint (ECF No. 1), he has also filed an application to 19 proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) and a request for the appointment of counsel (ECF No. 7). 20 Application to Proceed In Forma Pauperis 21 Plaintiff’s application makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1) and (2). 22 Accordingly, by separate order, the court directs the agency having custody of plaintiff to collect 23 and forward the appropriate monthly payments for the filing fee as set forth in 28 U.S.C. 24 § 1915(b)(1) and (2). 25 Screening Standards 26 Federal courts must engage in a preliminary screening of cases in which prisoners seek 27 redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. 28 § 1915A(a). The court must identify cognizable claims or dismiss the complaint, or any portion 1 of the complaint, if the complaint “is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which 2 relief may be granted,” or “seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such 3 relief.” Id. § 1915A(b). 4 A pro se plaintiff, like other litigants, must satisfy the pleading requirements of Rule 8(a) 5 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 8(a)(2) “requires a complaint to include a short and 6 plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, in order to give the 7 defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. 8 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 554, 562-563 (2007) (citing Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 (1957)). 9 While the complaint must comply with the “short and plaint statement” requirements of Rule 8, 10 its allegations must also include the specificity required by Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 11 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). 12 To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must contain more than “naked 13 assertions,” “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of 14 action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-557. In other words, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of 15 a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 16 678. 17 Furthermore, a claim upon which the court can grant relief must have facial plausibility. 18 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual 19 content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 20 misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. When considering whether a complaint states a 21 claim upon which relief can be granted, the court must accept the allegations as true, Erickson v. 22 Pardus, 551 U.S. 89 (2007), and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the 23 plaintiff, see Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974). 24 Screening Order 25 Plaintiff’s complaint (ECF No. 1) includes unrelated claims that cannot be properly joined 26 in a single lawsuit. The first claim alleges that defendant Lindquist, a librarian, violated 27 plaintiff’s right to access the courts when on January 28, 2020, she asked plaintiff to pick up his 28 legal paperwork at a later time and then suspended plaintiff from the library altogether. Id. at 6. 1 The remaining three claims – against three separate defendants – are not supported by any factual 2 allegations. There is a claim that defendant A. Marshall somehow infringed upon plaintiff’s 3 freedom of speech. Id. at 8. There is a claim that defendant J. Polich, a correctional captain, 4 somehow violated plaintiff’s freedom of speech and rights under the Americans with Disabilities 5 Act (“ADA”). Id. at 9. Lastly, there is a claim that on December 11, 2019, a “doe” defendant 6 handcuffed plaintiff behind his back while he was wearing his mobility impairment vest.1 Id. at 7 10. As relief, plaintiff seeks monetary damages. Id. at 13. 8 It is well settled that a claimant may not proceed with various unrelated claims against 9 separate defendants: 10 “The controlling principle appears in Fed. R. Civ. P. 18(a): ‘A party asserting a claim to relief as an original claim, counterclaim, cross- 11 claim, or third-party claim, may join, either as independent or as alternate claims, as many claims, legal, equitable, or maritime, as the 12 party has against an opposing party.’ Thus multiple claims against a single party are fine, but Claim A against Defendant 1 should not be 13 joined with unrelated Claim B against Defendant 2.” 14 George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007). Plaintiff asserts four separate claims, each 15 against a different defendant. There are no allegations linking the claims by common questions 16 of law or fact. Thus, plaintiff has not demonstrated that the claims are well-suited for proceeding 17 in a single suit. 18 Moreover, plaintiff’s allegations lack sufficient detail to establish a claim at all. To state a 19 viable First Amendment claim based on denial of access to the courts, plaintiff must allege 20 specific facts showing that Lindquist actually injured his litigation efforts, in that her alleged
21 1 The use of Doe defendants in federal court is problematic, see Gillespie v. Civiletti, 629 F.2d 637, 642 (9th Cir. 1980), and ultimately unnecessary. Rather, the Federal Rules of Civil 22 Procedure, not state procedural rules and practice, govern how pleadings may be amended to add 23 new parties in a federal civil action. Here, plaintiff has been able to commence the action using the name of identified defendants. Should plaintiff subsequently learn the identities of additional 24 parties whom he wishes to serve, he must move pursuant to Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to file an amended complaint to add them as defendants. See Brass v. County of Los 25 Angeles, 328 F.3d 1192, 1197-98 (9th Cir. 2003). If the timing of his amended complaint raises 26 questions as to the statute of limitations, plaintiff must satisfy the requirements of Rule 15(c), which is the controlling procedure for adding defendants whose identities were discovered after 27 commencement of the action. Additionally, unknown persons cannot be served with process until they are identified by their real names and the court will not investigate the names and identities 28 of unnamed defendants.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 STANLEY GLEASON, No. 2:20-cv-1971-EFB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 JEFF LYNCH, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding without counsel in an action brought under 42 18 U.S.C. § 1983. In addition to filing a complaint (ECF No. 1), he has also filed an application to 19 proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) and a request for the appointment of counsel (ECF No. 7). 20 Application to Proceed In Forma Pauperis 21 Plaintiff’s application makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1) and (2). 22 Accordingly, by separate order, the court directs the agency having custody of plaintiff to collect 23 and forward the appropriate monthly payments for the filing fee as set forth in 28 U.S.C. 24 § 1915(b)(1) and (2). 25 Screening Standards 26 Federal courts must engage in a preliminary screening of cases in which prisoners seek 27 redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. 28 § 1915A(a). The court must identify cognizable claims or dismiss the complaint, or any portion 1 of the complaint, if the complaint “is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which 2 relief may be granted,” or “seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such 3 relief.” Id. § 1915A(b). 4 A pro se plaintiff, like other litigants, must satisfy the pleading requirements of Rule 8(a) 5 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 8(a)(2) “requires a complaint to include a short and 6 plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, in order to give the 7 defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. 8 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 554, 562-563 (2007) (citing Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 (1957)). 9 While the complaint must comply with the “short and plaint statement” requirements of Rule 8, 10 its allegations must also include the specificity required by Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 11 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). 12 To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must contain more than “naked 13 assertions,” “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of 14 action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-557. In other words, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of 15 a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 16 678. 17 Furthermore, a claim upon which the court can grant relief must have facial plausibility. 18 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual 19 content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 20 misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. When considering whether a complaint states a 21 claim upon which relief can be granted, the court must accept the allegations as true, Erickson v. 22 Pardus, 551 U.S. 89 (2007), and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the 23 plaintiff, see Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974). 24 Screening Order 25 Plaintiff’s complaint (ECF No. 1) includes unrelated claims that cannot be properly joined 26 in a single lawsuit. The first claim alleges that defendant Lindquist, a librarian, violated 27 plaintiff’s right to access the courts when on January 28, 2020, she asked plaintiff to pick up his 28 legal paperwork at a later time and then suspended plaintiff from the library altogether. Id. at 6. 1 The remaining three claims – against three separate defendants – are not supported by any factual 2 allegations. There is a claim that defendant A. Marshall somehow infringed upon plaintiff’s 3 freedom of speech. Id. at 8. There is a claim that defendant J. Polich, a correctional captain, 4 somehow violated plaintiff’s freedom of speech and rights under the Americans with Disabilities 5 Act (“ADA”). Id. at 9. Lastly, there is a claim that on December 11, 2019, a “doe” defendant 6 handcuffed plaintiff behind his back while he was wearing his mobility impairment vest.1 Id. at 7 10. As relief, plaintiff seeks monetary damages. Id. at 13. 8 It is well settled that a claimant may not proceed with various unrelated claims against 9 separate defendants: 10 “The controlling principle appears in Fed. R. Civ. P. 18(a): ‘A party asserting a claim to relief as an original claim, counterclaim, cross- 11 claim, or third-party claim, may join, either as independent or as alternate claims, as many claims, legal, equitable, or maritime, as the 12 party has against an opposing party.’ Thus multiple claims against a single party are fine, but Claim A against Defendant 1 should not be 13 joined with unrelated Claim B against Defendant 2.” 14 George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007). Plaintiff asserts four separate claims, each 15 against a different defendant. There are no allegations linking the claims by common questions 16 of law or fact. Thus, plaintiff has not demonstrated that the claims are well-suited for proceeding 17 in a single suit. 18 Moreover, plaintiff’s allegations lack sufficient detail to establish a claim at all. To state a 19 viable First Amendment claim based on denial of access to the courts, plaintiff must allege 20 specific facts showing that Lindquist actually injured his litigation efforts, in that her alleged
21 1 The use of Doe defendants in federal court is problematic, see Gillespie v. Civiletti, 629 F.2d 637, 642 (9th Cir. 1980), and ultimately unnecessary. Rather, the Federal Rules of Civil 22 Procedure, not state procedural rules and practice, govern how pleadings may be amended to add 23 new parties in a federal civil action. Here, plaintiff has been able to commence the action using the name of identified defendants. Should plaintiff subsequently learn the identities of additional 24 parties whom he wishes to serve, he must move pursuant to Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to file an amended complaint to add them as defendants. See Brass v. County of Los 25 Angeles, 328 F.3d 1192, 1197-98 (9th Cir. 2003). If the timing of his amended complaint raises 26 questions as to the statute of limitations, plaintiff must satisfy the requirements of Rule 15(c), which is the controlling procedure for adding defendants whose identities were discovered after 27 commencement of the action. Additionally, unknown persons cannot be served with process until they are identified by their real names and the court will not investigate the names and identities 28 of unnamed defendants. 1 “interference” hindered his efforts to bring, or caused him to lose, an actionable claim challenging 2 his criminal sentence or conditions of confinement. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351 3 (1996); Christopher v. Harbury, 536 U.S. 403, 412-15 (2002). To state a First Amendment free 4 speech claim against Marshall, plaintiff must plead that his speech was constitutionally protected, 5 that Marshall’s actions would chill an ordinary person from continuing with the speech, and that 6 Marshall’s actions were motivated by the speech. Mendocino Environmental Center v. 7 Mendocino County, 192 F.3d 1283, 1300-1301 (9th Cir. 1999). Finally, to proceed with his ADA 8 claim for damages, plaintiff must name a public entity as a defendant. Further, he must allege 9 that “(1) [he] is a qualified individual with a disability; (2) [he] was excluded from participation 10 in or otherwise discriminated against with regard to a public entity’s services, programs, or 11 activities; and (3) such exclusion or discrimination was by reason of [his] disability.” Lovell v. 12 Chandler, 303 F.3d 1039, 1052 (9th Cir. 2002). Although plaintiff is allegedly disabled, there are 13 no allegations that he was excluded from participating in any program or discriminated against 14 because of his disabilities. 15 Leave to Amend 16 Plaintiff will be given an opportunity to amend his complaint. He is cautioned that any 17 amended complaint must identify as a defendant only persons who personally participated in a 18 substantial way in depriving him of his constitutional rights. Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 19 (9th Cir. 1978) (a person subjects another to the deprivation of a constitutional right if he does an 20 act, participates in another’s act or omits to perform an act he is legally required to do that causes 21 the alleged deprivation). Plaintiff may also include any allegations based on state law that are so 22 closely related to his federal allegations that “they form the same case or controversy.” See 28 23 U.S.C. § 1367(a). 24 The amended complaint must also contain a caption including the names of all defendants. 25 Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(a). 26 Plaintiff may not change the nature of this suit by alleging new, unrelated claims. See 27 George, 507 F.3d at 607. Nor, as he was warned above, may he bring multiple, unrelated claims 28 against more than one defendant. Id. 1 Any amended complaint must be written or typed so that it so that it is complete in itself 2 without reference to any earlier filed complaint. E.D. Cal. L.R. 220. This is because an amended 3 complaint supersedes any earlier filed complaint, and once an amended complaint is filed, the 4 earlier filed complaint no longer serves any function in the case. See Forsyth v. Humana, 114 5 F.3d 1467, 1474 (9th Cir. 1997) (the “‘amended complaint supersedes the original, the latter 6 being treated thereafter as non-existent.’”) (quoting Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 7 1967)). 8 Any amended complaint should be as concise as possible in fulfilling the above 9 requirements. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Plaintiff should avoid the inclusion of procedural or factual 10 background which has no bearing on his legal claims. He should also take pains to ensure that his 11 amended complaint is as legible as possible. This refers not only to penmanship, but also spacing 12 and organization. Plaintiff should carefully consider whether each of the defendants he names 13 actually had involvement in the constitutional violations he alleges. A “scattershot” approach in 14 which plaintiff names dozens of defendants will not be looked upon favorably by the court. 15 Request for Counsel 16 Plaintiff requests the appointment of counsel. District courts lack authority to require 17 counsel to represent indigent prisoners in section 1983 cases. Mallard v. United States Dist. 18 Court, 490 U.S. 296, 298 (1989). In exceptional circumstances, the court may request an attorney 19 to voluntarily to represent such a plaintiff. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1); Terrell v. Brewer, 935 20 F.2d 1015, 1017 (9th Cir. 1991); Wood v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1335-36 (9th Cir. 1990). 21 When determining whether “exceptional circumstances” exist, the court must consider the 22 likelihood of success on the merits as well as the ability of the plaintiff to articulate his claims pro 23 se in light of the complexity of the legal issues involved. Palmer v. Valdez, 560 F.3d 965, 970 24 (9th Cir. 2009). Having considered those factors, the court finds there are no exceptional 25 circumstances in this case. 26 ///// 27 ///// 28 ///// 1 Conclusion 2 Accordingly, it is ORDERED that: 3 1. Plaintiffs application to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is GRANTED; 4 2. Plaintiff shall pay the statutory filing fee of $350. All payments shall be collected 5 || in accordance with the notice to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation filed 6 || concurrently herewith; 7 3. Plaintiff's request for appointment of counsel (ECF No. 7) is DENIED; 8 4. Plaintiffs complaint (ECF No. 1) is dismissed with leave to amend within 30 days 9 from the date of service of this order; and 10 5. Failure to comply with any part of this this order may result in dismissal of this action. 11 | DATED: October 23, 2020. 12 tid, PDEA B EDMUND F. BRENNAN UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28