(PC) Douglas v. Shirley

Opinion

8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

11 ROGER DOUGLAS, Case No. 1:23-cv-00653-EPG (PC)

12 Plaintiff, SCREENING ORDER

13 v. ORDER ALLOWING PLAINTIFF’S COMPLAINT TO PROCEED ON HIS 14 HEATHER SHIRLEY, et al., EIGHTH AMENDMENT CONDITIONS OF CONFINEMENT CLAIMS AGAINST 15 Defendants. DEFENDANTS SHIRLEY, CRONJAGER, AND DEGOUGH 16

(ECF No. 1) 17 Roger Douglas (“Plaintiff”) is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis 18 in this civil rights action filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff filed the complaint 19 commencing this action on April 28, 2023. (ECF No. 1). Plaintiff alleges that the water at 20 Wasco State Prison is contaminated, and that Defendants have not appropriately responded to 21 the issue. The complaint is now before this Court for screening. 22 The Court has reviewed Plaintiff’s complaint, and for the reasons described below, the 23 Court finds that Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement claims against 24 defendants Shirley, Cronjager, and Degough should proceed past screening. 25 As the Court has found that all of Plaintiff’s claims should proceed past screening, the 26 Court will, in due course, issue an order authorizing service of process on defendants Shirley, 27 Cronjager, and Degough. 28 1 I. SCREENING REQUIREMENT 2 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 3 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). 4 The Court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims that are 5 legally “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or 6 that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. 7 § 1915A(b)(1), (2). As Plaintiff is proceeding in forma pauperis (ECF No. 7), the Court may 8 also screen the complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915. “Notwithstanding any filing fee, or any 9 portion thereof, that may have been paid, the court shall dismiss the case at any time if the court 10 determines that the action or appeal fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.” 11 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). 12 A complaint is required to contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing 13 that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are 14 not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 15 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell 16 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). A plaintiff must set forth “sufficient 17 factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. 18 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). The mere possibility of misconduct falls short of meeting 19 this plausibility standard. Id. at 679. While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken as true, courts 20 “are not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 572 F.3d 21 677, 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Additionally, a 22 plaintiff’s legal conclusions are not accepted as true. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 23 Pleadings of pro se plaintiffs “must be held to less stringent standards than formal 24 pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010) (holding that 25 pro se complaints should continue to be liberally construed after Iqbal). 26 II. SUMMARY OF PLAINTIFF’S COMPLAINT 27 Plaintiff alleges as follows: 28 Defendant Scott Degough, the acting Water Contractor, relayed false information to 1 Wasco State Prison staff. He hid the danger of the contaminated carcinogenic water filled with 2 1, 2, 3, trichloropropane (“TCP”). Defendant Degough failed to monitor the true risks of the 3 dangerous toxin and failed to tell his superiors the truth of the risk of stomach ailments and the 4 risk of cancer. 5 Defendant J. Cronjager, the Head of Health and Safety, has a sworn duty to always 6 second guess, investigate, and go above and beyond to make sure that the water is not toxic and 7 infested with chemicals that kill and cause cancer. 8 Defendant H. Shirley, the Warden of Wasco State Prison, is the overseer of the prison’s 9 wellbeing. Defendant Shirley did not implement a productive plan to remedy the bad water 10 situation. Defendant Shirley outlawed bottled water for sale and as an alternative to drinking 11 toxic water. 12 Plaintiff is forced to drink toxic water. Shafter, Wasco City, and Wasco State Prison 13 drink water from Well #1 and Well #2. Defendant Shirley and defendant Cronjager work and 14 possibly live in Kern County. Additionally, Plaintiff knows that Defendants knew about, and 15 continue to know about, the toxic water at Wasco State Prison because of constant news stories, 16 magazine articles, and newspapers reporting on the failed water in Kern County. The city of 17 Shafter was told not to drink any of the water, and prison staff knows that Wasco State Prison 18 has been failing a federal standard for TCP for years now. 19 Wasco State Prison set a three-year date from December of 2017 to fix the problem. 20 However, five plus years later, the problem still exists and is getting worse. 21 Defendants have exhibited actions that put Plaintiff’s life in danger. 22 Plaintiff’s right to clean drinking water has been violated. Because of the toxic water, 23 Plaintiff suffers from chronic kidney damage, body rashes, eye irritation, and liver pain.1 24 \\\ 25

26 1 Plaintiff lists two claims. While only the first claim is labeled as an Eighth Amendment claim, both 27 claims appear to be Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement claims. In both, Plaintiff alleges that he is being subjected to an excessive risk to his health and/or safety based on the contaminated water at Wasco State 28 Prison. Moreover, Plaintiff does not identify any other Constitutional Amendment or federal law on which claim two is based. Given this, the Court will analyze the claims pursuant to the Eighth Amendment. 1 III. ANALYSIS OF PLAINTIFF’S COMPLAINT 2 A. Section 1983 3 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides: 4 Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes 5 to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities 6 secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an 7 action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.... 8 42 U.S.C. § 1983. “[Section] 1983 ‘is not itself a source of substantive rights,’ but merely 9 provides ‘a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.’” Graham v. Connor, 10 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989) (quoting Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n.3 (1979)); see 11 also Chapman v. Houston Welfare Rights Org., 441 U.S. 600, 618 (1979); Hall v. City of Los 12 Angeles, 697 F.3d 1059, 1068 (9th Cir. 2012); Crowley v. Nevada, 678 F.3d 730, 734 (9th Cir. 13 2012); Anderson v. Warner, 451 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2006). 14 To state a claim under section 1983, a plaintiff must allege that (1) the defendant acted 15 under color of state law, and (2) the defendant deprived him of rights secured by the 16 Constitution or federal law. Long v. County of Los Angeles, 442 F.3d 1178, 1185 (9th Cir. 17 2006); see also Marsh v. County of San Diego, 680 F.3d 1148, 1158 (9th Cir. 2012) (discussing 18 “under color of state law”). A person deprives another of a constitutional right, “within the 19 meaning of § 1983, ‘if he does an affirmative act, participates in another’s affirmative act, or 20 omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which 21 complaint is made.’” Preschooler II v. Clark County Sch. Bd. of Trs., 479 F.3d 1175, 1183 22 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978)). “The requisite 23 causal connection may be established when an official sets in motion a ‘series of acts by others 24 which the actor knows or reasonably should know would cause others to inflict’ constitutional 25 harms.” Preschooler II, 479 F.3d at 1183 (quoting Johnson, 588 F.2d at 743). This standard of 26 causation “closely resembles the standard ‘foreseeability’ formulation of proximate cause.” 27 Arnold v. Int’l Bus. Mach. Corp., 637 F.2d 1350, 1355 (9th Cir. 1981); see also Harper v. City 28 of Los Angeles, 533 F.3d 1010, 1026 (9th Cir. 2008). 1 A plaintiff must demonstrate that each named defendant personally participated in the 2 deprivation of his rights. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676-77. In other words, there must be an actual 3 connection or link between the actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have 4 been suffered by the plaintiff. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 5 658, 691, 695 (1978). 6 Supervisory personnel are not liable under section 1983 for the actions of their 7 employees under a theory of respondeat superior and, therefore, when a named defendant 8 holds a supervisory position, the causal link between the supervisory defendant and the claimed 9 constitutional violation must be specifically alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676-77; Fayle v. 10 Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 11 1978). To state a claim for relief under section 1983 based on a theory of supervisory liability, 12 a plaintiff must allege some facts that would support a claim that the supervisory defendants 13 either: were personally involved in the alleged deprivation of constitutional rights, Hansen v. 14 Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 (9th Cir. 1989); “knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent 15 them,” Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989); or promulgated or “implement[ed] 16 a policy so deficient that the policy itself is a repudiation of constitutional rights and is the 17 moving force of the constitutional violation,” Hansen, 885 F.2d at 646 (citations and internal 18 quotation marks omitted). 19 For instance, a supervisor may be liable for his or her “own culpable action or inaction 20 in the training, supervision, or control of his [or her] subordinates,” “his [or her] acquiescence 21 in the constitutional deprivations of which the complaint is made,” or “conduct that showed a 22 reckless or callous indifference to the rights of others.” Larez v. City of Los Angeles, 946 F.2d 23 630, 646 (9th Cir. 1991) (citations, internal quotation marks, and brackets omitted). 24 B. Conditions of Confinement 25 “It is undisputed that the treatment a prisoner receives in prison and the conditions 26 under which [the prisoner] is confined are subject to scrutiny under the Eighth Amendment.” 27 Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31 (1993); see also Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 28 (1994). Conditions of confinement may, consistent with the Constitution, be restrictive and 1 harsh. See Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 (1981); Morgan v. Morgensen, 465 F.3d 2 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 2006); Osolinski v. Kane, 92 F.3d 934, 937 (9th Cir. 1996); Jordan v. 3 Gardner, 986 F.2d 1521, 1531 (9th Cir. 1993) (en banc). Prison officials must, however, 4 provide prisoners with “food, clothing, shelter, sanitation, medical care, and personal safety.” 5 Toussaint v. McCarthy, 801 F.2d 1080, 1107 (9th Cir. 1986), abrogated in part on other 6 grounds by Sandin v. Connor, 515 U.S. 472 (1995); see also Johnson v. Lewis, 217 F.3d 726, 7 731 (9th Cir. 2000); Hoptowit v. Ray, 682 F.2d 1237, 1246 (9th Cir. 1982); Wright v. Rushen, 8 642 F.2d 1129, 1132-33 (9th Cir. 1981). 9 Two requirements must be met to show an Eighth Amendment violation. Farmer, 511 10 U.S. at 834. “First, the deprivation alleged must be, objectively, sufficiently serious.” Id. 11 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Second, “a prison official must have a 12 sufficiently culpable state of mind,” which for conditions of confinement claims “is one of 13 deliberate indifference.” Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Prison officials 14 act with deliberate indifference when they know of and disregard an excessive risk to inmate 15 health or safety. Id. at 837. The circumstances, nature, and duration of the deprivations are 16 critical in determining whether the conditions complained of are grave enough to form the basis 17 of a viable Eighth Amendment claim. Johnson v. Lewis, 217 F.3d 726, 731 (9th Cir. 2006). 18 Mere negligence on the part of a prison official is not sufficient to establish liability, but rather, 19 the official’s conduct must have been wanton. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 835; Frost v. Agnos, 152 20 F.3d 1124, 1128 (9th Cir. 1998). 21 Liberally construing Plaintiff’s complaint, the Court finds that Plaintiff sufficiently 22 alleges that he is forced to drink contaminated water, and that this contaminated water poses an 23 excessive risk to his health and safety. According to Plaintiff, he has already suffered 24 numerous symptoms, including chronic kidney damage, body rashes, eye irritation, and liver 25 pain. 26 Liberally construing the allegations in Plaintiff’s complaint, the Court also finds that 27 Plaintiff sufficiently alleges that defendant Shirley (the Warden), defendant Cronjager (the 28 Head of Health and Safety), and defendant Degough (the acting Water Contractor) knew of the 1 || contaminated water issue but failed to respond appropriately. Plaintiff alleges defendant 2 || Shirley and defendant Cronjager work and possibly live in Kern County. Plaintiff also alleges 3 || that Defendants knew about, and continue to know about, the toxic water at Wasco State Prison 4 || because of constant news stories, magazine articles, and newspapers reporting on the failed 5 || water in Kern County. Moreover, the city of Shafter was told not to drink any of the water, and 6 || prison staff knows that Wasco State Prison has been failing a federal standard for TCP for 7 || years. The problem still exists and is getting worse. 8 Based on these allegations and liberally construing Plaintiff's complaint, the Court finds 9 || that Plaintiffs Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement claims against defendants 10 || Shirley, Cronjager, and Degough should proceed past screening. 11 IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 12 The Court has screened Plaintiff's complaint and finds that Plaintiffs Eighth 13 || Amendment conditions of confinement claims against defendants Shirley, Cronjager, and 14 || Degough should proceed past screening. 15 As the Court has found that all of Plaintiff's claims should proceed past screening, the 16 || Court will, in due course, issue an order authorizing service of process on defendants Shirley, 17 || Cronjager, and Degough. 18 19 IT IS SO ORDERED. 201! Dated: _ July 7, 2023 [Je hey — 21 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 22 23 24 25 26 27 28