1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 RODNEY KARL BLACKWELL, No. 2:19-cv-00442 TLN DB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 A. JENKINS, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, a state prisoner proceeding pro se, has filed a civil rights action pursuant to 42 18 U.S.C. § 1983. Presently before the court is plaintiff’s motion for keep away order. (ECF No. 19 46.) For the reasons set forth below, it will be recommended that this motion for preliminary 20 injunctive relief be denied. 21 MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION 22 Plaintiff seeks preliminary injunctive relief in the form of an order directing defendant 23 Jenkins to “keep away” from the plaintiff. (ECF No. 46.) In support of this motion, plaintiff 24 alleges that defendant Jenkins has retaliated against the plaintiff for filing the present action. (Id. 25 at 1.) More specifically, plaintiff claims that defendant Jenkins has directed other correctional 26 officers to repeatedly search plaintiff’s cell. (Id.) Plaintiff further claims that plaintiff was given 27 a “fabricated RVR Rule Violation Report” for an interaction plaintiff had with defendant Jenkins 28 where plaintiff asked defendant to leave his cell. (Id. at 3.) Plaintiff says that in another incident 1 defendant Jenkins “walked directly into plaintiff’s path in order to cause me to bump him, so he 2 can say I assaulted him or was attempting to show the other officers what a man he is to intimate 3 me.” (Id. at 2.) Plaintiff also alleges that he believes defendant Jenkins has read plaintiff’s legal 4 mail while searching it for contraband. (Id. at 3.) Plaintiff states that he does not “know how 5 much longer this can go without violence.” (Id.) 6 A. Legal Standards 7 A party requesting preliminary injunctive relief must show that “he is likely to succeed on 8 the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the 9 balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter v. 10 Natural Res. Def. Council, 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). The propriety of a request for injunctive relief 11 hinges on a significant threat of irreparable injury that must be imminent in nature. Caribbean 12 Marine Serv. Co. v. Baldridge, 844 F.2d 668, 674 (9th Cir. 1988). 13 Alternatively, under the so-called sliding scale approach, as long as the plaintiff 14 demonstrates the requisite likelihood of irreparable harm and can show that an injunction is in the 15 public interest, a preliminary injunction may issue so long as serious questions going to the merits 16 of the case are raised and the balance of hardships tips sharply in plaintiff’s favor. Alliance for 17 the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131-36 (9th Cir. 2011) (concluding that the 18 “serious questions” version of the sliding scale test for preliminary injunctions remains viable 19 after Winter). 20 The principle purpose of preliminary injunctive relief is to preserve the court’s power to 21 render a meaningful decision after a trial on the merits. See 9 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. 22 Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2947 (3d ed. 2014). Implicit in this required showing is 23 that the relief awarded is only temporary and there will be a full hearing on the merits of the 24 claims raised in the injunction when the action is brought to trial. Preliminary injunctive relief is 25 not appropriate until the court finds that the plaintiff’s complaint presents cognizable claims. See 26 Zepeda v. United States Immigration Serv., 753 F.2d 719, 727 (9th Cir. 1985) (“A federal court 27 may issue an injunction if it has personal jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter 28 jurisdiction over the claims . . . .”). 1 In cases brought by prisoners involving conditions of confinement, any preliminary 2 injunction must be narrowly drawn, extend no further than necessary to correct the harm the court 3 finds requires preliminary relief, and be the least intrusive means necessary to correct the harm.” 4 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(2). Further, an injunction against individuals not parties to an action is 5 strongly disfavored. See Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 395 U.S. 100, 110 6 (1969) (“It is elementary that one is not bound by a judgment . . . resulting from litigation in 7 which he is not designated as a party . . . .”). 8 Further, preliminary injunctive relief is not appropriate until the court finds that the 9 plaintiff’s complaint presents cognizable claims. See Zepeda v. United States Immigration Serv., 10 753 F.2d 719, 727 (9th Cir. 1985) (“A federal court may issue an injunction if it has personal 11 jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the claim; [however] it may not 12 attempt to determine the rights of persons not before the court.”). 13 B. Analysis 14 As this case is still in the pleading stage, the court is not in a position to decide whether 15 plaintiff is likely to succeed on the merits of his claims. The submission of evidence is necessary 16 for a court to make determinations related to the merits of a claim. Barrett v. Belleque, 544 F.3d 17 1060, 1062 (9th Cir. 2008) (stating a court which found a claim to be cognizable was not in a 18 position to answer questions that go to the merits of that claim). This differs from what a court 19 needs to determine whether a cognizable claim has been stated on screening. Id. Because the 20 court cannot, at the present stage, make a decision regarding the likelihood of plaintiff’s success 21 on the merits of his claim, the court will recommend plaintiff’s motion for preliminary injunction 22 be denied. 23 Moreover, even if plaintiff were likely to succeed on the merits, the facts plaintiff has 24 alleged in support of this motion do not indicate he is at risk of suffering irreparable harm if 25 preliminary injunctive relief is not granted. Plaintiff claims defendant Jenkins has caused 26 correctional officers to search his cell, read plaintiff’s legal mail while searching for contraband, 27 and walked into plaintiff’s path. (ECF No. 46 at 1-3.) These incidents do not show plaintiff is at 28 risk of “irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. Plaintiff’s 1 allegation that defendant filed a fabricated RVR against him (ECF No. 46 at 3) could theoretically 2 show plaintiff is at risk of suffering harm, but plaintiff has not shown that this harm would be 3 irreparable or is even likely. Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. Further, the injunctive relief requested by 4 the plaintiff—an order directing defendant to stay away from the plaintiff—would not address 5 this alleged harm at all. See 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(2). Plaintiff also states that he does not “know 6 how much longer this can go without violence.” (Id. at 2.) However, this statement is conclusory 7 and not supported by anything the plaintiff has alleged at this time. Thus, plaintiff has not shown 8 that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 RODNEY KARL BLACKWELL, No. 2:19-cv-00442 TLN DB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 A. JENKINS, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, a state prisoner proceeding pro se, has filed a civil rights action pursuant to 42 18 U.S.C. § 1983. Presently before the court is plaintiff’s motion for keep away order. (ECF No. 19 46.) For the reasons set forth below, it will be recommended that this motion for preliminary 20 injunctive relief be denied. 21 MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION 22 Plaintiff seeks preliminary injunctive relief in the form of an order directing defendant 23 Jenkins to “keep away” from the plaintiff. (ECF No. 46.) In support of this motion, plaintiff 24 alleges that defendant Jenkins has retaliated against the plaintiff for filing the present action. (Id. 25 at 1.) More specifically, plaintiff claims that defendant Jenkins has directed other correctional 26 officers to repeatedly search plaintiff’s cell. (Id.) Plaintiff further claims that plaintiff was given 27 a “fabricated RVR Rule Violation Report” for an interaction plaintiff had with defendant Jenkins 28 where plaintiff asked defendant to leave his cell. (Id. at 3.) Plaintiff says that in another incident 1 defendant Jenkins “walked directly into plaintiff’s path in order to cause me to bump him, so he 2 can say I assaulted him or was attempting to show the other officers what a man he is to intimate 3 me.” (Id. at 2.) Plaintiff also alleges that he believes defendant Jenkins has read plaintiff’s legal 4 mail while searching it for contraband. (Id. at 3.) Plaintiff states that he does not “know how 5 much longer this can go without violence.” (Id.) 6 A. Legal Standards 7 A party requesting preliminary injunctive relief must show that “he is likely to succeed on 8 the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the 9 balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter v. 10 Natural Res. Def. Council, 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). The propriety of a request for injunctive relief 11 hinges on a significant threat of irreparable injury that must be imminent in nature. Caribbean 12 Marine Serv. Co. v. Baldridge, 844 F.2d 668, 674 (9th Cir. 1988). 13 Alternatively, under the so-called sliding scale approach, as long as the plaintiff 14 demonstrates the requisite likelihood of irreparable harm and can show that an injunction is in the 15 public interest, a preliminary injunction may issue so long as serious questions going to the merits 16 of the case are raised and the balance of hardships tips sharply in plaintiff’s favor. Alliance for 17 the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131-36 (9th Cir. 2011) (concluding that the 18 “serious questions” version of the sliding scale test for preliminary injunctions remains viable 19 after Winter). 20 The principle purpose of preliminary injunctive relief is to preserve the court’s power to 21 render a meaningful decision after a trial on the merits. See 9 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. 22 Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2947 (3d ed. 2014). Implicit in this required showing is 23 that the relief awarded is only temporary and there will be a full hearing on the merits of the 24 claims raised in the injunction when the action is brought to trial. Preliminary injunctive relief is 25 not appropriate until the court finds that the plaintiff’s complaint presents cognizable claims. See 26 Zepeda v. United States Immigration Serv., 753 F.2d 719, 727 (9th Cir. 1985) (“A federal court 27 may issue an injunction if it has personal jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter 28 jurisdiction over the claims . . . .”). 1 In cases brought by prisoners involving conditions of confinement, any preliminary 2 injunction must be narrowly drawn, extend no further than necessary to correct the harm the court 3 finds requires preliminary relief, and be the least intrusive means necessary to correct the harm.” 4 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(2). Further, an injunction against individuals not parties to an action is 5 strongly disfavored. See Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 395 U.S. 100, 110 6 (1969) (“It is elementary that one is not bound by a judgment . . . resulting from litigation in 7 which he is not designated as a party . . . .”). 8 Further, preliminary injunctive relief is not appropriate until the court finds that the 9 plaintiff’s complaint presents cognizable claims. See Zepeda v. United States Immigration Serv., 10 753 F.2d 719, 727 (9th Cir. 1985) (“A federal court may issue an injunction if it has personal 11 jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the claim; [however] it may not 12 attempt to determine the rights of persons not before the court.”). 13 B. Analysis 14 As this case is still in the pleading stage, the court is not in a position to decide whether 15 plaintiff is likely to succeed on the merits of his claims. The submission of evidence is necessary 16 for a court to make determinations related to the merits of a claim. Barrett v. Belleque, 544 F.3d 17 1060, 1062 (9th Cir. 2008) (stating a court which found a claim to be cognizable was not in a 18 position to answer questions that go to the merits of that claim). This differs from what a court 19 needs to determine whether a cognizable claim has been stated on screening. Id. Because the 20 court cannot, at the present stage, make a decision regarding the likelihood of plaintiff’s success 21 on the merits of his claim, the court will recommend plaintiff’s motion for preliminary injunction 22 be denied. 23 Moreover, even if plaintiff were likely to succeed on the merits, the facts plaintiff has 24 alleged in support of this motion do not indicate he is at risk of suffering irreparable harm if 25 preliminary injunctive relief is not granted. Plaintiff claims defendant Jenkins has caused 26 correctional officers to search his cell, read plaintiff’s legal mail while searching for contraband, 27 and walked into plaintiff’s path. (ECF No. 46 at 1-3.) These incidents do not show plaintiff is at 28 risk of “irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. Plaintiff’s 1 allegation that defendant filed a fabricated RVR against him (ECF No. 46 at 3) could theoretically 2 show plaintiff is at risk of suffering harm, but plaintiff has not shown that this harm would be 3 irreparable or is even likely. Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. Further, the injunctive relief requested by 4 the plaintiff—an order directing defendant to stay away from the plaintiff—would not address 5 this alleged harm at all. See 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(2). Plaintiff also states that he does not “know 6 how much longer this can go without violence.” (Id. at 2.) However, this statement is conclusory 7 and not supported by anything the plaintiff has alleged at this time. Thus, plaintiff has not shown 8 that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief. 9 The court cannot determine the likelihood of plaintiff’s success on the merits of his claim 10 at the present time. Additionally, it does not appear from plaintiff’s motion that he is likely to 11 suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary injunctive relief. As such, it is 12 recommended that plaintiff’s motion be denied. 13 //// 14 //// 15 //// 16 //// 17 //// 18 //// 19 //// 20 //// 21 //// 22 //// 23 //// 24 //// 25 //// 26 //// 27 //// 28 //// 1 CONCLUSION 2 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that plaintiff’s motion for a temporary 3 || restraining order (ECF No. 46) be denied. 4 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 5 || assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen days 6 | after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 7 | objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 8 || “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any response to the 9 || objections shall be filed and served within fourteen days after service of the objections. The 10 || parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to 11 | appeal the District Court’s order. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 12 | Dated: July 27, 2021 13 14 15 ORAH BARNES UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 16 17 18 19 20 DB:14 21 |) DB/DB Prisoner Inbox/Civil Rights/S/blac0442. preliminjunction 22 23 24 25 26 27 28