Beck, P. J.
(After stating the foregoing facts). It is insisted that under, the provisions of our statutes relating to certain branches of equitable jurisdiction the petitioner is entitled to the injunctive relief sought, and counsel quote the following provisions of law: Civil Code, § 5469, declaring: “ Equity will entertain a bill of peace . . To avoid a multiplicity of suits, by establishing a right, in favor of or against several persons, which is likely to be the subject of legal controversy, or in other similar, cases.” And Civil Code, § 5419: “ Where there is one common right to be established by or against several, and one is asserting the right against many, or many against one, equity will determine the whole matter in one action.” Further, so much of section 5493, in regard to restraining trespasses, which declares that the avoidance of circuity and multiplicity of actions is among the grounds authorizing a court of equity to interfere to restrain trespasses. Also that part of section 4586, relating to accounts, and giving equity jurisdiction “ wheré a multiplicity of suits would render a trial difficult, expensive, and unsatisfactory at law.”
Notwithstanding the broad language used in certain of our decisions and in the decisions of other courts, applying the principles [49]*49relating to equity jurisdiction, embodied in the code sections from which we have quoted, we are. of the opinion that the court below properly refused to grant the injunction sought. The fact that the defense set up by the plaintiff in this case to the various suits at law was involved in all of the eases would not-alone have authorized the court to grant the injunction. In some of the suits which were brought for the recovery of damages the liability of the railroad companies might be that of ■warehouseman, or it might be that of common carrier of freight; -in- which eases a different rule of diligence would obtain and be applicable. Moreover, the various parties to this action not only .have no. community of interest in the subject-matter of the suit, but they have not a common right. Counsel for the plaintiff relies very largely upon the decision in the case of Smith v. Dobbins, 87 Ga. 303 (13 S. E. 496). In that case it was said: “ The doctrine is well established that equity will interfere to restrain the bringing of a multiplicity of suits when the rights of all concerned may be adjudicated without prejudice to any in a single proceeding; and there is no reason in principle why this rule should not be applied to cases already brought and pending by consolidating them into a single case. In 1 High on Injunctions, § 12, we find the following: ‘ Where there is one common right in controversy which is to be established by or against .several persons, one person asserting the right against many, or many against one, equity may interfere, and, instead of permitting the parties to be harassed by a multiplicity of suits, determine the whole matter, in one action.’ See also 2 High on Injunctions, § 1406; Story on Eq. PI. § 286; and Wait on Fraud. Con. §§ 151, 152, and cases there cited. The doctrine is fully discussed in 1 Pomeroy’s Eq. Jur. §§ 255 et seq. In § 269 is the following: cHnder the greatest diversity of circumstances, and the greatest variety of claims arising from unauthorized public acts, 'private tortious acts, invasion of property rights, violation of contract obligations, and notwithstanding the positive denials by some American courts, the weight of authority is simply overwhelming that the jurisdiction may and should be exercised either on behalf of a numerous body of separate claimants against a single party, or on behalf of a single party against such a numerous body, although there is no * common title,’ nor ‘community of right,’ or of ‘ interest in the subject-matter,’ among these individuals, but where there is and be-[50]*50cause there is merely a community of interest among them in the questions of law and fact involved in the general controversy, or in the 'kind and form of relief demanded and obtained by or against each individual member of the numerous body.” While some of the language of the quotation from Pomeroy’s Eq. Jur. may sustain counsel for the plaintiff in the position taken, we do not think that it should be given unqualified acceptance in its entirety. In a later edition the author has modified the language employed in the extract quoted in the case of Smith v. Dobbins, supra. It can not be maintained now that the overwhelming weight of authority in the United States sustains to its full extent the rule originally’laid down by the writer referred to. See Southern Steel Co. v. Hopkins, 157 Ala 175 (47 So. 274, 20 L. R. A. (N. S.) 848, 131 Am. St. R. 20, 16 Ann. Cas. 690); Id., 174 Ala. 465 (57 So. 11, 40 L. R. A. (N. S.) 464, Ann. Cas. 1914B, 692); Vandalia Coal Co. v. Lawson, 43 Ind. App. 226 (87 N. E. 47); Ducktown Co. v. Fain, 109 Tenn. 56 (70 S. W. 813); Scottish Union Ins. Co. v. Mohlman Co., 73 Fed. 66; Lehigh Valley R. Co. v. McFarland, 31 N. J. Eq. 730; notes to Roanoke Guano Co. v. Saunders, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.). 491; Mechanic Ins. Co. v. Hoover, 32 L. R. A. (N. S.) 941; Dixie Fire Ins. Co. v. American Confectionery Co., 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 897; Davis v. Forrestal, L. R. A. 1915F, 1012. It is unnecessary to repeat here by way of paraphrase or quotation the reasoning in the cases here cited. Those interested in making more thorough examination of the question can readily turn to the cases referred to and to the cases cited there or in the notes to such of the cases as appear in the volumes of L. R. A. Let us revert to the Dobbins case and briefly review the essential issue in that case in reference to which that division of the opinion was written which contains the quotation from Pomeroy’s Eq. Jur. The essential facts, the issue made, and'principle applied is thus stated by Justice Lump-kin, who delivered the opinion of the court: “ In reply to the suggestion that the plaintiff in the present case should not be allowed to consolidate all these claim cases into one, because he himself was responsible for their existence, he having filed his claim to the property in every instance where a levy thereon was made, which he was not absolutely compelled to do, it may be said that in filing such claims he only availed himself of one of the methods which the law gave him for the protection of his alleged rights. The fact [51]*51that he resorted to a statutory remedy in each ease should not, we think, deprive him of the more valuable remedy in equity of having all this litigation terminated -by a single verdict and judgment, the more especially as so doing could in no way itijure any of the parties. Whether or not the agreement between him and Wolford constituted such a fraud upon Wofford’s creditors as would invalidate Dobbins’ title to the land, was a' question involved in all the claim cases, and was a vital one in each.
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Beck, P. J.
(After stating the foregoing facts). It is insisted that under, the provisions of our statutes relating to certain branches of equitable jurisdiction the petitioner is entitled to the injunctive relief sought, and counsel quote the following provisions of law: Civil Code, § 5469, declaring: “ Equity will entertain a bill of peace . . To avoid a multiplicity of suits, by establishing a right, in favor of or against several persons, which is likely to be the subject of legal controversy, or in other similar, cases.” And Civil Code, § 5419: “ Where there is one common right to be established by or against several, and one is asserting the right against many, or many against one, equity will determine the whole matter in one action.” Further, so much of section 5493, in regard to restraining trespasses, which declares that the avoidance of circuity and multiplicity of actions is among the grounds authorizing a court of equity to interfere to restrain trespasses. Also that part of section 4586, relating to accounts, and giving equity jurisdiction “ wheré a multiplicity of suits would render a trial difficult, expensive, and unsatisfactory at law.”
Notwithstanding the broad language used in certain of our decisions and in the decisions of other courts, applying the principles [49]*49relating to equity jurisdiction, embodied in the code sections from which we have quoted, we are. of the opinion that the court below properly refused to grant the injunction sought. The fact that the defense set up by the plaintiff in this case to the various suits at law was involved in all of the eases would not-alone have authorized the court to grant the injunction. In some of the suits which were brought for the recovery of damages the liability of the railroad companies might be that of ■warehouseman, or it might be that of common carrier of freight; -in- which eases a different rule of diligence would obtain and be applicable. Moreover, the various parties to this action not only .have no. community of interest in the subject-matter of the suit, but they have not a common right. Counsel for the plaintiff relies very largely upon the decision in the case of Smith v. Dobbins, 87 Ga. 303 (13 S. E. 496). In that case it was said: “ The doctrine is well established that equity will interfere to restrain the bringing of a multiplicity of suits when the rights of all concerned may be adjudicated without prejudice to any in a single proceeding; and there is no reason in principle why this rule should not be applied to cases already brought and pending by consolidating them into a single case. In 1 High on Injunctions, § 12, we find the following: ‘ Where there is one common right in controversy which is to be established by or against .several persons, one person asserting the right against many, or many against one, equity may interfere, and, instead of permitting the parties to be harassed by a multiplicity of suits, determine the whole matter, in one action.’ See also 2 High on Injunctions, § 1406; Story on Eq. PI. § 286; and Wait on Fraud. Con. §§ 151, 152, and cases there cited. The doctrine is fully discussed in 1 Pomeroy’s Eq. Jur. §§ 255 et seq. In § 269 is the following: cHnder the greatest diversity of circumstances, and the greatest variety of claims arising from unauthorized public acts, 'private tortious acts, invasion of property rights, violation of contract obligations, and notwithstanding the positive denials by some American courts, the weight of authority is simply overwhelming that the jurisdiction may and should be exercised either on behalf of a numerous body of separate claimants against a single party, or on behalf of a single party against such a numerous body, although there is no * common title,’ nor ‘community of right,’ or of ‘ interest in the subject-matter,’ among these individuals, but where there is and be-[50]*50cause there is merely a community of interest among them in the questions of law and fact involved in the general controversy, or in the 'kind and form of relief demanded and obtained by or against each individual member of the numerous body.” While some of the language of the quotation from Pomeroy’s Eq. Jur. may sustain counsel for the plaintiff in the position taken, we do not think that it should be given unqualified acceptance in its entirety. In a later edition the author has modified the language employed in the extract quoted in the case of Smith v. Dobbins, supra. It can not be maintained now that the overwhelming weight of authority in the United States sustains to its full extent the rule originally’laid down by the writer referred to. See Southern Steel Co. v. Hopkins, 157 Ala 175 (47 So. 274, 20 L. R. A. (N. S.) 848, 131 Am. St. R. 20, 16 Ann. Cas. 690); Id., 174 Ala. 465 (57 So. 11, 40 L. R. A. (N. S.) 464, Ann. Cas. 1914B, 692); Vandalia Coal Co. v. Lawson, 43 Ind. App. 226 (87 N. E. 47); Ducktown Co. v. Fain, 109 Tenn. 56 (70 S. W. 813); Scottish Union Ins. Co. v. Mohlman Co., 73 Fed. 66; Lehigh Valley R. Co. v. McFarland, 31 N. J. Eq. 730; notes to Roanoke Guano Co. v. Saunders, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.). 491; Mechanic Ins. Co. v. Hoover, 32 L. R. A. (N. S.) 941; Dixie Fire Ins. Co. v. American Confectionery Co., 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 897; Davis v. Forrestal, L. R. A. 1915F, 1012. It is unnecessary to repeat here by way of paraphrase or quotation the reasoning in the cases here cited. Those interested in making more thorough examination of the question can readily turn to the cases referred to and to the cases cited there or in the notes to such of the cases as appear in the volumes of L. R. A. Let us revert to the Dobbins case and briefly review the essential issue in that case in reference to which that division of the opinion was written which contains the quotation from Pomeroy’s Eq. Jur. The essential facts, the issue made, and'principle applied is thus stated by Justice Lump-kin, who delivered the opinion of the court: “ In reply to the suggestion that the plaintiff in the present case should not be allowed to consolidate all these claim cases into one, because he himself was responsible for their existence, he having filed his claim to the property in every instance where a levy thereon was made, which he was not absolutely compelled to do, it may be said that in filing such claims he only availed himself of one of the methods which the law gave him for the protection of his alleged rights. The fact [51]*51that he resorted to a statutory remedy in each ease should not, we think, deprive him of the more valuable remedy in equity of having all this litigation terminated -by a single verdict and judgment, the more especially as so doing could in no way itijure any of the parties. Whether or not the agreement between him and Wolford constituted such a fraud upon Wofford’s creditors as would invalidate Dobbins’ title to the land, was a' question involved in all the claim cases, and was a vital one in each. Upon its determination depended, in every one of these cases, the subjection or non-subjection of the property; and we are unable to perceive why, in justice and upon principle, this question should not be determined once for all, and thus finally settle in one judgment, without having numerous, tedious, and expensive trials, the rights of all these parties.” Thus we see that the vital question in each of the eases was whether an agreement between the claimant and a named person constituted such a fraud upon one of the parties to the agreement as would invalidate the claimant’s title to land; and upon the determination of this question “depended, in every one of these cases, the subjection or non-subjection of the property.” Other cases decided by this court are distinguishable on their facts or the controlling issues.
It is provided in our statute relating to the matter of consolidation of suits, that where there is one eommon right to be established by or against several, and one is asserting the right against many, or many against one, equity will determine the whole matter in one action. Civil Code, § 5419. In the case of George W. Muller Bank Fixture Co. v. Southern Seating &c. Co., 147 Ga. 106 (92 S. E. 884), it was said: “A suit in equity, based on separate and distinct claims against different persons, where there is no common right to be established, will be dismissed on demurrer on the ground of multifariousness.” And in the opinion’in that ease it was said: “ As this was an effort to join in one action separate and distinct claims against different" parties, where there was no common right to be established, the petition was subject to demurrer upon the ground that it was multifarious.” In another ease it was said: “It is error to consolidate two or more cases which are not between the same parties and which do not involve the same pleas upon which the same judgment may be rendered.” City of Dalton v. Elk Cotton Mills, 146 Ga. 89 (90 S. E. 718). See also White v. Electric Co., [52]*52138 Ga. 539 (58 S. E. 33). While in all the cases sought to be consolidated it is pleaded by the defendant that the damage claimed was the result of an act of God, nevertheless that principle involves, to a certain “extent, the question of negligence. The Civil Code, § 3713, after defining who is a common carrier, provides: “ In cases of loss the presumption of law is against him, and no excuse avails him unless it was occasioned by the act of God or the public enemies of the State.” And section 3713 provides: “In order for a carrier or other bailee to avail himself of the act of God or exception' under the contract as an excuse, he must establish not only that the act of God or excepted fact ultimately occasioned the loss, but that his own negligence did not contribute thereto.” In the case of Charleston &c. Ry. Co. v. Nixon Grocery Co., 143 Ga. 343 (83 S. E. 893), it was held: “In an action brought against a common carrier, to recover the value of goods delivered to it for transportation to certain consignees, where the sole defense was that the goods were not delivered because they were destroyed by act of God (an unprecedented flood of water in the Savannah river which inundated and destroyed the goods), the burden was on the carrier to establish not only that the act of God occasioned ultimately the loss, but that the negligence of the carrier did not contribute to it.” And the question of negligence which may arise in these cases under, the pleadings is one peculiarly for determination by a jury, and as to which the parties have the right to a jury trial,— a right that might not be as complete under proceedings before an auditor appointed in equitable proceedings as it would be should the cases proceed to trial in the courts of law where they have been instituted. The court does not mean, by anything here said, to. hold that certain of the cases pending in the city court and in the justice’s court, where the parties are the same and the issues are the same, may not be consolidated upon proper motion or petition, where such consolidation would not oust the court of jurisdiction.
Considering the character of the cases brought and the pleas actually filed, and • appropriate defenses which could properly be made the subject of amendments, the court below properly refused the injunctive and other relief sought by the petition.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur.