Napton, Judge,
delivered, the opinion of the Court.
This was an action of petition in debt, upon a bond given by the plaintiffs in error to the county of St. Louis, for the use of the inhabitants of township 47, range 5 East. The defendants pleaded, first, the general issue; second, that the bond was obtained by fraud; third, that the bond was executed without any consideration; fourth, that the bond was executed in .consideration of a sale made by the sheriff of St. Louis county, to the defendant, Payne, of land in said county, at public auction, by virtue of an order of the County Court, and that said county had not, at the time of making said order, or since, any right, title, interest, or estate, in said land, nor had said Court any authority, or lawful jurisdiction to order said sale; wherefore said bond is void, &e. Fifth plea is the same. The sixth plea avers, that said bond was obtained in consideration of the sale of lands, made by the sheriff of St. Louis county to the defendant, Payne, and for no other cause or consideration whatever; which said land, at the time of said sale, was, and is, the property of the State of Missouri, for the use of the inhabitants of township No. 47, range 5 East, for the use of schools, and the said sale was made by said sheriff, without any lawful authority whatever; Wherefore, &e.
To these pleas, suitable replications were filed, and the matters in issue were submitted to the court, upon a case agreed, which is, in substance, as follows:—
At the May term, 1838, of the St. Louis County Court, the said court made an order, upon the petition of sundry white householders of "Congressional township [476]*47644 north, range 5 East, praying for the sale of school lands in said township, and, upon being satisfied that a majority of the householders residing within said township had signed said petition, directed the sheriff to expose to sale said lands, after giving sixty days’ notice, by advertisement, duly and legally put up, in the manner and upon the terms directed by law. Pursuant to said order, the. sheriff did advertise, according to law; the lands were sold at the; time and place specified in the advertisement, and Thomas J. Payne, one of said defendants, became the purchaser of sundry parcels of said section, for which the sheriff gave him a certificate of purchase. At the same time, said Payne executed his bond to the county of St. Louis for the purchase money, which is the same set out in the petition-If, upon said case, the court should be of opinion that the plaintiff should recover, the issue to be found accordingly; but if, on the contrary, that the plaintiff should not recover, then, that a judgment of non-suit be entered.
The court, being of opinion that the plaintiff was entitled to recover, found the issue accordingly, and to reverse this judgment, this writ of error is brought.
The question presented by the record is the same which this Court decided in the case of Maupin vs. Parker, 3 Mo. Rep. The first act of the legislature, authorizing the sale of the sixteenth section, was passed January 17th, 1831. The decision of the court, sustaining the validity of the law, was made in 1834, since which several other acts have passed, substantially like the act of 1831, though modified in details.
In the celebrated case of McMulloch vs. The State of Maryland, (4 Whea. Rep., 316,) Chief Justice Marshall declared, that an exposition of the constitution deliberately established by legislative acts, on the faith of which an immense property has been advanced, ought not to be lightly disregarded. If this be true in relation to the exercise of the delicate power incident to courts, of reviewing the acts of a co-ordinate branch of the government, how much more forcible does the remark apply to a case where all the departments, legislative, executive, and judicial, have deliberately given sanction to the law. Thirteen years have elapsed since the passage of the first act on this subject; that act was pronounced constitutional, and successive enactments, recognizing the same principle, indicate an acquiescence on the part of the legislature and the people. Property, to a large amount, has been invested on the faith of these acts. Under this state of legislative action and judicial decision, the maxim of “ stare decisis” is believed to be peculiarly applicable, and upon this ground this Court considers the question settled.
Apart from this view of the case, in which all the Court concur, I will briefly add my reasons for holding the law constitutional.
By the act of Congress, March 6lh, 1820, the following, among other propositions, was made : — “ First, that section No. 16 in every township, and when such section has been sold or otherwise disposed of, other lands equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may be, shall be granted to the State for the use of the inhabitants of such township, for the use of schools.”
This grant was to be in consideration that the land sold by the United States should remain exempt from taxation for five years after the day of sale, and the [477]*477military bounty lands should be exempted from taxes for three years. — Rev. Code, 1825, p. 38.
The convention, by ordinance, accepted this proposition on the 13th July, 1820;' and accordingly provided in the constitution, in art. 6, sec. 1., “ that schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged in this State; arid the General Assembly shall take measures to preserve from waste or damage such lands as have been, or may hereafter be, granted by the United States for the use of schools within each township in this State, and shall apply the funds which arise from such lands in strict conformity to the object of the grant: one school or more in'each township shall be established as soon as practicable and necessary, where the poor shall be taught gratis.”
To carry into effect this provision of the constitution, the legislature passed an act on the 6th Dec., 1820, providing for the leasing of the school lands, and applying the proceeds to the purposes designated in the constitution. This policy prevailed until 1829, when the leasing of unimproved sections was prohibited; (act of Jan. 1, 1829;) and in 1831, the plan of selling the sixteenth section was adopted, which prevails to the present day.
This is a grant from the United States to the State of Missouri, fdr certain purposes, and on certain considerations specified in the grant. To construe a grant from one sovereign to another by those technical rules which govern the construction of contracts between individuals, is not reasonable nor in accordance with the doctrines recognized in judicial tribunals, when subjects of this character are investigated. The intent and spirit of the act; the purposes it was designed to promote, and the relative situation of the high contracting parties, should be examined and ascertained, and a strict legal interpretation must be rejected if it manifestly tends to subvert the ends proposed to be accomplished. It was observed by a distinguished judge, (C. J. Tighlman, in Farmers’ and M. Bank vs. Smith, 6 Hall, L. I. 547,) that “ Conventions to regulate the conduct of nations are not to be construed as articles of agreement at common law.” “It is of little importance to the public,” he adds, “whether a tract of land belongs to A. or B.
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Napton, Judge,
delivered, the opinion of the Court.
This was an action of petition in debt, upon a bond given by the plaintiffs in error to the county of St. Louis, for the use of the inhabitants of township 47, range 5 East. The defendants pleaded, first, the general issue; second, that the bond was obtained by fraud; third, that the bond was executed without any consideration; fourth, that the bond was executed in .consideration of a sale made by the sheriff of St. Louis county, to the defendant, Payne, of land in said county, at public auction, by virtue of an order of the County Court, and that said county had not, at the time of making said order, or since, any right, title, interest, or estate, in said land, nor had said Court any authority, or lawful jurisdiction to order said sale; wherefore said bond is void, &e. Fifth plea is the same. The sixth plea avers, that said bond was obtained in consideration of the sale of lands, made by the sheriff of St. Louis county to the defendant, Payne, and for no other cause or consideration whatever; which said land, at the time of said sale, was, and is, the property of the State of Missouri, for the use of the inhabitants of township No. 47, range 5 East, for the use of schools, and the said sale was made by said sheriff, without any lawful authority whatever; Wherefore, &e.
To these pleas, suitable replications were filed, and the matters in issue were submitted to the court, upon a case agreed, which is, in substance, as follows:—
At the May term, 1838, of the St. Louis County Court, the said court made an order, upon the petition of sundry white householders of "Congressional township [476]*47644 north, range 5 East, praying for the sale of school lands in said township, and, upon being satisfied that a majority of the householders residing within said township had signed said petition, directed the sheriff to expose to sale said lands, after giving sixty days’ notice, by advertisement, duly and legally put up, in the manner and upon the terms directed by law. Pursuant to said order, the. sheriff did advertise, according to law; the lands were sold at the; time and place specified in the advertisement, and Thomas J. Payne, one of said defendants, became the purchaser of sundry parcels of said section, for which the sheriff gave him a certificate of purchase. At the same time, said Payne executed his bond to the county of St. Louis for the purchase money, which is the same set out in the petition-If, upon said case, the court should be of opinion that the plaintiff should recover, the issue to be found accordingly; but if, on the contrary, that the plaintiff should not recover, then, that a judgment of non-suit be entered.
The court, being of opinion that the plaintiff was entitled to recover, found the issue accordingly, and to reverse this judgment, this writ of error is brought.
The question presented by the record is the same which this Court decided in the case of Maupin vs. Parker, 3 Mo. Rep. The first act of the legislature, authorizing the sale of the sixteenth section, was passed January 17th, 1831. The decision of the court, sustaining the validity of the law, was made in 1834, since which several other acts have passed, substantially like the act of 1831, though modified in details.
In the celebrated case of McMulloch vs. The State of Maryland, (4 Whea. Rep., 316,) Chief Justice Marshall declared, that an exposition of the constitution deliberately established by legislative acts, on the faith of which an immense property has been advanced, ought not to be lightly disregarded. If this be true in relation to the exercise of the delicate power incident to courts, of reviewing the acts of a co-ordinate branch of the government, how much more forcible does the remark apply to a case where all the departments, legislative, executive, and judicial, have deliberately given sanction to the law. Thirteen years have elapsed since the passage of the first act on this subject; that act was pronounced constitutional, and successive enactments, recognizing the same principle, indicate an acquiescence on the part of the legislature and the people. Property, to a large amount, has been invested on the faith of these acts. Under this state of legislative action and judicial decision, the maxim of “ stare decisis” is believed to be peculiarly applicable, and upon this ground this Court considers the question settled.
Apart from this view of the case, in which all the Court concur, I will briefly add my reasons for holding the law constitutional.
By the act of Congress, March 6lh, 1820, the following, among other propositions, was made : — “ First, that section No. 16 in every township, and when such section has been sold or otherwise disposed of, other lands equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may be, shall be granted to the State for the use of the inhabitants of such township, for the use of schools.”
This grant was to be in consideration that the land sold by the United States should remain exempt from taxation for five years after the day of sale, and the [477]*477military bounty lands should be exempted from taxes for three years. — Rev. Code, 1825, p. 38.
The convention, by ordinance, accepted this proposition on the 13th July, 1820;' and accordingly provided in the constitution, in art. 6, sec. 1., “ that schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged in this State; arid the General Assembly shall take measures to preserve from waste or damage such lands as have been, or may hereafter be, granted by the United States for the use of schools within each township in this State, and shall apply the funds which arise from such lands in strict conformity to the object of the grant: one school or more in'each township shall be established as soon as practicable and necessary, where the poor shall be taught gratis.”
To carry into effect this provision of the constitution, the legislature passed an act on the 6th Dec., 1820, providing for the leasing of the school lands, and applying the proceeds to the purposes designated in the constitution. This policy prevailed until 1829, when the leasing of unimproved sections was prohibited; (act of Jan. 1, 1829;) and in 1831, the plan of selling the sixteenth section was adopted, which prevails to the present day.
This is a grant from the United States to the State of Missouri, fdr certain purposes, and on certain considerations specified in the grant. To construe a grant from one sovereign to another by those technical rules which govern the construction of contracts between individuals, is not reasonable nor in accordance with the doctrines recognized in judicial tribunals, when subjects of this character are investigated. The intent and spirit of the act; the purposes it was designed to promote, and the relative situation of the high contracting parties, should be examined and ascertained, and a strict legal interpretation must be rejected if it manifestly tends to subvert the ends proposed to be accomplished. It was observed by a distinguished judge, (C. J. Tighlman, in Farmers’ and M. Bank vs. Smith, 6 Hall, L. I. 547,) that “ Conventions to regulate the conduct of nations are not to be construed as articles of agreement at common law.” “It is of little importance to the public,” he adds, “whether a tract of land belongs to A. or B. In deciding their titles, strict rules of construction may be adhered to, though sometimes at the expense of justice, because certainty of title is thereby produced, and individual inconvenience- is richly compensated by general good; but when multitudes are affected by the construction of an instrument, great regard should be paid to the spirit and intention.”
If we apply the common law rules of construction to this grant of the school lands, we are involved in difficulties which we can only surmount by a complete subversion of every beneficial purpose for which the grant was made.
In the first place, it is conceded, that by this rule of construction the lands are inalienable. This of itself is not only contrary to the general policy of our government, which is decidedly hostile to the creation of perpetuities, and having lands locked up in mortmain, but tends directly to frustrate the obvious intent of the parties.
The object of both parties was, the advancement of education and the provision óf a fund for that purpose. If the lands be inalienable, how is that purpose to be [478]*478attained? It cannot be supposed that Congress or that convention were ignorant of the condition of the country for whose benefit they were legislating. It is ■folly to suppose that wild lands can be leased advantageously, when those of the best quality can be purchased for one dollar and a quarter per acre; nor is it likely that this state of things will be altered for the next half century. Did Congress design that the benefits of this grant should accrue solely to our successors, and be unavailing to the existing generation ? Are we to wait for a school fund until leasing becomes profitable — until our population is as dense as that of Holland or Great Britain ?
The cestuys que use, if they embraced only the present inhabitants, being the same people which constitutes the Slate, (who, as trustee,) might claim the land; but as it is clear that the future as well as the present inhabitants of the township are beneficially interested in this grant, the consent of the cestuys que trust to any disposition made by the trustee could never be obtained, and the land is inalienable.
Again: This grant cannot be construed as a common law gift to a charity. If it be so, the State of Missouri, being both founder and visitor of the fund, would have an entire control over it. But the very essence of a charitable donation is the want of consideration, which is not so in this grant. It is founded on a valuable consideration, viz., the exemption of the United States’ lands from taxation.
In the third place, if this grant is to be regarded as creating a trust, and to be construed by the rules applicable to such estates, the objections are not diminished. An ordinary trustee may, under certain circumstances, and under the direction of certain courts having cognizance of these subjects, change the nature of the trust estate by converting land into money or money into land; but w'bat court could undertake to advise this trustee, the Stale, or its organ, the legislature, as to the suitable disposition or management of its trust estate.
Lastly, This grant, if construed by the strict rules of common law, would be void for uncertainty in the description of the cestuys que use. The inhabitants of a township- are not a corporate body.— Co. Litt.
These considerations are sufficient to show, that a construction of the terms of this grant, by the strict rules of the common law applicable to individual transactions, would frustrate the laudable and benificent purposes of both the contracting parties. I therefore conclude, that some other construction must be adopted, more consistent with the intent of the parties, and more consonant with the general powers and rights of the State. It is beyond controversy, that the United States have no interest whatever in these lands; that they parted with all their title; and whether the State has, or has not executed the trust, cannot be a subject of enquiry in her courts. It is true, that in the grant to Ohio, of the 16th section, by the act of 1802, (which was to the inhabitants of the township,) Congress, at the request of the legislature of that State, passed the act of 1803, vesting these lands in the legislature of the State, in trust for the support of schools, and afterwards, to quiet purchasers, passed the ant of February 1st, 1826, authorizing Ohio to sell her school lands. A reference, however, to the discussion Vvhich preceded the pass[479]*479age of that act, (Gales & Seaton’s Register, vol. 11, p. C67, 842), will show, that neither house entertained any doubts as to the power of the Ohio legislature. It cannot be pretended, in relation to the .grant to this State, that Congress has any power to compel the State to execute the trust. The legislature is restricted only by the constitution of the State. This prevents and prohibits a diversion of the fund from the purpose to which it has been dedicated. The legislature is required to apply the funds “arising from these lands,” in strict conformity to the object of the grant. Whether these funds are to arise from leasing, renting, or selling, is not specified in the constitution. There is no restriction on the subject. Will it be contended, that the injunction upon the legislature to take measures to preserve the lands from waste, and damage, or to improve them, implies a prohibition from selling ? Such is not the construction placed upon similar measures, when taken by a private land proprietor. In the second section of the same article which regulates the duties of the legislature, in relation to the 16th section, it is provided, for the management of the seminary lands, that the monies arising from the lands, “ whether by rent or lease, or in any other manner,” shall constitute a fund for the establishment of a university. The terms are broad enough to comprehend a disposition of the lands by sale, as well as the specific modes enumerated in the section.
I am therefore of opinion, that the act of the legislature, authorizing the sale of the 16th section, is constitutional, and, consequently, that the plaintiff, in the case agreed, was entitled to recover.
Judgment affirmed.