16-3877 (L) Paulsen v. PrimeFlight Aviation Servs., Inc.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 13th day of December, two thousand seventeen.
Present: ROBERT A. KATZMANN, Chief Judge, RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________
JAMES G. PAULSEN, Regional Director of Region 29 of the National Labor Relations Board, for and on behalf of the National Labor Relations Board,
Petitioner-Appellee-Cross-Appellant,
v. Nos. 16-3877, 17-8
PRIMEFLIGHT AVIATION SERVICES, INC.,
Respondent-Appellant-Cross-Appellee.* _____________________________________
For Petitioner-Appellee-Cross-Appellant: JONATHAN M. PSOTKA, Attorney (Richard F. Griffin, Jr., General Counsel; Jennifer Abruzzo, Deputy General Counsel; Barry J. Kearney,
* The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as above.
1 Associate General Counsel; Jayme L. Sophir, Deputy Associate General Counsel; Elinor L. Merberg, Assistant General Counsel; Laura T. Vazquez, Deputy Assistant General Counsel, on the brief), National Labor Relations Board, Washington, DC.
For Respondent-Appellant-Cross- CHRISTOPHER C. MURRAY (William Franklin Appellee: Birchfield, on the brief), Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.C., Indianapolis, IN; New York, NY.
For Amicus Curiae Service BRENT GARREN, General Counsel, Service Employees International Union, Employees International Union, Local 32BJ, New Local 32BJ: York, NY.
Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New
York (Cogan, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the order of the district court is AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and
REMANDED for further proceedings.
National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB”) Regional Director James G. Paulsen
petitioned for temporary injunctive relief under § 10(j) of the National Labor Relations Act
(“NLRA”), 29 U.S.C. § 160(j), directing PrimeFlight Aviation Services, Inc. (“PrimeFlight”) to
recognize and bargain with the Service Employees International Union, Local 32BJ (“SEIU”) as
the representative of PrimeFlight’s employees. On October 24, 2016, the district court (Cogan,
J.) granted the petition in part and issued a preliminary injunction. PrimeFlight appeals from the
issuance of the injunction, and Paulsen cross-appeals, challenging certain provisions included in
or omitted from the injunction. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the
procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal. We affirm the issuance of the injunction
and affirm in part and reverse in part the terms of the injunction.
2 “[T]he task of a district court in a section 10(j) proceeding is two-fold, requiring a
determination whether there is reasonable cause to believe that unfair labor practices have been
committed and, if so, whether the requested relief is just and proper.” Kaynard v. Mego Corp.,
633 F.2d 1026, 1030 (2d Cir. 1980) (Friendly, J.) (internal quotation marks omitted). In making
this determination, “[a]ppropriate deference must be shown to the judgment of the NLRB, and a
district court should decline to grant relief only if convinced that the NLRB’s legal or factual
theories are fatally flawed.” Silverman v. Major League Baseball Player Relations Comm., Inc.,
67 F.3d 1054, 1059 (2d Cir. 1995). We review de novo a district court’s determination of
whether there was reasonable cause to believe an unfair labor practice has been committed, and
we review its determination that injunctive relief was just and proper for an abuse of discretion.
Mego Corp., 633 F.2d at 1030. We review any factual findings for clear error. Id.
PrimeFlight argues that the district court lacked reasonable cause to believe unfair labor
practices have been committed because PrimeFlight, as a contractor providing services to an
airline, is not subject to the NLRA. PrimeFlight is correct that the NLRB and the National
Mediation Board (“NMB”) have, in the past, concluded that contractors like PrimeFlight are not
subject to the NLRA. See, e.g., Air Serv Corp., 33 NMB 272, 272 (2006). More recently,
however, the NLRB and the NMB have concluded that contractors like PrimeFlight and
PrimeFlight itself are subject to the NLRA. See PrimeFlight Aviation Servs., Inc., No.
12-RC-113687, 2015 WL 3814049, at *1 n.1 (N.L.R.B. June 18, 2015); Bags, Inc., 40 NMB
165, 170 (2013); Huntleigh USA Corp., 40 NMB 130, 137–38 (2013); Aero Port Servs., Inc., 40
NMB 139, 143 (2013). PrimeFlight claims that this shift was arbitrary and capricious because the
NLRB failed to properly explain it. See ABM Onsite Servs.-West, Inc. v. NLRB, 849 F.3d 1137,
1146–47 (D.C. Cir. 2017). However, the question of whether the NLRB and NMB’s about-face
3 was procedurally sound under the Administrative Procedure Act is not before us. Instead, the
question here is whether Paulsen’s claim that PrimeFlight was subject to the NLRA was “fatally
flawed.” Major League Baseball Player Relations Comm., 67 F.3d at 1059. In light of the
numerous NLRB and NMB precedents supporting Paulsen’s position, we cannot conclude that it
was “fatally flawed.” Id.
PrimeFlight also argues that the district court lacked reasonable cause because it had not
hired a “substantial and representative complement” of its workforce by the time SEIU
demanded recognition. Fall River Dyeing & Finishing Corp. v. NLRB, 482 U.S. 27, 52 (1987).
To determine whether an employer has hired a “substantial and representative complement” by
the date of a union’s recognition demand, a court looks to
whether the job classifications designated for the operation were filled or substantially filled[,] . . . whether the operation was in normal or substantially normal production[,] . . . the size of the complement on that date and the time expected to elapse before a substantially larger complement would be at work . . . as well as the relative certainty of the employer’s expected expansion.
Id. at 49 (final alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The district
court made factual findings as to these factors that support the conclusion that PrimeFlight had
hired a substantial and representative complement of employees as of the date of SEIU’s demand
for recognition. PrimeFlight has failed to demonstrate that the district court’s factual findings
were clearly erroneous.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
16-3877 (L) Paulsen v. PrimeFlight Aviation Servs., Inc.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 13th day of December, two thousand seventeen.
Present: ROBERT A. KATZMANN, Chief Judge, RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________
JAMES G. PAULSEN, Regional Director of Region 29 of the National Labor Relations Board, for and on behalf of the National Labor Relations Board,
Petitioner-Appellee-Cross-Appellant,
v. Nos. 16-3877, 17-8
PRIMEFLIGHT AVIATION SERVICES, INC.,
Respondent-Appellant-Cross-Appellee.* _____________________________________
For Petitioner-Appellee-Cross-Appellant: JONATHAN M. PSOTKA, Attorney (Richard F. Griffin, Jr., General Counsel; Jennifer Abruzzo, Deputy General Counsel; Barry J. Kearney,
* The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as above.
1 Associate General Counsel; Jayme L. Sophir, Deputy Associate General Counsel; Elinor L. Merberg, Assistant General Counsel; Laura T. Vazquez, Deputy Assistant General Counsel, on the brief), National Labor Relations Board, Washington, DC.
For Respondent-Appellant-Cross- CHRISTOPHER C. MURRAY (William Franklin Appellee: Birchfield, on the brief), Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.C., Indianapolis, IN; New York, NY.
For Amicus Curiae Service BRENT GARREN, General Counsel, Service Employees International Union, Employees International Union, Local 32BJ, New Local 32BJ: York, NY.
Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New
York (Cogan, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the order of the district court is AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and
REMANDED for further proceedings.
National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB”) Regional Director James G. Paulsen
petitioned for temporary injunctive relief under § 10(j) of the National Labor Relations Act
(“NLRA”), 29 U.S.C. § 160(j), directing PrimeFlight Aviation Services, Inc. (“PrimeFlight”) to
recognize and bargain with the Service Employees International Union, Local 32BJ (“SEIU”) as
the representative of PrimeFlight’s employees. On October 24, 2016, the district court (Cogan,
J.) granted the petition in part and issued a preliminary injunction. PrimeFlight appeals from the
issuance of the injunction, and Paulsen cross-appeals, challenging certain provisions included in
or omitted from the injunction. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the
procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal. We affirm the issuance of the injunction
and affirm in part and reverse in part the terms of the injunction.
2 “[T]he task of a district court in a section 10(j) proceeding is two-fold, requiring a
determination whether there is reasonable cause to believe that unfair labor practices have been
committed and, if so, whether the requested relief is just and proper.” Kaynard v. Mego Corp.,
633 F.2d 1026, 1030 (2d Cir. 1980) (Friendly, J.) (internal quotation marks omitted). In making
this determination, “[a]ppropriate deference must be shown to the judgment of the NLRB, and a
district court should decline to grant relief only if convinced that the NLRB’s legal or factual
theories are fatally flawed.” Silverman v. Major League Baseball Player Relations Comm., Inc.,
67 F.3d 1054, 1059 (2d Cir. 1995). We review de novo a district court’s determination of
whether there was reasonable cause to believe an unfair labor practice has been committed, and
we review its determination that injunctive relief was just and proper for an abuse of discretion.
Mego Corp., 633 F.2d at 1030. We review any factual findings for clear error. Id.
PrimeFlight argues that the district court lacked reasonable cause to believe unfair labor
practices have been committed because PrimeFlight, as a contractor providing services to an
airline, is not subject to the NLRA. PrimeFlight is correct that the NLRB and the National
Mediation Board (“NMB”) have, in the past, concluded that contractors like PrimeFlight are not
subject to the NLRA. See, e.g., Air Serv Corp., 33 NMB 272, 272 (2006). More recently,
however, the NLRB and the NMB have concluded that contractors like PrimeFlight and
PrimeFlight itself are subject to the NLRA. See PrimeFlight Aviation Servs., Inc., No.
12-RC-113687, 2015 WL 3814049, at *1 n.1 (N.L.R.B. June 18, 2015); Bags, Inc., 40 NMB
165, 170 (2013); Huntleigh USA Corp., 40 NMB 130, 137–38 (2013); Aero Port Servs., Inc., 40
NMB 139, 143 (2013). PrimeFlight claims that this shift was arbitrary and capricious because the
NLRB failed to properly explain it. See ABM Onsite Servs.-West, Inc. v. NLRB, 849 F.3d 1137,
1146–47 (D.C. Cir. 2017). However, the question of whether the NLRB and NMB’s about-face
3 was procedurally sound under the Administrative Procedure Act is not before us. Instead, the
question here is whether Paulsen’s claim that PrimeFlight was subject to the NLRA was “fatally
flawed.” Major League Baseball Player Relations Comm., 67 F.3d at 1059. In light of the
numerous NLRB and NMB precedents supporting Paulsen’s position, we cannot conclude that it
was “fatally flawed.” Id.
PrimeFlight also argues that the district court lacked reasonable cause because it had not
hired a “substantial and representative complement” of its workforce by the time SEIU
demanded recognition. Fall River Dyeing & Finishing Corp. v. NLRB, 482 U.S. 27, 52 (1987).
To determine whether an employer has hired a “substantial and representative complement” by
the date of a union’s recognition demand, a court looks to
whether the job classifications designated for the operation were filled or substantially filled[,] . . . whether the operation was in normal or substantially normal production[,] . . . the size of the complement on that date and the time expected to elapse before a substantially larger complement would be at work . . . as well as the relative certainty of the employer’s expected expansion.
Id. at 49 (final alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The district
court made factual findings as to these factors that support the conclusion that PrimeFlight had
hired a substantial and representative complement of employees as of the date of SEIU’s demand
for recognition. PrimeFlight has failed to demonstrate that the district court’s factual findings
were clearly erroneous. Accordingly, we conclude the district court had reasonable cause to
believe PrimeFlight committed an unfair labor practice.
PrimeFlight also argues that injunctive relief was not just and proper. “[I]njunctive relief
under § 10(j) is just and proper when it is necessary to prevent irreparable harm or to preserve
the status quo.” Hoffman v. Inn Credible Caterers, Ltd., 247 F.3d 360, 368 (2d Cir. 2001). “[T]he
appropriate test for whether harm is irreparable in the context of § 10(j) successorship cases is
4 whether the employees’ collective bargaining rights may be undermined by the successor’s
unfair labor practices and whether any further delay may impair or undermine such bargaining in
the future.” Id. at 369. Relying on employee affidavits, the district court concluded that
PrimeFlight’s refusal to recognize and bargain with SEIU has had a chilling effect on employees
exercising their collective bargaining rights. PrimeFlight does not point to evidence contradicting
the district court’s conclusion. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in
determining that injunctive relief was just and proper.
With respect to Paulsen’s cross-appeal, “[d]istrict courts have broad authority in crafting
equitable remedies such as injunctions,” Conn. Office of Prot. & Advocacy for Persons with
Disabilities v. Hartford Bd. of Educ., 464 F.3d 229, 245 (2d Cir. 2006), although we must bear in
mind “that a judge’s discretion is not boundless and must be exercised within the applicable rules
of law or equity,” Inn Credible Caterers, 247 F.3d at 364 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Because Paulsen fails to identify any statute or binding precedent that limited the district court’s
authority to include, in a § 10(j) preliminary injunction, a provision temporarily disallowing
minimum shift requirements in any agreement between PrimeFlight and SEIU, the district court
did not abuse its discretion by including that provision in the preliminary injunction. By contrast,
a cease and desist order complements a bargaining order and, accordingly, is a standard part of a
§ 10(j) preliminary injunction. See Seeler v. Trading Port, Inc., 517 F.2d 33, 37–38 (2d Cir.
1975). And PrimeFlight offers no argument on appeal in defense of the district court’s omission
of the cease and desist order. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court abused its
discretion by omitting a cease and desist order from the preliminary injunction.
We have considered all of the parties’ remaining contentions on appeal and have found
that they are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the order of the district court is
5 AFFIRMED as to the issuance of the injunction and AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in
part as to the terms of the injunction. We REMAND with direction to enter an appropriate cease
and desist order.
FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk