MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing Dec 12 2017, 9:39 am
the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK Indiana Supreme Court estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Anthony S. Churchward Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Fort Wayne, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Katherine Cooper Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Paul Weedmayer, December 12, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 02A03-1705-CR-983 v. Appeal from the Allen Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable John F. Surbeck, Appellee-Plaintiff Judge Trial Court Cause No. 02D04-1608-F3-52
Altice, Judge.
Case Summary
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-CR-983 | December 12, 2017 Page 1 of 7 [1] Paul Weedmayer appeals his conviction for Level 6 felony sexual battery. He
contends that the trial court abused its discretion in instructing the jury.
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History
[3] K.D., a twenty-four-year-old college student, met Weedmayer on March 12,
2016, at a local nightclub in Fort Wayne. They exchanged phone numbers and
began texting each other the following day. K.D. invited Weedmayer to her
house on the evening of March 15, 2016, where she introduced him to several
friends. The two talked and got to know each other and eventually moved to
K.D.’s bedroom. They kissed but K.D. indicated she was not ready for sex, so
they both fell asleep. Weedmayer left in the morning, and K.D. went to work.
[4] Later that morning, K.D. began receiving text messages from Weedmayer in
which he indicated that he loved her and wanted to see her again. This
“freaked out” K.D., and she responded that she wanted to take it slow and start
off as friends. Transcript at 35. Weedmayer agreed not to move too fast.
[5] On March 18, 2016, K.D. and Weedmayer communicated about him coming
over. When Weedmayer arrived sometime before 3:00 a.m., K.D.’s friends had
already left and her roommate was not home. K.D. hugged Weedmayer, and
they went up to her bedroom. They kissed but then Weedmayer’s kisses
became aggressive. After she told him she did not want to have sex, he
acknowledged her request but his kisses soon became even more aggressive. He
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-CR-983 | December 12, 2017 Page 2 of 7 climbed on top of her and began touching her. K.D. tried to move her head
back and forth, and she kept telling him no. Weedmayer pulled his shorts
down, pushed K.D.’s shorts and underwear to the side, and began to penetrate
her vagina with his penis. K.D. then gathered enough strength to push him off.
After a few moments of silence, she told him to leave. Weedmayer protested,
apologized, and tried to persuade K.D. to let him stay, but she demanded that
he leave. When he finally left, K.D. locked the door and called a friend to
come stay with her because she was scared.
[6] Weedmayer sent three text messages to K.D. immediately after leaving. He
apologized, asked for forgiveness, and pleaded with her to answer. K.D. did
not respond. Later that afternoon, he called repeatedly and sent her a message
indicating that he was outside her house and wanted to talk. K.D. responded
that she did not want to talk and told him to leave her alone. Weedmayer,
however, continued to call and text. K.D. called the police that night and
reported being raped. The following day, K.D. received more unwanted text
messages from Weedmayer, which she ignored.
[7] The text messages stopped for a few days and then on March 24, 2016,
Weedmayer reached out to K.D. again. She responded, “Leave me
alone…You had sex with me when I said no!” Exhibits at 24. Weedmayer
replied in part, “Why you let emotion play with your mind you gotta
understand when I say forgive me I am so sorry for what I did to you I didn’t
mean to do it …” Id. at 25.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-CR-983 | December 12, 2017 Page 3 of 7 [8] On August 31, 2016, the State filed a two-count information against
Weedmayer, charging him with Level 3 felony rape and Level 6 felony sexual
battery. At the jury trial on March 7, 2017, Weedmayer testified and refuted
K.D.’s account of what happened. He claimed that they had only ever kissed
and that on the morning in question, she was texting with another man in his
presence, which made him angry. According to Weedmayer, he then called her
a bitch and other names, which resulted in her kicking him out.
[9] During closing argument, the defense acknowledged that K.D. and Weedmayer
presented “diametrically opposed” stories and that the jury could not believe
both of them. Transcript at 194. Ultimately, the jury rejected Weedmayer’s
version of events and determined that he sexually assaulted K.D. The jury
found him guilty of Level 6 felony sexual battery but acquitted him of rape.
Thereafter, on April 11, 2017, the trial court sentenced Weedmayer to 2 years
and 183 days, with 183 days served in jail and the remainder suspended to
probation.
Discussion & Decision
[10] Weedmayer contends that the trial court abused its discretion when instructing
the jury. Specifically, he challenges the following final instruction:
The force necessary to sustain a rape conviction need not be physical. It may be constructive or implied from the circumstances. The presence or absence of forceful compulsion is to be determined from the victim’s perspective, not the assailant’s. This is a subjective test that looks to the victim’s
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-CR-983 | December 12, 2017 Page 4 of 7 perception of the circumstances surrounding the incident in question.
Appendix Vol. II at 65. When objecting to this instruction below, Weedmayer
argued that it was an appellate sufficiency standard, which minimized the
State’s burden, and that the degree of force was not at issue in this case.
[11] On appeal, Weedmayer reasserts his claim that the instruction inappropriately
used an appellate standard of review. It is well established that the mere fact
that certain language is used in appellate decisions does not make it proper
language for instructions to the jury. See e.g., Ludy v. State, 784 N.E.2d 459, 462
(Ind. 2003); Munford v. State, 923 N.E.2d 11, 15 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). There is,
however, “no blanket prohibition against the use of appellate decision language
in jury instructions.” Munford, 923 N.E.2d at 15.
[12] Beyond stating that the language came from an appellate standard of review,
Weedmayer makes little attempt to address the instruction’s alleged failings.
He baldly asserts that the instruction “creates a vision in the jury’s mind that
[he] has already been convicted”. Appellant’s Brief at 14. We find this assertion
to be wholly without merit.
[13] Weedmayer also asserts that the instruction created a presumption that some
amount of force was used and, therefore, the instruction did not accommodate
his testimony that no unwanted sexual activity occurred. This argument is based
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing Dec 12 2017, 9:39 am
the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK Indiana Supreme Court estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Anthony S. Churchward Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Fort Wayne, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Katherine Cooper Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Paul Weedmayer, December 12, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 02A03-1705-CR-983 v. Appeal from the Allen Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable John F. Surbeck, Appellee-Plaintiff Judge Trial Court Cause No. 02D04-1608-F3-52
Altice, Judge.
Case Summary
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-CR-983 | December 12, 2017 Page 1 of 7 [1] Paul Weedmayer appeals his conviction for Level 6 felony sexual battery. He
contends that the trial court abused its discretion in instructing the jury.
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History
[3] K.D., a twenty-four-year-old college student, met Weedmayer on March 12,
2016, at a local nightclub in Fort Wayne. They exchanged phone numbers and
began texting each other the following day. K.D. invited Weedmayer to her
house on the evening of March 15, 2016, where she introduced him to several
friends. The two talked and got to know each other and eventually moved to
K.D.’s bedroom. They kissed but K.D. indicated she was not ready for sex, so
they both fell asleep. Weedmayer left in the morning, and K.D. went to work.
[4] Later that morning, K.D. began receiving text messages from Weedmayer in
which he indicated that he loved her and wanted to see her again. This
“freaked out” K.D., and she responded that she wanted to take it slow and start
off as friends. Transcript at 35. Weedmayer agreed not to move too fast.
[5] On March 18, 2016, K.D. and Weedmayer communicated about him coming
over. When Weedmayer arrived sometime before 3:00 a.m., K.D.’s friends had
already left and her roommate was not home. K.D. hugged Weedmayer, and
they went up to her bedroom. They kissed but then Weedmayer’s kisses
became aggressive. After she told him she did not want to have sex, he
acknowledged her request but his kisses soon became even more aggressive. He
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-CR-983 | December 12, 2017 Page 2 of 7 climbed on top of her and began touching her. K.D. tried to move her head
back and forth, and she kept telling him no. Weedmayer pulled his shorts
down, pushed K.D.’s shorts and underwear to the side, and began to penetrate
her vagina with his penis. K.D. then gathered enough strength to push him off.
After a few moments of silence, she told him to leave. Weedmayer protested,
apologized, and tried to persuade K.D. to let him stay, but she demanded that
he leave. When he finally left, K.D. locked the door and called a friend to
come stay with her because she was scared.
[6] Weedmayer sent three text messages to K.D. immediately after leaving. He
apologized, asked for forgiveness, and pleaded with her to answer. K.D. did
not respond. Later that afternoon, he called repeatedly and sent her a message
indicating that he was outside her house and wanted to talk. K.D. responded
that she did not want to talk and told him to leave her alone. Weedmayer,
however, continued to call and text. K.D. called the police that night and
reported being raped. The following day, K.D. received more unwanted text
messages from Weedmayer, which she ignored.
[7] The text messages stopped for a few days and then on March 24, 2016,
Weedmayer reached out to K.D. again. She responded, “Leave me
alone…You had sex with me when I said no!” Exhibits at 24. Weedmayer
replied in part, “Why you let emotion play with your mind you gotta
understand when I say forgive me I am so sorry for what I did to you I didn’t
mean to do it …” Id. at 25.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-CR-983 | December 12, 2017 Page 3 of 7 [8] On August 31, 2016, the State filed a two-count information against
Weedmayer, charging him with Level 3 felony rape and Level 6 felony sexual
battery. At the jury trial on March 7, 2017, Weedmayer testified and refuted
K.D.’s account of what happened. He claimed that they had only ever kissed
and that on the morning in question, she was texting with another man in his
presence, which made him angry. According to Weedmayer, he then called her
a bitch and other names, which resulted in her kicking him out.
[9] During closing argument, the defense acknowledged that K.D. and Weedmayer
presented “diametrically opposed” stories and that the jury could not believe
both of them. Transcript at 194. Ultimately, the jury rejected Weedmayer’s
version of events and determined that he sexually assaulted K.D. The jury
found him guilty of Level 6 felony sexual battery but acquitted him of rape.
Thereafter, on April 11, 2017, the trial court sentenced Weedmayer to 2 years
and 183 days, with 183 days served in jail and the remainder suspended to
probation.
Discussion & Decision
[10] Weedmayer contends that the trial court abused its discretion when instructing
the jury. Specifically, he challenges the following final instruction:
The force necessary to sustain a rape conviction need not be physical. It may be constructive or implied from the circumstances. The presence or absence of forceful compulsion is to be determined from the victim’s perspective, not the assailant’s. This is a subjective test that looks to the victim’s
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-CR-983 | December 12, 2017 Page 4 of 7 perception of the circumstances surrounding the incident in question.
Appendix Vol. II at 65. When objecting to this instruction below, Weedmayer
argued that it was an appellate sufficiency standard, which minimized the
State’s burden, and that the degree of force was not at issue in this case.
[11] On appeal, Weedmayer reasserts his claim that the instruction inappropriately
used an appellate standard of review. It is well established that the mere fact
that certain language is used in appellate decisions does not make it proper
language for instructions to the jury. See e.g., Ludy v. State, 784 N.E.2d 459, 462
(Ind. 2003); Munford v. State, 923 N.E.2d 11, 15 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). There is,
however, “no blanket prohibition against the use of appellate decision language
in jury instructions.” Munford, 923 N.E.2d at 15.
[12] Beyond stating that the language came from an appellate standard of review,
Weedmayer makes little attempt to address the instruction’s alleged failings.
He baldly asserts that the instruction “creates a vision in the jury’s mind that
[he] has already been convicted”. Appellant’s Brief at 14. We find this assertion
to be wholly without merit.
[13] Weedmayer also asserts that the instruction created a presumption that some
amount of force was used and, therefore, the instruction did not accommodate
his testimony that no unwanted sexual activity occurred. This argument is based
on a distorted representation of Weedmayer’s testimony. He testified that the
alleged sexual activity did not occur, not that it occurred but was consensual
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-CR-983 | December 12, 2017 Page 5 of 7 and without force. Moreover, we fail to see how the instruction created the
presumption suggested by Weedmayer.
[14] We have previously discouraged trial courts from using an instruction similar to
this. In Newbill v. State, 884 N.E.2d 383, 393 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied,
we explained:
We tend to agree that the particular instruction, as given, may not properly reflect the perspective from which a jury should consider the evidence of forceful compulsion. Further, acknowledging the possible effect of such an instruction in the hypothetical Newbill presented, it appears to us that the “perspective” for a jury’s consideration of the evidence of forceful compulsion in a rape trial might better be described as either the “objective perspective of the victim” or the “reasonable perspective of the victim.” Therefore, we would discourage trial courts from using this language as an instruction in the future.
Id. (emphasis in original) (footnotes omitted). The Newbill court, however,
found no abuse of discretion because when read as a whole, the instructions did
not mislead the jury and properly informed the jury that it was to consider and
judge all the testimony and evidence presented. Id. at 394 (“an abuse of []
discretion occurs when the instructions, as a whole, mislead the jury as to the
law in the case”).
[15] Even if Weedmayer asserted the same challenge to the instruction as that
addressed in Newbill, we would similarly find no abuse of discretion based on a
consideration of the jury instructions as a whole. Here, the trial court directed
the jury to consider all of the instructions together and determine the facts from
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-CR-983 | December 12, 2017 Page 6 of 7 all of the evidence presented. The jurors were instructed that they were the
exclusive judges of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses. Moreover,
in addition to instructing on the presumption of innocence, the court repeatedly
instructed the jury regarding the State’s burden to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt each and every element of the charged crimes, which included the force
element of the rape charge. Considering the instructions as a whole, we
conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in giving the challenged
instruction.
[16] Judgment affirmed.
May, J. and Vaidik, C.J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-CR-983 | December 12, 2017 Page 7 of 7