In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo ________________________
No. 07-12-00360-CR ________________________
PAUL THOMAS GERIK, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 181st District Court Randall County, Texas Trial Court No. 22,925-B; Honorable John Board, Presiding
February 10, 2014
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.
Following a plea of not guilty, Appellant, Paul Thomas Gerik, was convicted by a
jury of burglary of a habitation,1 enhanced,2 and sentenced to ninety-nine years
confinement. By three issues, he maintains the trial court denied his right to a fair trial
1 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02 (West 2011). 2 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d) (West Supp. 2013). Appellant plead “true” to two enhancements, making the offense punishable by confinement for life, or for any term of not more than 99 years or less than 25 years. by (1) limiting his cross-examination of a witness, (2) commenting on the weight of the
evidence and (3) excluding evidence relevant to his defense. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
The complainant arrived at her home on the afternoon of October 3, 2011, to find
it had been burglarized.3 She called the police. She went through her home and made
a list of items that were missing. Among the items missing were a red “Flying V” guitar,
a silver “Star of David” necklace, and a personal/business checkbook. Some, but not
all, of the items stolen were eventually recovered from a pawn shop and returned to her.
At trial, the pawn shop clerk testified Appellant pawned a red “Flying V” guitar
and a silver “Star of David” necklace within hours of the burglary. Additionally, an
employee from a check-cashing establishment testified that on October 7, 2011, four
days after the burglary, Appellant presented a check made out to him from a business
account of the complainant’s husband. The memo on the check provided it was for
“home construction materials,” but testimony established no remodeling had been done
at the complainant’s home. The employee processed the check through a verification
system which revealed the check had been reported stolen. He made a phone call to
confirm the information and then attempted to delay Appellant until police could arrive.
Appellant asked that the check be returned so he could cash it elsewhere; however, the
employee explained he could not return the check because it had been reported stolen,
and Appellant left.
3 Residents of the home include the complainant’s husband and son.
2 The complainant testified she initially had suspicions her son, Isaac, was
involved in the burglary. At the time of the burglary, he lived at home, did not have a
vehicle, worked sporadically at a bakery, was a member of a metal band and
occasionally “crashed” at a friend’s apartment. He also had recently purchased a studio
and filled it with equipment for his band to rehearse and record. No evidence ever
linked Appellant to Isaac. There was further speculation that one of Isaac’s friends,
whom the complainant described as an “enemy,” could have had motive to commit the
burglary, but no evidence was ever found to connect him to the burglary either.4
Testimony established another individual pawned two guitars from the burglary
on October 28, 2011, eight days after Appellant was taken into custody. While this
individual did become a suspect in the burglary because of the circumstances
surrounding the pawning of the guitars and his prior criminal record, he was never
located. According to the lead detective, while he did attempt to contact all suspects,
his investigation of other suspects never cleared Appellant.
The grand jury ultimately indicted Appellant for intentionally and knowingly
entering a habitation without the effective consent of the owner and attempting to
commit and committing theft. After a jury trial on guilt/innocence as well as punishment,
Appellant was convicted and sentenced to ninety-nine years confinement. He timely
filed notice of appeal. Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to
support his conviction. Therefore, only the facts necessary for disposition of his issues
will be discussed.
4 Isaac referred to this friend as his “roommate” even though he resided with his parents. The two had a falling out over his mother’s interference with their relationship, and Isaac moved his belongings out of his friend’s apartment because his friend threatened his mother.
3 DISCUSSION
We will address Appellant’s issues simultaneously as presented in his brief. By
issues one and three, he complains of the trial court’s limitation of cross-examination
and consequential exclusion of evidence and by issue two, asserts the trial court
improperly commented on the weight of the evidence. The trial court’s alleged errors,
he argues, resulted in fundamental error because it deprived him of the right to a fair
trial. We disagree.
Issues One and Three
From the record it is apparent that the defense’s strategy was to cast suspicion
for the burglary on other individuals—Isaac, his friend-turned-enemy or the individual
who had pawned two guitars after Appellant’s apprehension. While Isaac was
testifying, defense counsel questioned him repeatedly about his financial situation,
raising the possible argument that Isaac had committed the burglary to supplement his
modest income to meet his expensive spending habits. When the examination turned
to his possible involvement in the burglary, Appellant’s counsel stated,
Your Honor. At this point I might be going into a lot of questioning where you may or may not want to invoke his 5th Amendment right or something along that line. Should I do this outside the presence of the jury?
At that point the jury was excused and Appellant’s counsel continued to examine Isaac.
Counsel eventually reached a point where he expressed his intent to continue
questioning Isaac in the presence of the jury “unless there’s some sort of objection.”
Next, the State objected on grounds of relevance. The State also objected contending
that, if the defense was attempting to attack the witness’s credibility, then the probative
4 value of the evidence was “substantially outweighed by any prejudicial effect.” The trial
court sustained the objections and defense counsel was instructed not to go into those
matters in the jury’s presence. The jury was reseated, and Appellant’s counsel
continued examining Isaac concerning his financial situation and possible involvement
in the burglary.
Appellant contends the trial court’s actions deprived him of his constitutional right
of cross-examination. The Sixth Amendment right of confrontation includes the right to
cross-examine a witness and the opportunity to show that a witness is biased or the
witness’s testimony is exaggerated or unbelievable. Irby v. State, 327 S.W.3d 138, 145
(Tex. Crim. App. 2010). That right, however, does not include “cross-examination that
is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.”
Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20, 106 S.Ct. 292, 88 L.Ed.2d 15 (1985).
Additionally, a trial court may permissibly limit the scope of cross-examination to prevent
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In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo ________________________
No. 07-12-00360-CR ________________________
PAUL THOMAS GERIK, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 181st District Court Randall County, Texas Trial Court No. 22,925-B; Honorable John Board, Presiding
February 10, 2014
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.
Following a plea of not guilty, Appellant, Paul Thomas Gerik, was convicted by a
jury of burglary of a habitation,1 enhanced,2 and sentenced to ninety-nine years
confinement. By three issues, he maintains the trial court denied his right to a fair trial
1 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02 (West 2011). 2 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d) (West Supp. 2013). Appellant plead “true” to two enhancements, making the offense punishable by confinement for life, or for any term of not more than 99 years or less than 25 years. by (1) limiting his cross-examination of a witness, (2) commenting on the weight of the
evidence and (3) excluding evidence relevant to his defense. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
The complainant arrived at her home on the afternoon of October 3, 2011, to find
it had been burglarized.3 She called the police. She went through her home and made
a list of items that were missing. Among the items missing were a red “Flying V” guitar,
a silver “Star of David” necklace, and a personal/business checkbook. Some, but not
all, of the items stolen were eventually recovered from a pawn shop and returned to her.
At trial, the pawn shop clerk testified Appellant pawned a red “Flying V” guitar
and a silver “Star of David” necklace within hours of the burglary. Additionally, an
employee from a check-cashing establishment testified that on October 7, 2011, four
days after the burglary, Appellant presented a check made out to him from a business
account of the complainant’s husband. The memo on the check provided it was for
“home construction materials,” but testimony established no remodeling had been done
at the complainant’s home. The employee processed the check through a verification
system which revealed the check had been reported stolen. He made a phone call to
confirm the information and then attempted to delay Appellant until police could arrive.
Appellant asked that the check be returned so he could cash it elsewhere; however, the
employee explained he could not return the check because it had been reported stolen,
and Appellant left.
3 Residents of the home include the complainant’s husband and son.
2 The complainant testified she initially had suspicions her son, Isaac, was
involved in the burglary. At the time of the burglary, he lived at home, did not have a
vehicle, worked sporadically at a bakery, was a member of a metal band and
occasionally “crashed” at a friend’s apartment. He also had recently purchased a studio
and filled it with equipment for his band to rehearse and record. No evidence ever
linked Appellant to Isaac. There was further speculation that one of Isaac’s friends,
whom the complainant described as an “enemy,” could have had motive to commit the
burglary, but no evidence was ever found to connect him to the burglary either.4
Testimony established another individual pawned two guitars from the burglary
on October 28, 2011, eight days after Appellant was taken into custody. While this
individual did become a suspect in the burglary because of the circumstances
surrounding the pawning of the guitars and his prior criminal record, he was never
located. According to the lead detective, while he did attempt to contact all suspects,
his investigation of other suspects never cleared Appellant.
The grand jury ultimately indicted Appellant for intentionally and knowingly
entering a habitation without the effective consent of the owner and attempting to
commit and committing theft. After a jury trial on guilt/innocence as well as punishment,
Appellant was convicted and sentenced to ninety-nine years confinement. He timely
filed notice of appeal. Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to
support his conviction. Therefore, only the facts necessary for disposition of his issues
will be discussed.
4 Isaac referred to this friend as his “roommate” even though he resided with his parents. The two had a falling out over his mother’s interference with their relationship, and Isaac moved his belongings out of his friend’s apartment because his friend threatened his mother.
3 DISCUSSION
We will address Appellant’s issues simultaneously as presented in his brief. By
issues one and three, he complains of the trial court’s limitation of cross-examination
and consequential exclusion of evidence and by issue two, asserts the trial court
improperly commented on the weight of the evidence. The trial court’s alleged errors,
he argues, resulted in fundamental error because it deprived him of the right to a fair
trial. We disagree.
Issues One and Three
From the record it is apparent that the defense’s strategy was to cast suspicion
for the burglary on other individuals—Isaac, his friend-turned-enemy or the individual
who had pawned two guitars after Appellant’s apprehension. While Isaac was
testifying, defense counsel questioned him repeatedly about his financial situation,
raising the possible argument that Isaac had committed the burglary to supplement his
modest income to meet his expensive spending habits. When the examination turned
to his possible involvement in the burglary, Appellant’s counsel stated,
Your Honor. At this point I might be going into a lot of questioning where you may or may not want to invoke his 5th Amendment right or something along that line. Should I do this outside the presence of the jury?
At that point the jury was excused and Appellant’s counsel continued to examine Isaac.
Counsel eventually reached a point where he expressed his intent to continue
questioning Isaac in the presence of the jury “unless there’s some sort of objection.”
Next, the State objected on grounds of relevance. The State also objected contending
that, if the defense was attempting to attack the witness’s credibility, then the probative
4 value of the evidence was “substantially outweighed by any prejudicial effect.” The trial
court sustained the objections and defense counsel was instructed not to go into those
matters in the jury’s presence. The jury was reseated, and Appellant’s counsel
continued examining Isaac concerning his financial situation and possible involvement
in the burglary.
Appellant contends the trial court’s actions deprived him of his constitutional right
of cross-examination. The Sixth Amendment right of confrontation includes the right to
cross-examine a witness and the opportunity to show that a witness is biased or the
witness’s testimony is exaggerated or unbelievable. Irby v. State, 327 S.W.3d 138, 145
(Tex. Crim. App. 2010). That right, however, does not include “cross-examination that
is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.”
Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20, 106 S.Ct. 292, 88 L.Ed.2d 15 (1985).
Additionally, a trial court may permissibly limit the scope of cross-examination to prevent
harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, harm to the witness and repetitive or
marginally relevant interrogation. Carroll v. State, 916 S.W.2d 494, 497 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1996).
A complaint that a trial court denied a defendant the constitutionally protected
right of cross-examination requires a Confrontation Clause objection to preclude
procedural default on appeal. See Reyna v. State, 168 S.W.3d 173, 176-77 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005). In the context of preservation of error, “party responsibility,” i.e., the party
complaining on appeal, requires the party to have done everything necessary to bring to
the trial court’s attention the complained-of ruling and the reason for the complaint. See
id. (citing 1 Stephen Goode, et al., TEXAS PRACTICE SERIES: GUIDE TO THE TEXAS RULES
5 OF EVIDENCE: CIVIL AND CRIMINAL § 103.2 (2d ed. 1993)). See also TEX. R. APP. P.
33.1(a).
Appellant further contends the trial court’s rulings caused the exclusion of
relevant evidence. To preserve error regarding a trial court’s ruling excluding evidence
which affects a substantial right, the complaining party must make an offer of proof
which sets forth the substance of the proffered evidence unless it is apparent from the
context of the questions asked. See TEX. R. EVID. 103(a)(2). See also Reyna, 168
S.W.3d at 176. “Preservation of error is a systemic requirement that a first-level
appellate court should ordinarily review on its own motion.” Mays v. State, 285 S.W.3d
884, 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing Jones v. State, 942 S.W.2d 1, 2 n.1 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1997)).
At no time did Appellant’s counsel lodge any complaint concerning the denial of
the right of confrontation or the exclusion of evidence. He offers no reference to any
question he was deprived of asking, nor does he make offers of proof setting forth the
substance of any excluded testimony for this Court to review for harm. Even if we were
to assume the trial court erred in somehow limiting Appellant’s right to confrontation of
witnesses or improperly excluding evidence, the complained of rulings do not rise to the
level of fundamental error dispensing with the need for an objection or an offer of proof.
Consequently, no error was preserved, and Appellant’s first and third issues are
overruled.
6 Issue Two
At a later point in the proceeding, the complainant was recalled and defense
counsel began questioning her about her son’s “think[ing] that he moved out around
three months prior to the burglary.” Next, the State objected to that question as a
“mischaracterization of the evidence.” While sustaining the objection the trial court
commented, “the jury will decide what the evidence is, not me, but I think that’s an
improper question.” Appellant contends the trial court’s comments constitute an
improper and erroneous comment on the weight of the evidence.
Article 38.05 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides:
In ruling upon the admissibility of evidence, the judge shall not discuss or comment upon the weight of the same or its bearing in the case, but shall simply decide whether or not it is admissible; nor shall he, at any stage of the proceeding previous to the return of the verdict, make any remark calculated to convey to the jury his opinion of the case.
See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.05 (West 1979). To preserve a complaint on a
trial judge’s improper comments, an objection and an adverse ruling is a condition
precedent for appellate review. See Oulare v. State, 76 S.W.3d 231, 233 (Tex. App.—
Amarillo 2002, no pet.). Following the trial court’s comments, defense counsel moved
on to another line of questioning without lodging an objection to those comments.
Due process requires a neutral and detached hearing body or officer. See
Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 786, 93 S.Ct. 1756, 36 L.Ed.2d 656 (1973). See
also Brumit v. State, 206 S.W.3d 639, 645 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Absent a clear
showing of bias, a trial court’s actions will be presumed to have been correct.
Notwithstanding Appellant’s procedural default, the trial court’s comments set forth
7 above do not reflect bias or partiality. From the record it is clear the trial court had been
patient with defense counsel’s line of questioning and was moving the trial along. In
fact, the comment emphasizes that the jury, not the judge, is the determiner of the truth
of the statement and the credibility of the witnesses. Simply stating that a question is
“improper” is not a comment on the truth of any factual statement incorporated into the
question. Here, the comments did not rise to the level of fundamental error dispensing
with the need for an objection. Issue two is overruled.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Patrick A. Pirtle Justice
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