Paul Lim v. Farmers Group, Inc.

• Court: District Court, C.D. California
• Decided: November 13, 2023
• Docket: 2:23-cv-03419
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

O 1 JS-6 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 United States District Court 9 Central District of California

11 PAUL LIM et al., Case № 2:23-cv-03419-ODW (SKx)

12 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’

13 v. MOTION TO REMAND [24] AND

14 FARMERS GROUP, INC. et al., DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION 15 Defendants. TO DISMISS AS MOOT [41] 16 17 I. INTRODUCTION 18 Plaintiffs Paul Lim, Daniel Salabaj, Lorina Nuessle, Anthony Meyer, and David 19 Bolton (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) bring this action against Defendants Farmers Group, 20 Inc., Fire Underwriters Association, and Truck Underwriters Association (collectively, 21 “Defendants”) for breach of fiduciary duties. (Notice of Removal Ex. A (“Compl.”), 22 ECF No. 1-1.) Plaintiffs move to remand the case to Los Angeles County Superior 23 Court, (Mot. Remand (“MTR”), ECF No. 24), and Defendants move to dismiss the 24 action under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(6), (Mot. Dismiss 25 (“MTD”), ECF No. 41). For the following reasons, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ 26 Motion to Remand and DENIES AS MOOT Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss.1 27

28 1 Having carefully considered the papers filed in connection with the Motion, the Court deemed the matter appropriate for decision without oral argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; C.D. Cal. L.R. 7-15. 1 II. BACKGROUND 2 The Court considers the facts as pleaded in both Plaintiffs’ initial Complaint, 3 (“Compl.”), and First Amended Complaint, (First Am. Compl. (“FAC”), ECF 4 No. 38).2 5 A reciprocal insurance exchange is an insurance association formed by a 6 collection of owners, called subscribers, who agree by contract to insure one another. 7 (Compl. ¶ 50.) California law treats the reciprocal insurance exchange as an 8 unincorporated association, to which the subscriber pays premiums in exchange for a 9 policy of insurance. (Id. ¶ 51 (citing Cal. Ins. Code § 1303).) A reciprocal exchange 10 thereby operates differently than a conventional insurance company, as the subscriber 11 is both the owner and the insured policyholder. (Id. ¶ 3.) 12 As an owner, a subscriber has a property interest in the exchange. (Id. ¶ 3 13 (“The interest of a member in an unincorporated association is personal property.” 14 (quoting Cal. Corp. Code § 18100)).) Accordingly, if “an exchange’s excess 15 premiums or surpluses is greater than needed, it can return funds collected to the 16 owners, the subscribers, thus effectively reducing the subscribers’ cost of insurance.” 17 (Id. ¶ 4 (citing Cal. Ins. Code § 1420).) 18 19

20 2 Generally, jurisdiction is to be evaluated at the time of removal. Doyle v. OneWest Bank, 764 F.3d 1097, 1098 (9th Cir. 2014). Further, Plaintiffs cannot “amend away” CAFA jurisdiction after the 21 case has been removed, thereby rendering CAFA jurisdiction secure even if, after removal, plaintiffs 22 amend their complaint in an attempt to eliminate jurisdiction. See, e.g., Herd v. Smart & Final Stores LLC, No. 20-cv-8873-MWF (SKx), 2020 WL 6940699, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 25, 2020). Yet, 23 “[w]here a defendant removes a case to federal court under CAFA, and the plaintiffs amend the complaint to explain the nature of the action for purposes of our jurisdictional analysis, we may 24 consider the amended complaint to determine whether remand to the state court is appropriate.” 25 Benko v. Quality Loan Serv. Corp., 789 F.3d 1111, 1117 (9th Cir. 2015) (holding that an amended pleading is permitted where plaintiff did not amend to “avoid” federal jurisdiction, but rather to 26 “elaborate” on facts “directly related” to the local controversy exception). Accordingly, the Court considers Plaintiffs’ FAC insofar that it helps clarify the facts relevant to the Court’s jurisdictional 27 analysis. The facts included in this Section are true in both the initial Complaint and the FAC, 28 unless otherwise noted. For ease and clarity, the Court will primarily cite the facts in this Section to Plaintiffs’ initial Complaint and supplement additional facts from the FAC where necessary. 1 To operate and manage their exchanges, subscribers must appoint an “attorney- 2 in-fact” to operate as an agent “to administer the exchange and to carry out the 3 insurance transactions.” (Id. ¶¶ 52–53); see also Cal. Ins. Code § 1305 (“[C]ontracts 4 may be executed by an attorney-in-fact, agent or other representative duly authorized 5 and acting for such subscribers under powers of attorney.”); Fogel v. Farmers Grp., 6 Inc., 160 Cal. App. 4th 1403, 1407 (2008) (“The interinsurance exchange is managed 7 by the attorney-in-fact, which may be a corporation.”). Attorneys-in-fact act as 8 trustees and owe a fiduciary duty to subscribers. (Id. ¶ 8); see also Fogel, 160 Cal. 9 App. 4th at 1407 (“The attorney-in-fact’s relationship with each subscriber is that of a 10 fiduciary.”); Indus. Indem. Co. v. Golden State Co., 117 Cal. App. 2d 519, 533 (1953) 11 (“The position of the attorney-in-fact of a reciprocal insurance exchange . . . is 12 fiduciary in character.”). The attorney-in-fact’s fiduciary duties include the duty “of 13 loyalty to the interests of [each exchange’s subscribers],” which is “the same as those 14 of a trustee to his beneficiaries.” (Compl. ¶ 68 (citations and internal quotation marks 15 omitted).) 16 Here, Plaintiffs are subscribers of one of three reciprocal insurance exchanges: 17 Farmers Insurance Exchange, Fire Insurance Exchange, and Truck Insurance 18 Exchange (collectively, “Exchanges”). (Id. ¶ 6.) Through a standardized subscription 19 agreement, Plaintiffs appointed each Defendant to serve as an attorney-in-fact to 20 manage one of the three Exchanges. (Id. ¶ 7.) Specifically, Plaintiffs appointed 21 Defendant Farmers Group, Inc. (“FGI”) to serve as the attorney-in-fact for Farmers 22 Insurance Exchange, Defendant Fire Underwriters Association (“FUA”) to serve as 23 the attorney-in-fact for Fire Insurance Exchange, and Defendant Truck Underwriters 24 Association (“TUA”) to serve as the attorney-in-fact for Truck Insurance Exchange. 25 (Id. ¶ 6.) FUA and TUA are wholly owned subsidiaries of FGI. (Id. ¶ 37.) According 26 to the Subscription Agreement Notice effectuated between the parties, subscribers 27 grant Defendants “power to . . . effect reinsurance and all other acts incidental to the 28 management of the Exchanges and the business of interinsurance.” (Compl. Ex. A.) 1 Plaintiffs allege that FGI was responsible for developing and implementing the form 2 subscription agreement, including the power-of-attorney clause. (Id. ¶ 60.) 3 Defendants require each subscriber to execute the standardized power of attorney, as 4 is, without the ability to change or negotiate any term of the power-of-attorney clause. 5 (Id. ¶¶ 61–62.) 6 Pursuant to the subscription agreements, FGI and TUA each “shall be paid” 7 20% of the premiums subscribers pays, plus their membership fees, and FUA “shall 8 be paid” 25% of the premiums subscribers pay, plus their membership fees. (Id. ¶ 66; 9 Decl. Margaret Giles ISO Opp’n MTR (“Giles Decl.”) ¶ 4, ECF No. 29-1.) In 10 exchange for these agreed-upon fees, Defendants manage the Exchanges, providing 11 “administrative and other non-claims-related services.” (Giles Decl. ¶ 5.) These 12 services include, 13 selecting risks, setting prices, preparing and mailing policy forms and invoices, collecting premiums, marketing, reinsurance-related activities, 14 the preparation of regulatory filings and regulatory approval, regulatory 15 and industry relations and services, agent contract administration, 16 calculation and payment of agents’ commissions, insurance product design, investment services, tax administration, data processing services, 17 accounting and banking, mergers and acquisitions, process engineering, 18 compliance, and non-claims legal services, as overseen by the Exchanges’ Boards of Governors. 19 20 (Id.) “Attorneys-in-fact FGI, TUA, and FUA work . . . on behalf of the Exchanges.” 21 (Id. ¶ 7.) 22 Plaintiffs further allege that Defendants are unable to collect the agreed-upon 23 rates described above, because doing so would “bankrupt the Exchanges.” (Compl. 24 ¶ 67.) Defendants “siphon[] nearly all of the excess premium out of the subscribers’ 25 Exchanges,” leaving little to no surplus eligible to be redistributed to the subscribers. 26 (Id. ¶ 15.) 27 On April 6, 2023, Plaintiffs filed this action in the Superior Court for the State 28 of California for the County of Los Angeles, seeking to represent “[a]ll persons who 1 are or were subscribers in the [Exchanges].” (Notice of Removal (“NOR”), ECF 2 No. 1; Compl. ¶ 149.) Plaintiffs bring one cause of action for breach of fiduciary 3 duty. (Compl. ¶¶ 158–66; FAC ¶¶ 183–93.) 4 On May 5, 2023, Defendants removed the action on the basis that this Court has 5 jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (“CAFA”), 28 U.S.C. 6 § 1332(d). (NOR ¶¶ 1–4.) Plaintiffs have filed a Motion to Remand, arguing that 7 federal jurisdiction is carved out by 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(9)(B), and Defendants have 8 filed a Motion to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). 9 III. PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO REMAND 10 Both parties agree that this case satisfies CAFA’s numerosity, minimum 11 diversity, and amount in controversy requirements. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(d)(2)(A), 12 (d)(5)(B). Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ request for remand is solely based on 28 U.S.C. 13 § 1332(d)(9)(B)—CAFA’s internal affairs provision. 14 A. Legal Standard 15 Federal courts have subject matter jurisdiction only as authorized by the 16 Constitution and Congress, U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 1; Kokkonen v. Guardian Life 17 Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). CAFA vests original jurisdiction in district 18 courts to hear class actions in which the aggregated amount in controversy exceeds 19 $5,000,000; any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a State different from 20 any defendant; and the number of members of the plaintiff class is 100 or more. 21 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2)(A), (d)(5)(B); Adams v. W. Marine Prods., Inc., 958 F.3d 22 1216, 1220 (9th Cir. 2020). 23 However, even if each of these requirements is satisfied, district courts lack 24 jurisdiction if the action solely “relates to the internal affairs or governance of a 25 corporation or other form of business enterprise and that arises under or by virtue of 26 the laws of the State in which such corporation or business enterprise is incorporated 27 or organized.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(9)(B). This same provision appears in the statute 28 governing CAFA removal. See 28 U.S.C. § 1453(d)(2). 1 As Congress enacted CAFA to facilitate adjudication of certain class actions in 2 federal court, there is no anti-removal presumption attending cases invoking CAFA. 3 Dart Cherokee Basin Operating Co., LLC v. Owens, 574 U.S. 81, 89 (2014). 4 B. Burden 5 The parties disagree as to which party maintains the burden to establish the 6 applicability of the internal affairs provision. (See MTR 8; Opp’n MTR 12–13, ECF 7 No. 29.) In the Ninth Circuit, the removing party bears the initial burden to show that 8 all of the prerequisites of CAFA jurisdiction are present, but then the burden shifts to 9 the party seeking remand to show that one of CAFA's exceptions applies. Serrano v. 10 180 Connect, Inc., 478 F.3d 1018, 1020–24 (9th Cir. 2007) (emphasis added). The 11 Ninth Circuit has not determined whether the internal affairs provision is a 12 “prerequisite” to CAFA jurisdiction or one of its “exceptions.” 13 However, to resolve this dispute, district courts are not without guidance. 14 Exceptions to CAFA, such as the “local controversy” and “home-state controversy” 15 provisions, are those that require courts to decline the exercise of otherwise valid 16 jurisdiction. Id. at 1022. It is “those provisions in § 1332 that instruct the court to 17 ‘decline’ jurisdiction that make something an exception rather than a prerequisite.” 18 Becher v. Nw. Mut. Life Ins. Co., No. 10-cv-6264-PSG (AGRx), 2010 WL 5138910, 19 at *3 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 9, 2010) (citing Serrano, 478 F.3d at 1022). “In fact, both the 20 ‘local controversy’ and ‘home-state controversy’ exceptions include the language 21 ‘decline to exercise jurisdiction,’ whereas ‘prerequisites’ are marked by affirmative 22 grants of jurisdiction (‘shall have jurisdiction’) or affirmative rejections of jurisdiction 23 (‘shall not apply’).” Id. In other words, subsections to § 1332 stating that 24 jurisdiction-creating paragraphs “shall not apply” to certain class actions are 25 prerequisites, not exceptions. Serrano, 478 F.3d at 1020 n.3. 26 Accordingly, drawing from the Ninth Circuit’s analysis in Serrano, other courts 27 in this district have determined that the language preceding the internal affairs 28 provision dictates that it should be considered a prerequisite. See Becher, 2010 WL 1 5138910, at *3; Evergreen Cap. Mgmt. LLC v. Bank of New York Mellon Tr. Co., 2 N.A., No. 20-cv-7561-MWF (AGRx), 2020 WL 6161509, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 20, 3 2020). Considering that the words “shall not apply” preface 28 U.S.C. § 1132(d)(9), 4 these courts “construe[] § 1332(d)(9)(B) as a prerequisite—not an exception—to a 5 federal court’s exercise of CAFA jurisdiction that the removing party has burden of 6 negating.” Becher, 2010 WL 5138910, at *3 (citing Madden v. Cowen & Co., 7 576 F.3d 957, 975 (9th Cir. 2009) (holding that similar provision in the Securities 8 Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998 is a “prerequisite” rather than an 9 “exception” to federal jurisdiction)). The Court finds this reasoning persuasive. 10 Defendants argue that courts in other circuits place the burden of establishing 11 the applicability of the internal affairs provision on the party seeking remand. (Opp’n 12 MTR 12–13 (citing Greenwich Fin. Servs. Distressed Mortg. Fund 3 LLC v. 13 Countrywide Fin. Corp., 603 F.3d 23, 26 (2d Cir. 2010); Dominion Energy, Inc. v. 14 City of Warren Police & Fire Ret. Sys., 928 F.3d 325, 335–36 (4th Cir. 2019); Appert 15 v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, Inc., 673 F.3d 609, 618–19 (7th Cir. 2012)).) That 16 approach, however, is not the rule in this Circuit. 17 The Court therefore holds that the Defendants bear the burden of showing by a 18 preponderance of the evidence that the internal affairs provision, as a prerequisite to 19 CAFA jurisdiction, does not apply in this case. Nevertheless, this determination is not 20 consequential to the resolution of this motion, and the Court’s ruling would be the 21 same regardless of which party carries the burden. 22 C. Internal Affairs or Governance 23 First, for the internal affairs provision to apply, the action must solely “relate[] 24 to the internal affairs or governance of a corporation or other form of business 25 enterprise . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(9)(B). In other words, each claim advanced in 26 the class action must concern a business enterprise’s “internal affairs or governance.” 27 Accordingly, this Court is tasked with determining whether Plaintiffs’ claim for 28 breach of fiduciary duty relates to the internal affairs or governance of the Exchanges. 1 Although Congress did not supply a definition of “internal affairs,” CAFA’s 2 legislative history indicates that the term should be understood in the same manner as 3 the Supreme Court’s definition in Edgar v. MITE Corp., 457 U.S. 624 (1982). See S. 4 Rep. No. 109-14, at 45 (2005). There, the Court held that issues of internal affairs 5 address “matters peculiar to the relationship among or between the corporation and its 6 current officers, directors, and shareholders.” Edgar, 457 U.S. at 645. “The internal 7 affairs doctrine is a conflict of laws principle which recognizes that only one State 8 should have the authority to regulate a corporation's internal affairs . . . because 9 otherwise a corporation could be faced with conflicting demands.” Id. (citing 10 Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 302). 11 As a preliminary matter, although the reciprocal insurance exchanges are not 12 incorporated, as unincorporated associations under California law, the Exchanges 13 qualify as “other form[s] of business enterprise[s]” for the purposes of CAFA. See In 14 re Textainer P’ship Secs. Litig., No. C 05-0969 MMC, 2005 WL 1791559 (N.D. Cal. 15 July 27, 2005) (“The phrase ‘other form of business enterprise’ is ‘intended to include 16 forms of business entities other than corporations.’” (quoting S. Rep. 1909-14 at 45)). 17 At the core of Plaintiffs’ allegations is that Defendants managed the Exchanges 18 to benefit themselves at the expense of the subscribers, in violation of the fiduciary 19 duties imposed by California law. Plaintiffs allege that Defendants mismanaged the 20 Exchanges by “siphoning nearly all the excess premium out of the subscribers’ 21 Exchanges and funneling it to FGI’s parent company” and subsequently failing to 22 properly disclose this conduct to the subscribers, to the benefit of the Defendants’ self- 23 serving interests. (Compl. ¶ 15.) In the Complaint’s claim for relief for breach of 24 fiduciary duty—the only cause of action alleged in the Complaint—Plaintiffs assert 25 that each Defendant breached its fiduciary duties of care and loyalty by: 26 a. Taking excessive compensation, which allowed them to improperly 27 extract billions of dollars from the Plaintiffs’ and subscribers’ paid-in premiums; 28 b. Using criteria that were not disclosed to or approved by Plaintiffs and 1 subscribers to award themselves excessive compensation; 2 c. Abusing their powers as attorneys-in-fact to gain an unfair advantage 3 and excessive compensation for themselves at the expense of Plaintiffs and subscribers; 4 d. Failing to provide Plaintiffs and subscribers with information about the 5 management fees collected, including the total profits earned and the compensation received with a 100% profit margin baked in; 6 e. Taking actions to increase the subscriber base and premium base when 7 there was no need or benefit to the subscribers; 8 f. Running their Exchange to benefit FGI or Zurich and its shareholders, instead of the owners of the Exchange, the subscribers; 9 g. Failing to disclose their conflicting fiduciary obligations owed to 10 Zurich and its shareholders and not putting in place safeguards to protect subscribers from Zurich's influence on the amount of management fees 11 collected; and 12 h. Collecting excessive management fees that wasted the premiums paid by Plaintiffs and subscribers. 13 14 (Id. ¶ 163.) The Court sees no reasonable method of resolving any of Plaintiffs’ 15 claims without determining whether Defendants, in their management of the 16 Exchanges, wrongfully transferred excess capital to themselves and thereby failed to 17 return a reasonable portion of the surplus to the subscribers. In other words, resolving 18 Plaintiffs’ claims necessarily involves evaluating the business judgment that the 19 Defendants exercised in the execution of the managerial duties imposed by their roles 20 as the Exchanges’ attorneys-in-fact. 21 To support its conclusion that this Court has jurisdiction over this case, 22 Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ claims do not relate to the Exchanges’ internal affairs 23 or governance because Defendants are legally distinct entities. (Opp’n MTR 14.) In 24 its argument, Defendants contend that because FGI, TUA, and FUA are entities 25 legally distinct from the Exchanges, “Plaintiff’s claims are more akin to ‘claims 26 against outside auditors.’” (Id. (quoting Tuttle v. Sky Bell Asset Mgmt., LLC, 27 No. C 10-03588 WHA, 2011 WL 208060, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 21, 2011).) However, 28 Defendants’ reliance on Tuttle, a case from the Northern District, is misplaced for 1 several reasons. First, in Tuttle, the court found that § 1332(d)(9)(B) did not apply 2 because the plaintiffs’ five causes of action, which included a claim for negligence, 3 were broader than “only one” claim for breach of fiduciary duty. Id. at *6. Second, 4 the plaintiffs brought claims against twenty-five named defendants, including seven 5 limited partnerships, their general partners, offices, and auditors. Id. at *1. Neither 6 fact is true in this case. Here, Plaintiffs bring only one claim for breach of fiduciary 7 duty against the attorney-in-fact Defendants. Further, the analogy between 8 Defendants’ role with respect to the Exchanges and that of an “outside auditor” is 9 inapposite. Outside auditors do not manage the businesses they audit, and they do not 10 serve as agents or attorneys-in-fact. They certainly do not, as Defendants have here, 11 determine whether excess capital should be returned to the business’s owners. As 12 such, Defendants’ role as an agent and attorney-in-fact is materially distinguishable, 13 and only because the Defendants are legally distinct from the Exchanges does not 14 necessarily dictate that they are not involved in the Exchanges’ internal affairs. 15 Rather, another Northern District case is more analogous to the facts in this 16 case. There, the plaintiff, a holder of limited partnership units, brought action for 17 breach of fiduciary duty against the partnerships’ general partner. In Re Textainer 18 P’ship Secs. Litig., 2005 WL 1791559, at *1. Specifically, the plaintiff contended that 19 the general partner, in its management of the partnership, acted in a manner 20 “fundamentally unfair” to the limited partners. Id. Considering that the plaintiff 21 alleged fraudulent or negligent mismanagement of the corporation’s affairs, the court 22 concluded that the “plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claim relates solely to the 23 ‘internal affairs or governance’” of the partnership. Id. at *5–6. Applying the same 24 standard here, Defendants, as attorneys-in-fact, serve as an intrinsic component of the 25 Exchanges’ management. Defendants perform managerial duties for the Exchanges, 26 including the decision of how much excess capital should be paid to themselves and 27 how much should be returned to the subscribers. Plaintiffs’ claims directly relate to 28 whether Defendants breached their fiduciary duties while carrying out those duties. 1 Although Defendants are correct to assert that they do not serve as formal “officers” 2 or “directors” of the Exchanges, their roles are more akin to that of an officer with 3 operating decision-making authority than that of an outside auditor or secretarial 4 service. 5 Finally, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ claims do not solely relate to the 6 Exchanges’ internal affairs or governance because they arise from contract, not 7 corporate law. (Opp’n MTR 17–19.) According to Defendants, “Plaintiffs’ claims are 8 not about how Defendants perform their functions, but rather the amount Defendants 9 collected to serve as Plaintiffs’ attorneys-in-fact—compensation authorized by 10 contracts between the parties.” (Id. at 17 (emphasis in original).) However, 11 Defendants’ characterization is not an entirely accurate representation of Plaintiffs’ 12 claims. Plaintiffs’ claims relate to whether Defendants acted in accordance with the 13 fiduciary duties imposed upon the attorneys-in-fact when dealing with the Exchanges’ 14 surplus and whether they properly disclosed necessary facts to the subscribers. 15 Defendants’ relationship with the Exchanges is not only contractual but is also 16 fiduciary. The fiduciary duties that Plaintiffs allege Defendants breached do not 17 solely stem from the contracts between the parties, but rather arise out of agency law. 18 The Plaintiffs claim that Defendants breached their fiduciary duty, not the subscription 19 agreement, and the existence of a contract does not preclude a claim for breach of 20 fiduciary duty that is related to a business’s internal affairs. 21 Therefore, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs’ claim of fiduciary duty “relates 22 to the internal affairs or governance” of the Exchanges. 23 D. Arising Under or by Virtue of the Laws of The State in which Such 24 Business Enterprise is Incorporated or Organized 25 Next, the internal affairs provision requires that the plaintiff’s claims “arise[] 26 under or by virtue of the laws of the State in which such corporation or business 27 enterprise is incorporated or organized.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(9)(B). It is clear to the 28 1 || Court that the statute refers to the “business enterprise” evaluated in the first half of 2 || the subparagraph, which in this case is the Exchanges. 3 Applying the above standard in this case, each Exchange is organized under or by virtue of the laws of California. (See Decl. Charles Crueger ISO MTR (“Crueger 5 || Decl.”) Exs. 1-3, ECF Nos. 25-1—25-3.) Further, Plaintiffs’ claim for breach of 6 || fiduciary duty arises out of California law. (See generally Compl.) California law 7 || provides the relevant standard for the fiduciary duties that Defendants owe to the 8 | Exchanges’ subscribers. See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Superior Ct., 114 Cal. 9 || App. 4th 434, 442 (2003). 10 Therefore, the Court finds that this case falls within the scope of 11 || § 1332(d)(9)(B) and belongs in state court. 12 IV. CONCLUSION 13 For the reasons discussed above, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Motion to 14 || Remand, (ECF No. 24), and REMANDS the case to the Superior Court of the State of 15 || California for the County of Los Angeles, Case No. 23STCV07597. Further, having 16 || found that the Court lacks jurisdiction over this case, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, 17 | (ECF No. 41), is DENIED AS MOOT. 18 19 IT IS SO ORDERED. 20 21 November 13, 2023 og 22 Ee A tied igh 4 OTIS isTRICE I 05 UNITED STATES,DISTRICT JUDGE

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