Battle, J.
The appellant was indicted in the Washington circuit • court for obstructing a public road. It is-, charged in the indictment that appellant, in the co.unty of Washington-and State of Arkansas, on the 10th of April,. 1886, “unlawfully obstructed the Fayetteville and War Eagles road by then and there, placing and causing .to b.e placed in. said, road a d.itch.and a fence, said road being then and there-.a public highway in said county.” <¡
The parties, by consent, waived a jury and submitted the-law and facts to the court. On the trial it was proven that many years ago the road leaving the Missouri road two and a half or three miles from Fayetteville and running but oh' War Eagle Creek and to the county line was, by the county - court of Washington county, declared to- be a public high- : way and denominated “the War Eagle Road-;” and fór more-than ■fifteen years-the same has been laid off into road dis-j tricts, and overseers for each district so laid off, for each) second year; have been appointed by the county court.. The road originally ran diagonally, through the north-west quarter of section sixteen, in township seventeen north, and in range twenty-nine west, entering at the south-west corner- and going out at the north-east corner. In 1856 Wilson Eidson, who then owned this tract of land, under and in pur-' suance of an order of the county .court, changed the road, beginning where it entered the north-west quarter of section, sixteen and running the same north on the same quarter of a. section to the'north-west corner thereof, and thence east on’ the same tract to the north-east corner thereof. After the-close of the late war between the States, the owner of this-tract of land, enclosed a large part oí the road on the west boundary of his land by a rail fence, which ran in some places within five or six feet of the line between sections sixteen and seventeen ; and thereafter public travel was wholly diverted from the part of the old roadway so enclosed to the west side of the rail fence, and a new road was beaten out, and a large part of it was made, by public travel, west of the section line and on the north-east quarter of section seventeen in the same township and range, in the general direction of the part of the old road enclosed by the rail fence, falling into the old road at each extremity. Public travel continued over this new roadway for more than seven years, and the overseers appointed on the War Eagle road caused it to be worked until it was closed up and obstructed as hereinafter stated.
Isaac Patton was the owner of the north-east quarter of section seventeen, in 1859, and so continued until some time during the late war, when he died, leaving a widow, and the defendant and others his heirs at law. The widow aud heirs, except the defendant, were, and at all times since the close of the war have been, non-residents of this state. The defendant acquired all their respective interests in the land of Isaac Patton. He knew nothing of the road made on the land purchased by him., he being a resident of Little Rock, until so'me time in September, 1885. In the fall of 1885, and in the spring of 1886, he made a ditch and wire fence parallel to and within three feet and west of the section line, and in the road made by the public on his land, as it then ran, and had run for more than seven years before; and at some places left only from eight, to twelve feet between his wire fence and ditch and'the rail fence on the opposite side of the section lino; and thereby rendered public travel difficult; and this was the obstruction charged in the indictment to have been made by the defendant.
The court found the defendant guilty in the manner and form charged in the indictment; fixed his punishment at a fine of ten dollars; rendered judgment against him; and he filed a motion for arrest of judgment and new trial, which were denied, and, saving exceptions, appealed.
1. Ind:Otment: For obstr u cti n g public road. It is contended by appellant that the indictment is fatally defective, because it does not show the district in which the road was obstructed as charged, its terminal points, or in what part of the county it lies. The description of the road obstructed given in the indictment is, "The Fayettevi]le and War Eagle Road." By this designation it is clear that the road meant or referred to was the road leading from Fayette-yule to or on War Eigle. In State v. Lemay, 13 Ark., 405, this court sustained an indictment for obstructing a public road, which described the road obstructed as the road "leading from Lewisville to Minden and Oamden." The description of the road in the indictment in this case is as certain as that in the Lemay case, and is sufficient.
2. H i g hway: May be established by dedicat by or prescription. It is insisted by appellant that the way travelled by the public over his land was not a public highway and no part of the road for the obstruction of which he was indicted, and that he was not indictable for making the wire fence and ditch in it end thereby obstructing pubiic travel.
It is not absolutely necessary to establish a public'highway that its boundary lines be surveyed and that it be opened and appropriated to public use, under an order of the county court. It can be established by a dedication on the part of the owner of the soil over which it runs, and the assent thereto and use thereof by the public, or by prescription.
Hobbs v. The Inhabitants of Lowell, 19 Pick., 405, was an “ action on the case,' to recover damages for an injury sustained by the plaintiff, by reason of a defect in a highway in the town [now city] of Lowell, called ‘Merrimac street.’ At the trial, before Morton, J., it appeared that there was án ancient county road leading through that part of Chelms-ford which' now constitutes Lowell, and thence through. Tyngsborough to Dunstable. In 1822 that road was stopped up by an impassable canal, fences, and dwelling houses, erected and made by a corporation called ‘The Proprietors Of' Locks and Canals on Merrimac River,’ and the travel on it entirely prevented. At the same time Merrimac street was-openéd by the same corporation, in the general direction of the old road, passing over the canal by a bridge, and falling into the old-road at each extremity. From that, time'the-travel was wholly diverted into this street, which wá$ to appearance a part of the-same county road, and all traces of the-old road were obliterated. 'The town of- Lowell was incorporated in 1826. In 1827 the-selectmen of the town directed, generally, that-guide-posts-should be set up in such places as required them, and pursuant to that direction, one of the selectment set a guide-post at the corner of Central street and Merrimac street,■ directing on the latter street to Tyngs-boro and Dunstable. On Merrimac street were a church and •parsoinage, leased, to a religious society, and used as a place-,0.f public worship. . On the side-of the street, opposite to-the church, was an excavation about eight or ten feet deep,, extending into the travelled part of the street, .where the injury to the plaintiff was received. The street was otherwise-a good road. There was no further evidence of acceptance of the street on the-part of the town, or of any-work or repairs done thereon by the authority of the town.
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Battle, J.
The appellant was indicted in the Washington circuit • court for obstructing a public road. It is-, charged in the indictment that appellant, in the co.unty of Washington-and State of Arkansas, on the 10th of April,. 1886, “unlawfully obstructed the Fayetteville and War Eagles road by then and there, placing and causing .to b.e placed in. said, road a d.itch.and a fence, said road being then and there-.a public highway in said county.” <¡
The parties, by consent, waived a jury and submitted the-law and facts to the court. On the trial it was proven that many years ago the road leaving the Missouri road two and a half or three miles from Fayetteville and running but oh' War Eagle Creek and to the county line was, by the county - court of Washington county, declared to- be a public high- : way and denominated “the War Eagle Road-;” and fór more-than ■fifteen years-the same has been laid off into road dis-j tricts, and overseers for each district so laid off, for each) second year; have been appointed by the county court.. The road originally ran diagonally, through the north-west quarter of section sixteen, in township seventeen north, and in range twenty-nine west, entering at the south-west corner- and going out at the north-east corner. In 1856 Wilson Eidson, who then owned this tract of land, under and in pur-' suance of an order of the county .court, changed the road, beginning where it entered the north-west quarter of section, sixteen and running the same north on the same quarter of a. section to the'north-west corner thereof, and thence east on’ the same tract to the north-east corner thereof. After the-close of the late war between the States, the owner of this-tract of land, enclosed a large part oí the road on the west boundary of his land by a rail fence, which ran in some places within five or six feet of the line between sections sixteen and seventeen ; and thereafter public travel was wholly diverted from the part of the old roadway so enclosed to the west side of the rail fence, and a new road was beaten out, and a large part of it was made, by public travel, west of the section line and on the north-east quarter of section seventeen in the same township and range, in the general direction of the part of the old road enclosed by the rail fence, falling into the old road at each extremity. Public travel continued over this new roadway for more than seven years, and the overseers appointed on the War Eagle road caused it to be worked until it was closed up and obstructed as hereinafter stated.
Isaac Patton was the owner of the north-east quarter of section seventeen, in 1859, and so continued until some time during the late war, when he died, leaving a widow, and the defendant and others his heirs at law. The widow aud heirs, except the defendant, were, and at all times since the close of the war have been, non-residents of this state. The defendant acquired all their respective interests in the land of Isaac Patton. He knew nothing of the road made on the land purchased by him., he being a resident of Little Rock, until so'me time in September, 1885. In the fall of 1885, and in the spring of 1886, he made a ditch and wire fence parallel to and within three feet and west of the section line, and in the road made by the public on his land, as it then ran, and had run for more than seven years before; and at some places left only from eight, to twelve feet between his wire fence and ditch and'the rail fence on the opposite side of the section lino; and thereby rendered public travel difficult; and this was the obstruction charged in the indictment to have been made by the defendant.
The court found the defendant guilty in the manner and form charged in the indictment; fixed his punishment at a fine of ten dollars; rendered judgment against him; and he filed a motion for arrest of judgment and new trial, which were denied, and, saving exceptions, appealed.
1. Ind:Otment: For obstr u cti n g public road. It is contended by appellant that the indictment is fatally defective, because it does not show the district in which the road was obstructed as charged, its terminal points, or in what part of the county it lies. The description of the road obstructed given in the indictment is, "The Fayettevi]le and War Eagle Road." By this designation it is clear that the road meant or referred to was the road leading from Fayette-yule to or on War Eigle. In State v. Lemay, 13 Ark., 405, this court sustained an indictment for obstructing a public road, which described the road obstructed as the road "leading from Lewisville to Minden and Oamden." The description of the road in the indictment in this case is as certain as that in the Lemay case, and is sufficient.
2. H i g hway: May be established by dedicat by or prescription. It is insisted by appellant that the way travelled by the public over his land was not a public highway and no part of the road for the obstruction of which he was indicted, and that he was not indictable for making the wire fence and ditch in it end thereby obstructing pubiic travel.
It is not absolutely necessary to establish a public'highway that its boundary lines be surveyed and that it be opened and appropriated to public use, under an order of the county court. It can be established by a dedication on the part of the owner of the soil over which it runs, and the assent thereto and use thereof by the public, or by prescription.
Hobbs v. The Inhabitants of Lowell, 19 Pick., 405, was an “ action on the case,' to recover damages for an injury sustained by the plaintiff, by reason of a defect in a highway in the town [now city] of Lowell, called ‘Merrimac street.’ At the trial, before Morton, J., it appeared that there was án ancient county road leading through that part of Chelms-ford which' now constitutes Lowell, and thence through. Tyngsborough to Dunstable. In 1822 that road was stopped up by an impassable canal, fences, and dwelling houses, erected and made by a corporation called ‘The Proprietors Of' Locks and Canals on Merrimac River,’ and the travel on it entirely prevented. At the same time Merrimac street was-openéd by the same corporation, in the general direction of the old road, passing over the canal by a bridge, and falling into the old-road at each extremity. From that, time'the-travel was wholly diverted into this street, which wá$ to appearance a part of the-same county road, and all traces of the-old road were obliterated. 'The town of- Lowell was incorporated in 1826. In 1827 the-selectmen of the town directed, generally, that-guide-posts-should be set up in such places as required them, and pursuant to that direction, one of the selectment set a guide-post at the corner of Central street and Merrimac street,■ directing on the latter street to Tyngs-boro and Dunstable. On Merrimac street were a church and •parsoinage, leased, to a religious society, and used as a place-,0.f public worship. . On the side-of the street, opposite to-the church, was an excavation about eight or ten feet deep,, extending into the travelled part of the street, .where the injury to the plaintiff was received. The street was otherwise-a good road. There was no further evidence of acceptance of the street on the-part of the town, or of any-work or repairs done thereon by the authority of the town. On the 19th of October, 1828, the plaintiff was passing with a horse and chaise, in the' night time, between certain points in-Lowell, and fell into the excavation; Prior to shutting up, the old road his course would have lain through that road, and after the discontinuance of that road the only travelled way between .those points was through Merrimack street and across the bridge over the canal.” Chief Justice Shaw,. speaking for the court, said : “ This case raises the question^, whether, under any possible circumstances, a highway can be established and recognized in this commonwealth by dedication, that is, by an appropriation by 'the owner of the soil, to the use of the public for a highway, and the adoption thereof by the public; because it is scarcely possible tó imagine- a case of dedication more clearly and fully proved,, than the'present case. Tlie owner of the' soil kid out and ’ fitted this'section of the róad for public travel; the Old highway, for'which it was substituted, was not only afterwards disused,-de facto, but'was obstructed, so as to render it physically impassable. ' The town of Chelmsford, whose duty it ' was to keep this section-of the old road in repair, if they did not intend to adopt the new oné as asribstitute,instituted rid" prosecution against those who Obstructed-it,'but, on the obn-T trary, the surveyor of highways, the selectmen, and the cor- ' poration -itself, acquiesced in the change, until the territory-' was set off into a new town. Thé wáy iri ‘ question-was ah'" open highway'in actual use, when the town by the act of in-" corporation, became de facto liable to support and repair alb" highwriys' within its limits,- and they have taken no measure®to re-establish the’ old - from that time to the present. This-highway was so in actual use by the public, from 1822, when-it was opened, until 1828, when the accident occurred. The-' act of the owners of the soil in appropriating the land to' public use ás a highway, is as distinct and unequivocal, as" could possibly be, without an instrument in writing; and the-actual usé of the highway by the public and the acquieseerice-by all in authority, whose assent could be considered requisite, are as .clearly proved as tacit acquiescence ever can 'be;5*' After showing that a highway can be established in the; Commonwealth of Massachusetts by a dedication on the-parfe of the owner of the-soil, and an assent thereto on the part of ■ the public, he concluded by saying: “But we consider that. xfche questions whether the assent of the public is necessary to ■an effectual dedication, and how it is to be given or withheld, do not arise in the present ease, and the court gives no opinion upon them; they must be considered as open for • consideration whenever they occur. In the present case, the 4own of Chelmsford, the town and city of Lowell, the County -and the Commonwealth, by their respective town and city ■«officers, grand juries and public prosecutors, by forbearing to (proceed against those who have stopped up the old highway; ¡and substituted the new one for it, have respectively expressed their assent to this dedication; and it is too late now for the city to say this road is not a public highway.”
But the case of Hobbs v. Lowell is unlike this in one respect — Patton did not stop up the old road on section sixteen =and open the road on his own land. In other respects, there is a striking similarity. The county of Washington took no •steps to have the old road opened. Its grand juries instituted no prosecutions against him who obstructed it, but, on ‘the contrary, the overseers appointed by its county court -acquiesced in the change, and caused the new road on Patton's land to be worked for many years. No effort seems to ihave been made to re-establish the old road after it was •stopped up and the road was made on Patton’s land. For miore than seven years the road made on appellant’s laud was •In actual use by the public and as a part of the War Eagle -iroad. And here arises the question, what the public acquired by actual and expressed dedication od the part of the owner in Hobbs & Lowell, has it not gained in this case by adverse (user ?
In Howard v. State, 47 Ark., 431, it was held by this court fhat “a road becomes established as a public highway by prescription, when the public, with the knowledge of the owner of the soil, has claimed and eontiuuously exercised fhe right of using it for a public highway for the period of seven.years, unless it was so used by leave, favor or mistake/”.' The right to a public highway acquired in this, manner is based upon .adverse possession for the full statutory period! of limitation, as the title to land is acquired by individuals-by such possession. In this way a street has been held to have been evidenced. The right to a public highvray acquired in this manner is as full and complete as it would be had it been acquired by actual dedication by the owner*. It is not sufficient to overturn this doctrine to say that it-would be a great hardship upon the people to impose upon» them the maintenance and repair of highways acquired m such manner. There can be no stronger evidence of the public necessity and convenience of such roads than .the voluntary and persistent use of them by the public for a long period of time. The roads which become useless and too» burdensome to maintain and.keep in repair can be vacated by the county court in the manner prescribed by the statutes, Smith v. State, 3 Zab., 130, 140; Valentine v. Boston, 22 Pick., 75, 79; Rugby Charity v. Merriweather [note], 11 East, 376 ; Rex. v. Leake, 5 Barn. & Adolph, 469 ; Commonwealth v. Cole, 26 Penn. St., 187; Esling v. Williams, 10 Penn. St., 126; Howard v. State, supra, and authorities cited.
The evidence adduced in the trial of this action tended to-prove that the public did not travel over Patton’s land by leave, favor or mistake. The old road was closed up. There was no doubt about its locality. The witnesses, who testified in the trial, testified positively as to its location. There is no contention that it was involved in obscurity, or that there was .any mistake about its location. But notwithstanding the locality of the old road was fixed and certain, no effort to re-open it was made. The public acquiesced in the partial closing of it, and by continuous travel made a road on the land of appellant. . It became, by long use and the abandonment of the old road, a part of the War Eagle road ; and as-such the overseers on that road appointed by the county court caused it to be worked for more than seven years. Under these circumstances it could not have been used as it was, except under a claim of right. The fact that the old road laid out by authority of the county court ran alongside and parallel with it did not, as held in Hobbs v. Lowell, defeat the right of the public to hold it as a public highway and as a part of the War Eagle road.
3. Same : Right acquired by adverse posession. The public held open, peaceable, exclusive, notorious and possession of it, under a claim of right, for more than seven years, continuously, and thereby acquired the right to it as a public highway. It is not enough to defeat this right to prove that appellant did not actually know that the road was upon his land. He ought to have known. The possession and use of it was open and notorious and could have been easily ascertained by ordinary observation. This was sufficient to have put him upon notice, and he will not now be heard to say that he did not acquiesce in such use, possession, and appropriation. Smith v. State, supra.; The State v. Nudd, 3 Foster [W. H.], 327, 339; Corbry v. Willis, 7 Allen, 364; Cleveland v. Ware, 98 Mass., 409, 413; 2 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 430; and authorities citied ; Morse v. Williams, 62 Me., 445.
The evidence was sufficient to sustain the conclusion of the court that the road on Patton’s land was a public highway, and that he was guilty of obstructing it. We find no substantial error in the judgment of the court, prejudicial to appellant, and it must be affirmed.