NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1417-20
PASHMAN STEIN WALDER HAYDEN, P.C.,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
JACQUELINE CHASSMAN,
Defendant-Appellant.
Argued January 25, 2022 – Decided March 9, 2022
Before Judges Currier and Smith.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Bergen County, Docket No. L-2847-19.
Jacqueline Chassman, appellant, argued the cause pro se.
Bruce J. Ackerman argued the cause for respondent (Pashman Stein Walder Hayden, PC, attorneys; Bruce J. Ackerman, on the brief).
PER CURIAM Defendant appeals from the trial court's January 14, 2021 order granting
summary judgment to plaintiff on its claim for unpaid legal fees. We affirm.
Defendant represented herself in an underlying matter she filed against
her condominium association. After the court granted summary judgment to the
defendants in the underlying case, defendant contacted plaintiff to represent her
in the appeal.
Bruce Ackerman, a partner with plaintiff, emailed defendant regarding the
representation. The email stated, in pertinent part:
The meeting and review would require an initial payment of $2,500 at our meeting, which would be applied towards your appeal retainer of $15,000. So that there is no misunderstanding, the appeal retainer is not a flat fee but an initial payment, and the appeal may cost far more depending on how it goes. I can explain more when we meet.
Defendant met with Ackerman in December 2016 and signed a retainer
agreement. The agreement was accompanied by an engagement letter intended
to "confirm the terms of [plaintiff's] engagement and . . . billing arrangements
. . . ." The letter indicated Ackerman's $475 hourly rate was "subject to
adjustment by the firm from time to time," and it was not plaintiff 's "practice to
notify clients of such changes other than through monthly billings." It further
indicated plaintiff would "bill for out-of-pocket disbursements and certain other
A-1417-20 2 expenses and service charges," and would require "clients to pay substantial
disbursements in advance or to pay them directly to outside vendors." The
engagement letter also stated that plaintiff "expect[ed] to bill on a monthly
basis", "[a]ll bills are payable upon receipt[,] and payment is not contingent
upon the outcome of a matter." Finally, the letter informed defendant that
plaintiff "would seek to consult [defendant] in advance before undertaking any
major new task in [its] representation, and to keep [defendant] informed where
our fees, disbursements and other charges stand on an ongoing basis."
In addressing the retainer agreement, the engagement letter specified
plaintiff was "requiring a retainer of $15,000.00 at the present time" and
expected to "expend approximately $2,500 of that amount to review the file and
determine the nature of the issues that can be appealed, if at all." Moreover,
"based upon that review," plaintiff could "determine that [it] cannot proceed in
the matter depending upon the status and issues ruled upon, or that the nature of
the work anticipated is much more than originally planned, in which event
[defendant] will be required to pay an additional amount to be mutually agreed
upon . . . ." If no agreement could be reached, plaintiff would "terminate [its]
representation . . . and refund to [defendant] the remaining balance of the initial
retainer . . . ." Plaintiff further reserved the right to "require the replenishment
A-1417-20 3 of the retainer, and [defendant agreed] to replenish the retainer when it falls
below $2,500." And the "retainer requirement may increase from time to time
as the level of service needs changes."
Prior to receiving plaintiff's first invoice, defendant emailed Ackerman in
January 2017, requesting an estimate for "the entire cost" of the appeal.
Ackerman responded: "I cannot yet tell you what the whole appeal will cost, but
I expect it to exceed the retainer somewhat. How much is 'somewhat' I cannot
yet determine." Defendant replied that she was "limited to the $15,000" and
would "have to let go" unless plaintiff agreed to charge no more than that
amount. Ackerman responded, reminding defendant he had "told [her] from the
start that [he] could not cap the cost in any way" and that while he did not expect
the total cost to "exceed the retainer by 'a lot'," it would "likely exceed it" once
he wrote a reply brief and argued the case. The email exchange then ended with
defendant stating: "Yes, . . . please continue with the appeal and do your best."
Plaintiff sent defendant a detailed invoice each month until defendant
stopped making payments in August 2017. In December 2017, Ackerman
emailed defendant to "remind [her] to please restart monthly payments towards
[her] legal fee arrears." Defendant responded that she was "unable to make an
additional payment at this time." She asserted that although Akerman informed
A-1417-20 4 her the cost of the appeal would "be somewhat over the initial payment of
$15,000.00", the actual amount charged—approximately $21,000—"came as a
seriously painful surprise . . . ." Defendant stated that "[o]nce the appeal is
concluded," she would "resume scheduled payments."
The case was scheduled for oral argument before this court on May 1,
2018. As of April 2018, defendant had an unpaid balance of $14,757.44.
Accordingly, on April 3, Ackerman emailed defendant and asked her to "please
show some good faith" by making even a "small monthly payment[] . . . ."
Defendant responded, asserting she had been misled as to the cost of the appeal
and was "unable to make payments at this time." The next day, Ackerman
replied, disputing defendant's assertion that she was misled; he also advised
defendant that unless she was willing to "commit now to some payment either
weekly or monthly," plaintiff could not "represent [her] any longer" in the appeal
and the firm would have to initiate collection proceedings. Ackerman sent
defendant another email a few days later, advising he "strongly recommend[ed]"
defendant not argue the appeal herself but stating that "[u]ltimately, that is your
decision if you wish to argue the case."
The following day, defendant emailed Ackerman and informed him she
had "determined that it is best for [him] to present the oral arguments." She also
A-1417-20 5 requested that he "reduce the $475.00 hourly fee and not charge" for the time he
spent addressing certain procedural errors in the opposing party's brief.
Ackerman responded later that day and indicated he was "agreeable" to a ten
percent discount, but only if defendant made a commitment to "make partial
payments on a regular basis towards [her] balance due."
In her reply, defendant requested an estimate of the time Ackerman would
require preparing for and attending oral argument. He estimated he would
require three to five hours "to prepare for oral argument, [two] hours at the court,
. . . and around [three] hours driving round trip." He also explained in a
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1417-20
PASHMAN STEIN WALDER HAYDEN, P.C.,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
JACQUELINE CHASSMAN,
Defendant-Appellant.
Argued January 25, 2022 – Decided March 9, 2022
Before Judges Currier and Smith.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Bergen County, Docket No. L-2847-19.
Jacqueline Chassman, appellant, argued the cause pro se.
Bruce J. Ackerman argued the cause for respondent (Pashman Stein Walder Hayden, PC, attorneys; Bruce J. Ackerman, on the brief).
PER CURIAM Defendant appeals from the trial court's January 14, 2021 order granting
summary judgment to plaintiff on its claim for unpaid legal fees. We affirm.
Defendant represented herself in an underlying matter she filed against
her condominium association. After the court granted summary judgment to the
defendants in the underlying case, defendant contacted plaintiff to represent her
in the appeal.
Bruce Ackerman, a partner with plaintiff, emailed defendant regarding the
representation. The email stated, in pertinent part:
The meeting and review would require an initial payment of $2,500 at our meeting, which would be applied towards your appeal retainer of $15,000. So that there is no misunderstanding, the appeal retainer is not a flat fee but an initial payment, and the appeal may cost far more depending on how it goes. I can explain more when we meet.
Defendant met with Ackerman in December 2016 and signed a retainer
agreement. The agreement was accompanied by an engagement letter intended
to "confirm the terms of [plaintiff's] engagement and . . . billing arrangements
. . . ." The letter indicated Ackerman's $475 hourly rate was "subject to
adjustment by the firm from time to time," and it was not plaintiff 's "practice to
notify clients of such changes other than through monthly billings." It further
indicated plaintiff would "bill for out-of-pocket disbursements and certain other
A-1417-20 2 expenses and service charges," and would require "clients to pay substantial
disbursements in advance or to pay them directly to outside vendors." The
engagement letter also stated that plaintiff "expect[ed] to bill on a monthly
basis", "[a]ll bills are payable upon receipt[,] and payment is not contingent
upon the outcome of a matter." Finally, the letter informed defendant that
plaintiff "would seek to consult [defendant] in advance before undertaking any
major new task in [its] representation, and to keep [defendant] informed where
our fees, disbursements and other charges stand on an ongoing basis."
In addressing the retainer agreement, the engagement letter specified
plaintiff was "requiring a retainer of $15,000.00 at the present time" and
expected to "expend approximately $2,500 of that amount to review the file and
determine the nature of the issues that can be appealed, if at all." Moreover,
"based upon that review," plaintiff could "determine that [it] cannot proceed in
the matter depending upon the status and issues ruled upon, or that the nature of
the work anticipated is much more than originally planned, in which event
[defendant] will be required to pay an additional amount to be mutually agreed
upon . . . ." If no agreement could be reached, plaintiff would "terminate [its]
representation . . . and refund to [defendant] the remaining balance of the initial
retainer . . . ." Plaintiff further reserved the right to "require the replenishment
A-1417-20 3 of the retainer, and [defendant agreed] to replenish the retainer when it falls
below $2,500." And the "retainer requirement may increase from time to time
as the level of service needs changes."
Prior to receiving plaintiff's first invoice, defendant emailed Ackerman in
January 2017, requesting an estimate for "the entire cost" of the appeal.
Ackerman responded: "I cannot yet tell you what the whole appeal will cost, but
I expect it to exceed the retainer somewhat. How much is 'somewhat' I cannot
yet determine." Defendant replied that she was "limited to the $15,000" and
would "have to let go" unless plaintiff agreed to charge no more than that
amount. Ackerman responded, reminding defendant he had "told [her] from the
start that [he] could not cap the cost in any way" and that while he did not expect
the total cost to "exceed the retainer by 'a lot'," it would "likely exceed it" once
he wrote a reply brief and argued the case. The email exchange then ended with
defendant stating: "Yes, . . . please continue with the appeal and do your best."
Plaintiff sent defendant a detailed invoice each month until defendant
stopped making payments in August 2017. In December 2017, Ackerman
emailed defendant to "remind [her] to please restart monthly payments towards
[her] legal fee arrears." Defendant responded that she was "unable to make an
additional payment at this time." She asserted that although Akerman informed
A-1417-20 4 her the cost of the appeal would "be somewhat over the initial payment of
$15,000.00", the actual amount charged—approximately $21,000—"came as a
seriously painful surprise . . . ." Defendant stated that "[o]nce the appeal is
concluded," she would "resume scheduled payments."
The case was scheduled for oral argument before this court on May 1,
2018. As of April 2018, defendant had an unpaid balance of $14,757.44.
Accordingly, on April 3, Ackerman emailed defendant and asked her to "please
show some good faith" by making even a "small monthly payment[] . . . ."
Defendant responded, asserting she had been misled as to the cost of the appeal
and was "unable to make payments at this time." The next day, Ackerman
replied, disputing defendant's assertion that she was misled; he also advised
defendant that unless she was willing to "commit now to some payment either
weekly or monthly," plaintiff could not "represent [her] any longer" in the appeal
and the firm would have to initiate collection proceedings. Ackerman sent
defendant another email a few days later, advising he "strongly recommend[ed]"
defendant not argue the appeal herself but stating that "[u]ltimately, that is your
decision if you wish to argue the case."
The following day, defendant emailed Ackerman and informed him she
had "determined that it is best for [him] to present the oral arguments." She also
A-1417-20 5 requested that he "reduce the $475.00 hourly fee and not charge" for the time he
spent addressing certain procedural errors in the opposing party's brief.
Ackerman responded later that day and indicated he was "agreeable" to a ten
percent discount, but only if defendant made a commitment to "make partial
payments on a regular basis towards [her] balance due."
In her reply, defendant requested an estimate of the time Ackerman would
require preparing for and attending oral argument. He estimated he would
require three to five hours "to prepare for oral argument, [two] hours at the court,
. . . and around [three] hours driving round trip." He also explained in a
subsequent email that he only charged driving time "one way."
On April 11, defendant replied and stated: "I agree to the charges and time
as provided in this chain of emails regarding oral arguments . . . . I will make
monthly payments." After Ackerman asked defendant to "provide an amount
and date when" she would begin to pay each month, she clarified that she would
make a payment of $100 on April 18 and "monthly payments of $75.00 by the
21st of each following month."
Defendant paid plaintiff $100 on April 18. In the invoice issued following
oral argument, plaintiff charged defendant $4845—reduced to $4095—more
than the agreed-upon discount. Defendant made a payment of $75 on May 31.
A-1417-20 6 On June 7, 2018, this court issued its opinion in the underlying matter,
affirming the grant of summary judgment to defendant's adversary. Chassman
v. Longview at Montville Condo. Ass'n, Inc./Bd. of Trs., No. A-1660-16 (App.
Div. June 7, 2018) (slip op. at 1). Thereafter, defendant made only two more
payments—$50 each in September and November 2018.
For the first time, defendant also began expressing dissatisfaction with
plaintiff's representation of her in the appeal. For instance, on January 6, 2019,
defendant emailed Ackerman, stating she believed that the "oral argument [he]
presented in court was very weak and [did] not reflect the amount of time
recorded on the bill." In an email sent a few days later, defendant told Ackerman
she thought "$21,375.00 covers the time and work you spent on the briefs related
to the appeal" and she did not intend to pay anything more.
Plaintiff filed a collection action against defendant for the unpaid legal
fees. Plaintiff sought a total of $18,677.44—$14,682.44 for unpaid fees accrued
before April 2018 and $3,995.00 for fees after that date. At the close of
discovery, plaintiff moved for summary judgment.
The trial court granted plaintiff's motion in a written opinion and order on
January 14, 2021. The court found there were "no genuine issues of material
fact", plaintiff had "established an agreement to pay the balance owed . . . , and
A-1417-20 7 the monthly statements constitute[d] a book account and an account stated." The
judge noted that defendant's arguments in opposition to the motion "relate[d]
solely to the value of the time and effort made on her behalf." And that
defendant had not contested the invoices in which "the services rendered were
detailed at length" until she "determined not to pay any longer . . . using bald
contentions."
Therefore, the court found that because the "April 2018 agreement is clear,
and leaves no doubt as to what the parties agreed to at that time", once defendant
defaulted under it, "[p]laintiff became entitled to judgment on [the] account
balance, and . . . summary judgment is fully warranted."
Our review of a ruling on summary judgment is de novo, applying the
same legal standard as the trial court. Green v. Monmouth Univ., 237 N.J. 516,
529 (2019) (citation omitted). We consider "whether the competent evidential
materials presented, when viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving
party in consideration of the applicable evidentiary standard, are sufficient to
permit a rational factfinder to resolve the alleged disputed issue in favor of the
non-moving party." Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 523
(1995).
A-1417-20 8 "If there is no genuine issue of material fact, [this court] must then 'decide
whether the trial court correctly interpreted the law.'" DepoLink Ct. Reporting
& Litig. Support Servs. v. Rochman, 430 N.J. Super. 325, 333 (App. Div. 2013)
(citations omitted). We review issues of law de novo and accord no deference
to the trial judge's conclusions. Nicholas v. Mynster, 213 N.J. 463, 478 (2013).
Defendant contends on appeal that the trial court erred in granting
summary judgment because disputed issues of material fact existed regarding
the reasonableness of the time Ackerman expended during her appeal, the
effectiveness of the rendered services, and plaintiff's compliance with the ethical
requirements for lawyer-client contracts. For example, she notes that Ackerman
billed 7.4 hours of "prep time" for oral argument, his argument before this court
was "contrary to the premise of the appeal" and did not "incorporate any of
[defendant]'s suggestions." She further asserts that the December 2016 retainer
agreement clearly specified that she would not be charged "a lot" more than
$15,000, and that plaintiff unethically "compelled" her to agree to the payment
schedule outlined in the April 2018 email thread, violating her trust.
"It is well-established that '[a] lawyer is required to maintain the highest
professional and ethical standards in his dealings with his clients.'" In re Humen,
123 N.J. 289, 299-300 (1991) (quoting In re Gavel, 22 N.J. 248, 262 (1956)).
A-1417-20 9 Given the "unique and special relationship between an attorney and a client,
ordinary contract principles governing agreements between parties must give
way to the higher ethical and professional standards enunciated by our Supreme
Court." Alpert, Goldberg, Butler, Norton & Weiss, P.C. v. Quinn, 410 N.J.
Super. 510, 529 (App. Div. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
"Attorneys and clients can agree to fee arrangements of their choice,
provided they do not violate the Rules of Professional Conduct." Balducci v.
Cige, 240 N.J. 574, 597 (2020). "The paramount principle guiding every fee
arrangement is that '[a] lawyer's fee shall be reasonable.'" Id. at 592 (alteration
in original) (quoting RPC 1.5(a)). "The most conventional fee agreement is for
a client to pay an attorney on an hourly basis." Id. at 597.
Under RPC 1.5, lawyers have a duty to "present a client the attorney has
not regularly represented, in writing, at the time of the retention, all of the fees
and costs for which the client will be charged, as well as the terms and conditions
upon which the fees and costs will be imposed." Alpert, 410 N.J. Super. at 532.
"The client will then be able to make an informed decision as to whether he or
she desires to retain the attorney, and the chances for misunderstanding and
fraud will be greatly diminished." Ibid.
A-1417-20 10 "Agreements between attorneys and clients concerning the client-lawyer
relationship generally are enforceable, provided the agreements satisfy both the
general requirements for contracts and the special requirements of professional
ethics." Cohen v. Radio-Elecs. Officers Union, Dist. 3, NMEBA, 146 N.J. 140,
155 (1996). When a fee dispute arises, courts "ordinarily defer to the parties '
agreement and the fee charged thereunder if it appears that they meet a prima
facie test of fairness and reasonableness." Alpert, 410 N.J. Super. at 538. "If
that test is met and the client utterly fails to come forward with anything of
substance to rebut the prima facie showing and no expert is produced to
challenge the invoice as unreasonable, the court appropriately should enforce
the agreement." Ibid.
Here, defendant signed a written retainer agreement after meeting with
Ackerman in December 2016. Defendant has presented no evidence
demonstrating the agreement failed to meet the standards governing attorney -
client contracts. The agreement specified Ackerman's hourly rate and explained
he would bill hourly. It also indicated defendant would be billed for "out-of-
pocket disbursements and certain other expenses and service charges," and
clarified payment was "not contingent upon the outcome of a matter." The
agreement required an initial $15,000 retainer and, based on plaintiff's review
A-1417-20 11 of the case, defendant could be "required to pay an additional amount . . . ." This
figure reflected what Ackerman told defendant during their email
correspondence; he quoted her the $15,000 figure and advised it was "not a flat
fee but an initial payment, and the appeal may cost far more depending on how
it goes."
Moreover, when defendant—prior to receiving her first invoice—asked
Ackerman to estimate "the entire cost" of her appeal, he provided greater clarity.
He advised: "I expect it to exceed the retainer somewhat. How much is
'somewhat' I cannot yet determine." He further stated that while he did not
expect to "exceed the retainer by 'a lot'," he would "likely exceed it" once he
wrote a reply brief and argued the case. Defendant encouraged him to "please
continue with the appeal and do your best." Thereafter, plaintiff sent defendant
monthly invoices with detailed descriptions of services rendered and the
amounts charged.
Accordingly, the retainer agreement and defendant's promise to pay in
accordance with its terms were valid. Plaintiff complied with its obligations
under the Rules of Professional Conduct by providing defendant all the
information she needed to make an informed decision. Alpert, 410 N.J. Super.
at 532.
A-1417-20 12 The parties' April 2018 agreement to settle defendant's outstanding
balance under the retainer agreement is similarly enforceable. Through a series
of emails, Ackerman agreed to offer a ten percent discount going forward in
exchange for defendant's commitment to monthly payments of $75.00.
Defendant did not contest the amount owed, the reasonableness of the fees, or
the adequacy of Ackerman's representation. The terms in the April 2018
agreement are unambiguous and thus enforceable. See Schor v. FMS Fin. Corp.,
357 N.J. Super. 185, 191 (App. Div. 2002) ("where the terms of a contract are
clear and unambiguous there is no room for interpretation or construction and
the courts must enforce those terms as written.").
In granting plaintiff summary judgment, the trial court correctly held that
plaintiff was entitled to recover under theories of "book account and an account
stated." Under either theory, account records constitute prima facie evidence as
to the account stated. Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Merla, 142 N.J. Super. 205, 208
(App. Div. 1976). And if the opposing party fails to offer anything in rebuttal
beyond bald contentions to dispute the records, the evidence can be sufficient
for an award of summary judgment. Gruhin & Gruhin, P.A. v. Brown, 338 N.J.
Super. 276, 280-81 (App. Div. 2001).
A-1417-20 13 Here, defendant unambiguously agreed in April 2018 to make monthly
$75 payments towards her outstanding balance in exchange for plaintiff
providing a ten percent discount on future charges. Defendant did not contest
owing plaintiff $14,857.44, as set forth in the invoices. And it was only after
this court denied her appeal that defendant began to express dissatisfaction with
plaintiff's services.
Defendant now raises arguments regarding the reasonableness of
plaintiff's billing and the effectiveness of its representation. However,
defendant requires expert testimony to opine as to the competency of the
representation. See Brach, Eichler, Rosenberg, Silver, Bernstein, Hammer and
Gladstone, P.C. v. Ezekwo, 345 N.J. Super. 1 (App. Div. 2001), abrogated on
other grounds by Segal v. Lynch, 211 N.J. 230, 261-62 (2012). Without such
testimony and any evidence countering the reasonableness of the bills, defendant
cannot sustain her claims or rebut the prima facie showing of an enforceable
agreement. Alpert, 410 N.J. Super. at 538-39. We, therefore, affirm the trial
court's order granting plaintiff summary judgment.
Affirmed.
A-1417-20 14