BRASWELL, Judge.
Betty Parks awoke after surgery with a numb little finger and a partially numb ring finger on her right hand. Mrs. Parks and her husband, who has also sued for loss of consortium, con
tend that she suffered severe ulnar nerve damage in her right arm at the level of the elbow due to the negligence of Dr. H. B. Perry, Jr. (Chief Surgeon), Dr. Franklin B. Wilkins (Assistant Surgeon), Louise Godwin (Nurse Anesthetist), and the Hugh Chat-ham Memorial Hospital. Following discovery, each defendant filed a motion for summary judgment which was granted by the trial court. The plaintiffs have resolved all matters against the defendant, Dr. H. B. Perry, Jr., and have filed a voluntary dismissal of their action against him. The plaintiffs appealed from the summary judgment motions granted in favor of the remaining three defendants.
On 30 September 1979, Betty Parks was admitted to the Hugh Chatham Memorial Hospital in Elkin, North Carolina, under the care of Dr. H. B. Perry, Jr. The next morning, Dr. Perry, with Dr. Wilkins assisting, performed a vaginal hysterectomy on Mrs. Parks. She was placed under general anesthesia and in the lithot-omy position by Louise Godwin, the nurse anesthetist.
The plaintiffs evidence showed that immediately prior to her operation on 1 October 1979 Mrs. Parks had no neurological defects in her right fingers, hand, wrist, arm, and in particular, had no damage to her right ulnar nerve. However, on 2 October 1979, during her first moments of consciousness after the surgery, Mrs. Parks experienced numbness and weakness in the fourth and fifth fingers of her right hand. Mrs. Parks repeatedly told Dr. Perry and the nurses about the numbness in her hand. Dr. Perry stated that it would eventually go away. When the numbness did not disappear, Mrs. Parks was referred to several other doctors who determined that she had suffered ulnar nerve damage in her right arm at the elbow. Further surgery was performed by Dr. William Brown, a neurosurgeon, on 12 December 1979, but the damage could not be corrected.
As a result of this damage to her ulnar nerve, several muscles in Mrs. Parks’ right hand have deteriorated so that she is unable to use her fourth and fifth fingers, causing her great difficulty in gripping objects and in writing. Because of the permanent damage to her hand, Mrs. Parks could not return to her job with Central Carolina Telephone.
The plaintiffs contend that the permanent injury to Mrs. Parks’ ulnar nerve was sustained during the vaginal hysterecto
my. The plaintiffs expert witness, Dr. Edward Hayes Camp, testified that in his opinion Mrs. Parks’ injury which caused the partial paralysis in her right hand occurred during the 1 October 1979 operation due to improper positioning or monitoring of her right arm by the nurse anesthetist.
The defendant Godwin contends that because the plaintiffs’ entire case rests upon expert testimony it is insufficient as a matter of law to create an inference of actionable negligence. The defendant Wilkins argues that summary judgment in his favor was proper because the evidence shows he took no part in positioning the patient and had no duty to inspect her arm position. The defendant-hospital asserts that the plaintiffs have produced no evidence sufficient to show it was guilty of actionable negligence or that Nurse Godwin and Dr. Wilkins were agents of the hospital.
The sole question presented for our review is whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of the defendants. Summary judgment is proper, according to G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56, when the movant establishes “ ‘that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’ ”
Easter v. Hospital,
303 N.C. 303, 305, 278 S.E. 2d 253, 255 (1981),
quoting Vassey v. Burch,
301 N.C. 68, 72, 269 S.E. 2d 137, 140 (1980). In
Easter,
also a medical malpractice action, the Supreme Court recognized the general rule that only in exceptional negligence cases is summary judgment appropriate.
Id.
We begin our discussion with the alleged liability of the defendant-nurse, Louise Godwin, because, as this defendant concedes, if negligence occurred then she is the primary tortfeasor. Nurse Godwin contends that the plaintiffs have offered no evidence of actionable negligence, except that which might be inferred from the doctrine of
res ipsa loquitur.
Generally, “[r]es
ipsa
applies when direct proof of the cause of an injury is not available, the instrumentality involved in the accident is under the defendant’s control, and the injury is of a type that does not ordinarily occur in the absence of some negligent act or omission.”
Russell v. Sam Solomon Co.,
49 N.C. App. 126, 130, 270 S.E. 2d 518, 520 (1980),
disc. rev. denied,
301 N.C. 722, 274 S.E. 2d 231 (1981). In her brief Nurse Godwin claims that “[t]he only types of
malpractice cases in which the doctrine of
res ipsa
has been applied in North Carolina are either ‘foreign object’ cases or cases in which there is manifest such an obviously [sic] gross want of care and skill as to afford, of itself, an almost conclusive inference of negligence.”
See Pendergraft v. Royster,
203 N.C. 384, 393, 166 S.E. 285, 289-90 (1932). The reason given for the doctrine’s limited availability is the principle that a health care provider is not an insurer of results and that no presumption of negligence can arise from the mere fact of an accident or injury.
Mitchell v. Saunders,
219 N.C. 178, 182, 13 S.E. 2d 242, 245 (1941);
see also Russell, supra,
at 131, 270 S.E. 2d at 520. However, the North Carolina Supreme Court has long recognized that
where proper inferences may be drawn by ordinary men from proved facts which give rise to
res ipsa loquitur
without infringing this principle, there should be no reasonable argument against the availability of the doctrine in medical and surgical cases involving negligence, just as in other negligence cases, where the thing which caused the injury does not happen in the ordinary course of things ....
Mitchell, supra.
In
Pendergraft, supra,
at 393, 166 S.E. at 289, the Court recognized the doctrine’s importance “
‘where the injury is received while the patient is unconscious .
. .
because under such circumstances the patient would not be able to testify as to what had happened, whereas the physician could.'
” (Citation omitted.)
The test of the applicability of
res ipsa loquitur
in medical malpractice cases is twofold: (1) the injurious result must rarely occur standing alone and (2) the result must not be an inherent risk of the operation. 61 Am. Jur. 2d,
Physicians, Surgeons, and Other Healers
§ 333 (1981). With regard to the test’s first prong the plaintiffs’ expert witness, Dr. Edward Hayes Camp, in his deposition testified after reviewing all of Mrs. Parks’ hospital records and those records made by the consultants who later examined her that in his opinion Mrs.
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BRASWELL, Judge.
Betty Parks awoke after surgery with a numb little finger and a partially numb ring finger on her right hand. Mrs. Parks and her husband, who has also sued for loss of consortium, con
tend that she suffered severe ulnar nerve damage in her right arm at the level of the elbow due to the negligence of Dr. H. B. Perry, Jr. (Chief Surgeon), Dr. Franklin B. Wilkins (Assistant Surgeon), Louise Godwin (Nurse Anesthetist), and the Hugh Chat-ham Memorial Hospital. Following discovery, each defendant filed a motion for summary judgment which was granted by the trial court. The plaintiffs have resolved all matters against the defendant, Dr. H. B. Perry, Jr., and have filed a voluntary dismissal of their action against him. The plaintiffs appealed from the summary judgment motions granted in favor of the remaining three defendants.
On 30 September 1979, Betty Parks was admitted to the Hugh Chatham Memorial Hospital in Elkin, North Carolina, under the care of Dr. H. B. Perry, Jr. The next morning, Dr. Perry, with Dr. Wilkins assisting, performed a vaginal hysterectomy on Mrs. Parks. She was placed under general anesthesia and in the lithot-omy position by Louise Godwin, the nurse anesthetist.
The plaintiffs evidence showed that immediately prior to her operation on 1 October 1979 Mrs. Parks had no neurological defects in her right fingers, hand, wrist, arm, and in particular, had no damage to her right ulnar nerve. However, on 2 October 1979, during her first moments of consciousness after the surgery, Mrs. Parks experienced numbness and weakness in the fourth and fifth fingers of her right hand. Mrs. Parks repeatedly told Dr. Perry and the nurses about the numbness in her hand. Dr. Perry stated that it would eventually go away. When the numbness did not disappear, Mrs. Parks was referred to several other doctors who determined that she had suffered ulnar nerve damage in her right arm at the elbow. Further surgery was performed by Dr. William Brown, a neurosurgeon, on 12 December 1979, but the damage could not be corrected.
As a result of this damage to her ulnar nerve, several muscles in Mrs. Parks’ right hand have deteriorated so that she is unable to use her fourth and fifth fingers, causing her great difficulty in gripping objects and in writing. Because of the permanent damage to her hand, Mrs. Parks could not return to her job with Central Carolina Telephone.
The plaintiffs contend that the permanent injury to Mrs. Parks’ ulnar nerve was sustained during the vaginal hysterecto
my. The plaintiffs expert witness, Dr. Edward Hayes Camp, testified that in his opinion Mrs. Parks’ injury which caused the partial paralysis in her right hand occurred during the 1 October 1979 operation due to improper positioning or monitoring of her right arm by the nurse anesthetist.
The defendant Godwin contends that because the plaintiffs’ entire case rests upon expert testimony it is insufficient as a matter of law to create an inference of actionable negligence. The defendant Wilkins argues that summary judgment in his favor was proper because the evidence shows he took no part in positioning the patient and had no duty to inspect her arm position. The defendant-hospital asserts that the plaintiffs have produced no evidence sufficient to show it was guilty of actionable negligence or that Nurse Godwin and Dr. Wilkins were agents of the hospital.
The sole question presented for our review is whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of the defendants. Summary judgment is proper, according to G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56, when the movant establishes “ ‘that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’ ”
Easter v. Hospital,
303 N.C. 303, 305, 278 S.E. 2d 253, 255 (1981),
quoting Vassey v. Burch,
301 N.C. 68, 72, 269 S.E. 2d 137, 140 (1980). In
Easter,
also a medical malpractice action, the Supreme Court recognized the general rule that only in exceptional negligence cases is summary judgment appropriate.
Id.
We begin our discussion with the alleged liability of the defendant-nurse, Louise Godwin, because, as this defendant concedes, if negligence occurred then she is the primary tortfeasor. Nurse Godwin contends that the plaintiffs have offered no evidence of actionable negligence, except that which might be inferred from the doctrine of
res ipsa loquitur.
Generally, “[r]es
ipsa
applies when direct proof of the cause of an injury is not available, the instrumentality involved in the accident is under the defendant’s control, and the injury is of a type that does not ordinarily occur in the absence of some negligent act or omission.”
Russell v. Sam Solomon Co.,
49 N.C. App. 126, 130, 270 S.E. 2d 518, 520 (1980),
disc. rev. denied,
301 N.C. 722, 274 S.E. 2d 231 (1981). In her brief Nurse Godwin claims that “[t]he only types of
malpractice cases in which the doctrine of
res ipsa
has been applied in North Carolina are either ‘foreign object’ cases or cases in which there is manifest such an obviously [sic] gross want of care and skill as to afford, of itself, an almost conclusive inference of negligence.”
See Pendergraft v. Royster,
203 N.C. 384, 393, 166 S.E. 285, 289-90 (1932). The reason given for the doctrine’s limited availability is the principle that a health care provider is not an insurer of results and that no presumption of negligence can arise from the mere fact of an accident or injury.
Mitchell v. Saunders,
219 N.C. 178, 182, 13 S.E. 2d 242, 245 (1941);
see also Russell, supra,
at 131, 270 S.E. 2d at 520. However, the North Carolina Supreme Court has long recognized that
where proper inferences may be drawn by ordinary men from proved facts which give rise to
res ipsa loquitur
without infringing this principle, there should be no reasonable argument against the availability of the doctrine in medical and surgical cases involving negligence, just as in other negligence cases, where the thing which caused the injury does not happen in the ordinary course of things ....
Mitchell, supra.
In
Pendergraft, supra,
at 393, 166 S.E. at 289, the Court recognized the doctrine’s importance “
‘where the injury is received while the patient is unconscious .
. .
because under such circumstances the patient would not be able to testify as to what had happened, whereas the physician could.'
” (Citation omitted.)
The test of the applicability of
res ipsa loquitur
in medical malpractice cases is twofold: (1) the injurious result must rarely occur standing alone and (2) the result must not be an inherent risk of the operation. 61 Am. Jur. 2d,
Physicians, Surgeons, and Other Healers
§ 333 (1981). With regard to the test’s first prong the plaintiffs’ expert witness, Dr. Edward Hayes Camp, in his deposition testified after reviewing all of Mrs. Parks’ hospital records and those records made by the consultants who later examined her that in his opinion Mrs. Parks’ paralysis was caused by pressure to her ulnar nerve occurring during the course of the hysterectomy. He further stated that although there was nothing Mrs. Parks could have done to prevent or avoid the injury, the injury could have been prevented by proper positioning and maintenance of the arm’s position during the operation. Nurse Godwin conceded that it was her responsibility to position and monitor
Mrs. Parks’ arms. Dr. Camp also explained that this injury does not occur by itself, for instance by falling asleep on one’s arm. He stated that it only occurs when one is completely unconscious and prolonged pressure of a constant nature is applied to a certain small vulnerable area. A sleeping patient, or any person for that matter, is caused sufficient discomfort from the lack of circulation in the limb to cause him to move his arm and remove the pressure. Likewise, a patient after an operation whose arms are no longer bound in one position does not lie absolutely still in the normal course of recovery from general anesthesia, but turns from side to side relieving any harmful pressure on this nerve.
The second prong of the test requires that the injurious result not be an inherent risk of the operation. Both Dr. Camp and Nurse Godwin stated that although this type of nerve damage is a possibility in any operation where general anesthesia is used, it is not common and not a particular hazard in gynecological surgery. Dr. Camp explained that the major risk peculiar to a vaginal hysterectomy is placing the patient in the lithotomy position which, if improperly done, can cause nerve damage to the lower legs.
Thus, both prongs of this test to determine the applicability of
res ipsa loquitur
in malpractice cases have been satisfied. There is also sufficient evidence to support the remaining two traditional elements of the
res ipsa
doctrine. First of all, there is no direct proof of the cause of the injury available to the plaintiff. The only evidence that Mrs. Parks can testify to is that before the general anesthesia she had a healthy functional right hand, yet after the operation she awoke with numb fingers as a result of damage to her ulnar nerve. Similarly, neither Nurse Godwin nor the other defendants can offer direct evidence as to how the injury occurred. Secondly, the defendants admit that the instrumentality involved, positioning and monitoring Mrs. Parks’ arms, was under the defendant Godwin’s control. We hold therefore that the use of
res ipsa loquitur
in this case is justified. With the benefit of this inference of negligence, there remains a genuine issue of fact for the jury with respect to Nurse Godwin’s liability. We hold the trial court improperly granted summary judgment in Nurse Godwin’s favor.
The liability of Dr. Wilkins, the assistant surgeon, however, is another matter. There is no evidence in the record before us that Dr. Wilkins had a duty to inspect or monitor the position of the patient’s arms. Even if such evidence existed, the law does not impose such a duty on the chief surgeon, much less the assisting surgeon.
Starnes v. Hospital Authority,
28 N.C. App. 418, 221 S.E. 2d 733 (1976). The plaintiffs’ expert, Dr. Camp, testified that the assisting surgeon stays down at the base of the operating table with the Chief Surgeon during a vaginal hysterectomy. Thus, because of the operating drape, he would not have the opportunity or the duty to inspect the patient’s upper body, including the arms. Dr. Camp stated that the responsibility for the patient’s arms rests with the nurse anesthetist who positions and monitors the arms. Dr. Camp further stated that the assisting physician has no role or duty with respect to the patient in the post-operative follow-up. Even with
res ipsa
supplying the requisite degree of proof of negligence to create a jury question, Dr. Wilkins cannot be held liable if he had no duty to inspect the position of the patient’s arms or to supervise Nurse Godwin’s work. We hold that summary judgment in Dr. Wilkins’ favor was properly granted.
Finally, we hold the trial court erred by granting the defendant-hospital’s motion for summary judgment. From the record before us, we believe there is a genuine issue of fact as to the hospital’s liability on agency principles. In Nurse Godwin’s answer, she admits that she “may have been an agent, servant, or employee of one or more of the other defendants.” In her deposition, however, Nurse Godwin states that her relationship with the hospital was that of an independent contractor for Latipac, Inc. She asserted that “I considered myself hired by Latipac to perform a contractual job on a day-to-day basis.” Whether or not Nurse Godwin was an independent contractor or an agent for the hospital is yet to be determined. In turn, whether the hospital is liable under the theory of
respondeat superior
is also a genuine issue of fact to be decided by the jury.
The defendants contend that
Hoover v. Hospital, Inc.,
11 N.C. App. 119, 180 S.E. 2d 479 (1971), a case denying recovery to a plaintiff who also suffered nerve damage in his arm while unconscious from anesthesia during surgery, should control. This Court held in
Hoover
that summary judgment in favor of the
defendants doctor and hospital was proper because “the plaintiff has taken advantage of the discovery procedures available and has still been unable to obtain evidence as to when and how the injury occurred and who or what caused it.”
Id.
at 123, 180 S.E. 2d at 482. This case is distinguishable from the present case because Mr. and Mrs. Parks through their expert witness did offer evidence tending to show that the injury occurred during the hysterectomy due to the mispositioning of Mrs. Parks’ right arm by Nurse Godwin. Therefore, we hold that summary judgment as to defendants Godwin and the Hugh Chatham Memorial Hospital is
Reversed.
Summary judgment granted in favor of the defendant Wilkins is
Affirmed.
Chief Judge VAUGHN and Judge Eagles concur.