PARKER, J.
At his post-conviction hearing petitioner introduced evidence tending to show a statistical disparity between the racial composition of the adult population of Halifax County as compared with the racial composition of the grand juries of the county at the time of his indictment and for a substantial period prior thereto. He contends that this evidence made a
prima facie
case that members of his race had been systematically excluded from the grand jury which had indicted him, that the State had introduced no competent evidence to rebut such
prima facie
case, and that the court’s finding of fact to the effect that there had been no systematic exclusion of Negroes from such jury was not supported by competent evidence. In support of his contention petitioner cites:
Arnold v. North Carolina
376 U.S. 773, 84 S. Ct. 1032, 12 L. ed. 2d 77;
State v. Lowry,
263 N.C. 536, 139 S.E. 2d 870;
State v. Wilson,
262 N.C. 419, 137 S.E. 2d 109.
Under the criminal procedure of this State, however, objection to the grand jury is deemed waived unless raised in apt time by motion to quash the indictment.
State v. Rorie, 258
N.C. 162, 128 S.E. 2d 229. Such a motion may be made as a matter of right up to the time defendant is arraigned and enters his plea. The presiding judge as a matter of grace has discretionary power to permit the accused to make the motion to quash the indictment after his plea is entered and until the petit jury is sworn and impaneled to try the
case on the merits. Thereafter the presiding judge has no power at all to entertain a motion to quash the indictment.
Miller v. State,
237 N.C. 29, 74 S.E. 2d 513. If the objection is raised in apt time, by making the motion to quash before entering a plea, a subsequent plea of guilty does not waive the objection.
State v. Covington,
258 N.C. 501, 128 S.E. 2d 827.
In the present case petitioner did not raise the objection prior to entering his plea of guilty. He raised it for the first time in the post-conviction proceedings commenced approximately three years after entry of his plea of guilty and the judgment sentencing him to life imprisonment. Under the established criminal procedure of this State, petitioner’s objection comes too late. G.S. 9-26.
It may be granted that petitioner, as many other defendants in criminal cases, was not familiar with the rules of criminal procedure. Nevertheless, such rules are necessary for an orderly administration of justice. It is precisely for the reason that defendants in criminal cases may not be familiar with all of their rights and the means of protecting them that we require they be represented by counsel. Petitioner here was represented by experienced and competent trial counsel employed by his family for that purpose.
“It is inherent in the judicial process that courts must deal with litigants as though they were acting in the persons of their attorneys. For this reason, the law confers upon the attorney for the defense in a criminal case the power to take such steps in matters of practice and procedure as he deems appropriate to protect the interests of the accused, and decrees that the accused is bound by his action as to those matters. ... It necessarily follows that the attorney for the defense in a criminal action may waive a constitutional right of his client relating to a matter of practice or procedure. . . . The right of a Negro defendant to object to a grand or petit jury upon the ground of discrimination against members of his race in the selection of such jury is waived by failing to pursue the proper remedy.”
Miller v. State, supra.
In conformity with the decisions of the Supreme Court of North Carolina, we hold that petitioner, acting through his employed attorney, waived any objection to the grand jury by his failure to move in apt time to quash the indictment. Petitioner cites,
contra, McNeill v. North Carolina,
368 F. 2d 313, a decision of the United States Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals.
In his order denying petitioner relief the superior court judge found as a fact that petitioner had “freely, voluntarily, without
threat, coercion or duress entered a plea of guilty to the offense of first-degree burglary” at the August, 1964 Term of Halifax Superior Court. Petitioner excepts to this finding as not being supported by sufficient evidence. In his brief petitioner’s counsel argues that “logic compels that the petitioner’s guilty plea be considered a product of his involuntary confession, and that therefore it must be determined that the petitioner’s guilty plea was coerced and the Court was without jurisdiction to sentence the petitioner.” This argument is valid only if the evidence at the post-conviction hearing would as a matter of law compel the finding of two things: First, that absent the confession the guilty plea would not have been entered; and second, that the confession was in fact involuntary. In our opinion, the evidence does not as a matter of law compel such a finding as to either. As to the first, there may well have been strong evidence to establish defendant’s guilt available to the State had the plea of guilty not been entered, and it may have been that petitioner and his trial counsel were aware of such evidence. The record clearly discloses that petitioner, in the presence of his mother freely acknowledged his guilt to his trial attorney. We cannot say as a matter of law that “logic compels” that petitioner’s guilty plea was the product of his prior confession to the police. Nor does a careful examination of the entire record, with particular attention being given to petitioner’s own testimony, compel the conclusion as a matter of law that petitioner's confession to the police was coerced or otherwise obtained in an unconstitutional manner. There was no prolonged or continuous interrogation by the officers. By his own testimony he was questioned only “an hour or two” on the night of his arrest, at which time he refused to disclose even his name. He was questioned “about an hour” the next morning, when he confessed. He does not contend he was in any way physically abused. He told his attorney, who visited him a few minutes after his confession, that no threats and no promises had been made and that he was not scared.
At the post-conviction hearing petitioner testified that on the night of his arrest he had asked to see his attorney and his mother, but he admits that at that time he refused to tell the officers what his name was, or the name of his mother, or who his lawyer was. At the post-conviction hearing he also testified that on the night of his arrest he was not given anything to eat or drink, but even if true this hardly seems coercive in view of the fact he admitted having had supper that night. At his post-conviction hearing he also testified that prior to his confession the officers had promised to help him as best they could but didn’t say what they would do. All of this testimony, that he had asked and been denied the right to see his
lawyer, that he had been denied food and water, and that the officers had made promises to him, was first given by petitioner at his post-conviction hearing more than three years after his arrest.
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PARKER, J.
At his post-conviction hearing petitioner introduced evidence tending to show a statistical disparity between the racial composition of the adult population of Halifax County as compared with the racial composition of the grand juries of the county at the time of his indictment and for a substantial period prior thereto. He contends that this evidence made a
prima facie
case that members of his race had been systematically excluded from the grand jury which had indicted him, that the State had introduced no competent evidence to rebut such
prima facie
case, and that the court’s finding of fact to the effect that there had been no systematic exclusion of Negroes from such jury was not supported by competent evidence. In support of his contention petitioner cites:
Arnold v. North Carolina
376 U.S. 773, 84 S. Ct. 1032, 12 L. ed. 2d 77;
State v. Lowry,
263 N.C. 536, 139 S.E. 2d 870;
State v. Wilson,
262 N.C. 419, 137 S.E. 2d 109.
Under the criminal procedure of this State, however, objection to the grand jury is deemed waived unless raised in apt time by motion to quash the indictment.
State v. Rorie, 258
N.C. 162, 128 S.E. 2d 229. Such a motion may be made as a matter of right up to the time defendant is arraigned and enters his plea. The presiding judge as a matter of grace has discretionary power to permit the accused to make the motion to quash the indictment after his plea is entered and until the petit jury is sworn and impaneled to try the
case on the merits. Thereafter the presiding judge has no power at all to entertain a motion to quash the indictment.
Miller v. State,
237 N.C. 29, 74 S.E. 2d 513. If the objection is raised in apt time, by making the motion to quash before entering a plea, a subsequent plea of guilty does not waive the objection.
State v. Covington,
258 N.C. 501, 128 S.E. 2d 827.
In the present case petitioner did not raise the objection prior to entering his plea of guilty. He raised it for the first time in the post-conviction proceedings commenced approximately three years after entry of his plea of guilty and the judgment sentencing him to life imprisonment. Under the established criminal procedure of this State, petitioner’s objection comes too late. G.S. 9-26.
It may be granted that petitioner, as many other defendants in criminal cases, was not familiar with the rules of criminal procedure. Nevertheless, such rules are necessary for an orderly administration of justice. It is precisely for the reason that defendants in criminal cases may not be familiar with all of their rights and the means of protecting them that we require they be represented by counsel. Petitioner here was represented by experienced and competent trial counsel employed by his family for that purpose.
“It is inherent in the judicial process that courts must deal with litigants as though they were acting in the persons of their attorneys. For this reason, the law confers upon the attorney for the defense in a criminal case the power to take such steps in matters of practice and procedure as he deems appropriate to protect the interests of the accused, and decrees that the accused is bound by his action as to those matters. ... It necessarily follows that the attorney for the defense in a criminal action may waive a constitutional right of his client relating to a matter of practice or procedure. . . . The right of a Negro defendant to object to a grand or petit jury upon the ground of discrimination against members of his race in the selection of such jury is waived by failing to pursue the proper remedy.”
Miller v. State, supra.
In conformity with the decisions of the Supreme Court of North Carolina, we hold that petitioner, acting through his employed attorney, waived any objection to the grand jury by his failure to move in apt time to quash the indictment. Petitioner cites,
contra, McNeill v. North Carolina,
368 F. 2d 313, a decision of the United States Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals.
In his order denying petitioner relief the superior court judge found as a fact that petitioner had “freely, voluntarily, without
threat, coercion or duress entered a plea of guilty to the offense of first-degree burglary” at the August, 1964 Term of Halifax Superior Court. Petitioner excepts to this finding as not being supported by sufficient evidence. In his brief petitioner’s counsel argues that “logic compels that the petitioner’s guilty plea be considered a product of his involuntary confession, and that therefore it must be determined that the petitioner’s guilty plea was coerced and the Court was without jurisdiction to sentence the petitioner.” This argument is valid only if the evidence at the post-conviction hearing would as a matter of law compel the finding of two things: First, that absent the confession the guilty plea would not have been entered; and second, that the confession was in fact involuntary. In our opinion, the evidence does not as a matter of law compel such a finding as to either. As to the first, there may well have been strong evidence to establish defendant’s guilt available to the State had the plea of guilty not been entered, and it may have been that petitioner and his trial counsel were aware of such evidence. The record clearly discloses that petitioner, in the presence of his mother freely acknowledged his guilt to his trial attorney. We cannot say as a matter of law that “logic compels” that petitioner’s guilty plea was the product of his prior confession to the police. Nor does a careful examination of the entire record, with particular attention being given to petitioner’s own testimony, compel the conclusion as a matter of law that petitioner's confession to the police was coerced or otherwise obtained in an unconstitutional manner. There was no prolonged or continuous interrogation by the officers. By his own testimony he was questioned only “an hour or two” on the night of his arrest, at which time he refused to disclose even his name. He was questioned “about an hour” the next morning, when he confessed. He does not contend he was in any way physically abused. He told his attorney, who visited him a few minutes after his confession, that no threats and no promises had been made and that he was not scared.
At the post-conviction hearing petitioner testified that on the night of his arrest he had asked to see his attorney and his mother, but he admits that at that time he refused to tell the officers what his name was, or the name of his mother, or who his lawyer was. At the post-conviction hearing he also testified that on the night of his arrest he was not given anything to eat or drink, but even if true this hardly seems coercive in view of the fact he admitted having had supper that night. At his post-conviction hearing he also testified that prior to his confession the officers had promised to help him as best they could but didn’t say what they would do. All of this testimony, that he had asked and been denied the right to see his
lawyer, that he had been denied food and water, and that the officers had made promises to him, was first given by petitioner at his post-conviction hearing more than three years after his arrest. And it is inconsistent with what he himself told his lawyer on the morning following his arrest. The evidence in the record simply does not, at a matter of law, compel a finding that petitioner’s confession was involuntary or that in obtaining it the police violated any of his constitutional rights.
Petitioner also contends that his plea of guilty was involuntary because of his fear of receiving a death sentence if he had risked a jury trial by a plea of not guilty. He argues that this was. an inherently coercive factor which necessarily deprived him of freedom of choice in making his plea, thereby imposing an impermissible burden upon his exercise of his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights under the Federal Constitution.
United States v.
Jackson, 390 U.S. 570, 88 S. Ct. 1209, 20 L. ed. 2d 138. The North Carolina Supreme Court, however, has had occasion recently to point out the material differences in the Federal Kidnapping Act with which the United States Supreme Court was concerned in
Jackson,
and the North Carolina Statutes relating to the death penalty and to the permissive tender of a plea of guilty. In
State v. Peele,
274 N.C. 106, filed 14 June 1968, the North Carolina Supreme Court pointed out that:
“G.S. 15-162.1 is for the benefit of a defendant and may be invoked only on his and his counsel’s written application. It provides that the State and the defendant, under rigid court supervision, may, without the ordeal of a trial, agree on a result which will vindicate the law and save the defendant’s life. As stated in the
Jackson
case, there are 'defendants who would greatly prefer not to contest their guilt.’ Practical experience indicates only in extreme cases does the jury fail to recommend life imprisonment rather than the death penalty.”
In view of the rigid court, supervision which G.S. 15-162.1 requires before a guilty plea may be entered, we hold that the interplay of that statute with statutes such as G.S. 14-52 which impose the death penalty in cases where the defendant is convicted after a plea of not guilty and the jury fails to recommend life imprisonment, does not result in any substantial denial of a defendant’s constitutional rights.
Petitioner also assigns as error the court’s admission of evidence relative to petitioner’s guilt of the crime for which he had been convicted. At the post-conviction hearing the petitioner, on
cross-examination by the solicitor and over objection by his counsel, freely admitted that he had entered the house which he was charged with having burglarized and there having intercourse with a female occupant who had not been previously known to him. The purpose of the proceeding under the North Carolina Post-Conviction Hearing Act, G.S. 15-217,
et seq.,
is not to determine petitioner’s guilt or innocence. That matter has already been determined in the trial and judgment which is the subject of post-conviction review. The purpose of post-conviction review is to determine whether in the proceedings leading to the conviction there occurred any substantial denial of petitioner’s constitutional rights. G.S. 15-217. Therefore, testimony as to petitioner’s guilt was not relevant in the post-conviction proceedings. However, its admission in no way prejudiced petitioner’s opportunity to develop fully the testimony which was relevant to the constitutional issues raised by him and its admission was at most harmless error.
Petitioner has made other assignments of error relating to admission or exclusion of evidence and to the court’s failure to rule on objections to evidence. We have examined these carefully but find no prejudicial error.
The judgment is
Affirmed.
Campbell and Beocic, JJ., concur.