[Cite as Papenfuse v. Toledo Area Regional Transit Auth., 2015-Ohio-3193.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT LUCAS COUNTY
Shelley Papenfuse Court of Appeals No. L-14-1178
Appellant Trial Court No. CI0201204519
v.
Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Appellee Decided: August 7, 2015
*****
Kevin J. Boissoneault and Jonathan M. Ashton, for appellant.
Glenn E. Wasielewski, for appellee.
SINGER, J.
{¶ 1} This is an appeal from the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas awarding
summary judgment to appellee, Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority (“TARTA”).
We affirm. {¶ 2} On May 21, 2009, appellant, Shelley Papenfuse, was injured while riding on
a Toledo Area Regional Paratransit Service (“TARPS”) vehicle. TARPS vehicles are
owned and operated by TARTA. They are specialty vehicles used to transport passengers
with disabilities. Appellant suffers from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and therefore must
be accommodated accordingly. The vehicle appellant was in was operated by a TARTA
employee. An abrupt halt caused appellant to fall from her wheelchair. Appellant
suffered injuries as a result of her fall.
{¶ 3} Appellant filed a negligence action arguing that the vehicle was being driven
in an unsafe and erratic manner. Appellant also contended that the TARTA operator in
this instance failed to secure her with the lap belt and/or shoulder harness. This failure,
appellant claimed, led to her not being secure within the vehicle before said incident.
TARTA claimed that it was excused from liability by virtue of an exculpatory clause
found on the back of appellant’s bus pass which purportedly relieved TARTA of all
liability in negligence. The trial court granted summary judgment to TARTA. Appellant
now appeals setting forth the following assignment of error:
I. The trial court erred where [sic] granted summary judgment in
favor of Appellee Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority.
{¶ 4} Appellate review of summary judgment is de novo. (Citations omitted.)
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. City of Toledo, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-10-1026, 2010-
Ohio-2795, ¶ 8. Further, summary judgment is only appropriate when examining the
evidence as a whole: (1) there is no genuine issue of material fact; (2) reasonable minds
2. can come to only one conclusion which is adverse to the party against whom the motion
for summary judgment is made; and (3) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. (Citations omitted.) Id. All the issues that are in doubt must be resolved
in favor of the nonmoving party. (Citations omitted.) Id.
{¶ 5} Appellant testified that she felt the operator was responsible for her injuries
because he was driving in an unsafe and erratic manner. Further, she testified he failed in
securing her, contrary to federal administrative guidelines and mandates. Moreover, she
testified that she had ridden the same or similar vehicle, under the same circumstances,
for a significant amount of time. However, she confirmed to never have been injured in
such a manner. This convinces the court that, in viewing this evidence most favorable to
her, the operator likely acted with ordinary negligence. These facts are not in dispute for
purposes of this review.
{¶ 6} Notwithstanding the operator’s established negligence, however, this court
holds that the exculpatory language of appellant’s bus pass relieves TARTA of liability.
Generally in Ohio, exculpatory clauses, which relieve a party from its own negligence,
are not against public policy despite being disfavored in the law. See Lamb v. Univ.
Hosp. Health Care Ent., Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 73144, 1998 WL 474183 (Aug. 13,
1998). Valid exculpatory clauses or releases constitute express assumptions of risk. See
Anderson v. Ceccardi, 6 Ohio St.3d 110, 114, 451 N.E. 2d 780 (1992). As with contracts
in general, these clauses are to be strictly construed against the drafter unless the
3. language is clear and unambiguous. Lamb at ¶ 8. When the terms of the contract are
clear and unambiguous, the interpretation is a matter of law. (Citation omitted.) Id.
{¶ 7} A party waiving his right to recover for another’s negligent acts must make a
conscious choice to accept the consequences of the other party’s negligence. Id. at ¶ 9. If
the terms of the contract are ambiguous, the intention of the parties is a factual inquiry for
the trier of fact. Id. Recovery for willful or wanton misconduct cannot be waived. Id.
{¶ 8} Moreover, as with all contracts, the party against whom the contract is being
enforced may seek rescission of the contract if the terms are unconscionable. Id. at ¶ 10.
Unconscionability is generally recognized as the absence of meaningful choice on the
part of one of the parties to a contract, combined with contract terms that are
unreasonably favorable to the other party. (Internal citations and quotations omitted.) Id.
Whether a clause is unconscionable is a question of law. Id. The party challenging the
enforceability of the contract has the burden to establish both substantive and procedural
unconscionability. Id. at ¶ 22.
{¶ 9} In that regard, substantive unconscionability involves those factors which
relate to the contract terms themselves, and whether they are commercially reasonable.
(Citations omitted.) Id. Procedural unconscionability involves those factors bearing on
the relative bargaining position of the contracting parties. These factors may include age,
education, intelligence, business acumen and experience, relative bargaining power, who
drafted the contract, and whether the terms were explained to the weaker party.
4. {¶ 10} In her capacity as a TARTA board member, appellant was issued a free bus
pass with her photo, identifying her as a board member. She used the pass the day of the
incident. The back of the card reads as follows:
In consideration of receiving this free pass, the person named
thereon using the same, voluntarily assumes all risk of accidents and
expressly agrees that the Authority, its agents and employees, shall not be
liable under any circumstances, whether of negligence of itself, its agents,
or employees for any injury to his or her person, or for any loss or injury to
his or her property; and that as for him or her, in the use of this pass he or
she will not consider the Authority as a common carrier, or liable to him or
her as such. This pass shall be a gratuity and not as part of and
compensation for employment or service rendered to the Authority. And as
a condition precedent to the issuing and use thereof, the person named on
the face of this pass states that he or she is not prohibited by law from
receiving free transportation, and that pass will be lawfully used. This pass
may be used only by the person to whom issued. If presented by any other
than the person named on the reverse, the driver will take up this pass and
collect fare. The employee to whom this pass is issued will be subject to
disciplinary action up to and including termination for any unauthorized use
of this pass. By using this pass, the employee agrees to all of the above
conditions. (Emphasis added.)
5. {¶ 11} Appellant contends that the above language only applies to employees and
that because she is a board member, appointed by the city, and not an employee of
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[Cite as Papenfuse v. Toledo Area Regional Transit Auth., 2015-Ohio-3193.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT LUCAS COUNTY
Shelley Papenfuse Court of Appeals No. L-14-1178
Appellant Trial Court No. CI0201204519
v.
Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Appellee Decided: August 7, 2015
*****
Kevin J. Boissoneault and Jonathan M. Ashton, for appellant.
Glenn E. Wasielewski, for appellee.
SINGER, J.
{¶ 1} This is an appeal from the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas awarding
summary judgment to appellee, Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority (“TARTA”).
We affirm. {¶ 2} On May 21, 2009, appellant, Shelley Papenfuse, was injured while riding on
a Toledo Area Regional Paratransit Service (“TARPS”) vehicle. TARPS vehicles are
owned and operated by TARTA. They are specialty vehicles used to transport passengers
with disabilities. Appellant suffers from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and therefore must
be accommodated accordingly. The vehicle appellant was in was operated by a TARTA
employee. An abrupt halt caused appellant to fall from her wheelchair. Appellant
suffered injuries as a result of her fall.
{¶ 3} Appellant filed a negligence action arguing that the vehicle was being driven
in an unsafe and erratic manner. Appellant also contended that the TARTA operator in
this instance failed to secure her with the lap belt and/or shoulder harness. This failure,
appellant claimed, led to her not being secure within the vehicle before said incident.
TARTA claimed that it was excused from liability by virtue of an exculpatory clause
found on the back of appellant’s bus pass which purportedly relieved TARTA of all
liability in negligence. The trial court granted summary judgment to TARTA. Appellant
now appeals setting forth the following assignment of error:
I. The trial court erred where [sic] granted summary judgment in
favor of Appellee Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority.
{¶ 4} Appellate review of summary judgment is de novo. (Citations omitted.)
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. City of Toledo, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-10-1026, 2010-
Ohio-2795, ¶ 8. Further, summary judgment is only appropriate when examining the
evidence as a whole: (1) there is no genuine issue of material fact; (2) reasonable minds
2. can come to only one conclusion which is adverse to the party against whom the motion
for summary judgment is made; and (3) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. (Citations omitted.) Id. All the issues that are in doubt must be resolved
in favor of the nonmoving party. (Citations omitted.) Id.
{¶ 5} Appellant testified that she felt the operator was responsible for her injuries
because he was driving in an unsafe and erratic manner. Further, she testified he failed in
securing her, contrary to federal administrative guidelines and mandates. Moreover, she
testified that she had ridden the same or similar vehicle, under the same circumstances,
for a significant amount of time. However, she confirmed to never have been injured in
such a manner. This convinces the court that, in viewing this evidence most favorable to
her, the operator likely acted with ordinary negligence. These facts are not in dispute for
purposes of this review.
{¶ 6} Notwithstanding the operator’s established negligence, however, this court
holds that the exculpatory language of appellant’s bus pass relieves TARTA of liability.
Generally in Ohio, exculpatory clauses, which relieve a party from its own negligence,
are not against public policy despite being disfavored in the law. See Lamb v. Univ.
Hosp. Health Care Ent., Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 73144, 1998 WL 474183 (Aug. 13,
1998). Valid exculpatory clauses or releases constitute express assumptions of risk. See
Anderson v. Ceccardi, 6 Ohio St.3d 110, 114, 451 N.E. 2d 780 (1992). As with contracts
in general, these clauses are to be strictly construed against the drafter unless the
3. language is clear and unambiguous. Lamb at ¶ 8. When the terms of the contract are
clear and unambiguous, the interpretation is a matter of law. (Citation omitted.) Id.
{¶ 7} A party waiving his right to recover for another’s negligent acts must make a
conscious choice to accept the consequences of the other party’s negligence. Id. at ¶ 9. If
the terms of the contract are ambiguous, the intention of the parties is a factual inquiry for
the trier of fact. Id. Recovery for willful or wanton misconduct cannot be waived. Id.
{¶ 8} Moreover, as with all contracts, the party against whom the contract is being
enforced may seek rescission of the contract if the terms are unconscionable. Id. at ¶ 10.
Unconscionability is generally recognized as the absence of meaningful choice on the
part of one of the parties to a contract, combined with contract terms that are
unreasonably favorable to the other party. (Internal citations and quotations omitted.) Id.
Whether a clause is unconscionable is a question of law. Id. The party challenging the
enforceability of the contract has the burden to establish both substantive and procedural
unconscionability. Id. at ¶ 22.
{¶ 9} In that regard, substantive unconscionability involves those factors which
relate to the contract terms themselves, and whether they are commercially reasonable.
(Citations omitted.) Id. Procedural unconscionability involves those factors bearing on
the relative bargaining position of the contracting parties. These factors may include age,
education, intelligence, business acumen and experience, relative bargaining power, who
drafted the contract, and whether the terms were explained to the weaker party.
4. {¶ 10} In her capacity as a TARTA board member, appellant was issued a free bus
pass with her photo, identifying her as a board member. She used the pass the day of the
incident. The back of the card reads as follows:
In consideration of receiving this free pass, the person named
thereon using the same, voluntarily assumes all risk of accidents and
expressly agrees that the Authority, its agents and employees, shall not be
liable under any circumstances, whether of negligence of itself, its agents,
or employees for any injury to his or her person, or for any loss or injury to
his or her property; and that as for him or her, in the use of this pass he or
she will not consider the Authority as a common carrier, or liable to him or
her as such. This pass shall be a gratuity and not as part of and
compensation for employment or service rendered to the Authority. And as
a condition precedent to the issuing and use thereof, the person named on
the face of this pass states that he or she is not prohibited by law from
receiving free transportation, and that pass will be lawfully used. This pass
may be used only by the person to whom issued. If presented by any other
than the person named on the reverse, the driver will take up this pass and
collect fare. The employee to whom this pass is issued will be subject to
disciplinary action up to and including termination for any unauthorized use
of this pass. By using this pass, the employee agrees to all of the above
conditions. (Emphasis added.)
5. {¶ 11} Appellant contends that the above language only applies to employees and
that because she is a board member, appointed by the city, and not an employee of
TARTA, the above language does not apply to her. We disagree. The clause specifically
states that it applies to “the person named thereon” which in this case is appellant.
Appellant contends that the clause only applies to employees because the word
“employee” is specifically used. However, the clause also references “service rendered
to the Authority,” clearly contemplating people in appellant’s position as a volunteer
board member. Presumably, disciplinary action is provided for employees only because
TARTA would not be in a position to discipline someone who was not on their payroll.
{¶ 12} Appellant argued that the clause did not apply to her because it only
mentions TARTA, not TARPS. This argument is without merit as TARPS is part of
TARTA.
{¶ 13} Appellant also argues that there was no evidence that she used the pass on
the date of her injury. We disagree. TARTA’s exhibit O, admitted into evidence, was a
copy of the TARP driver’s operator manifest for May 21, 2009. It shows that he
transported appellant free of charge. Her fare type is listed as “ASS.” According to the
sworn affidavit of Lisa Leu, TARTA’s administrative manager, “ASS” is an abbreviation
for “assessment,” the term used to indicate that a board member or employee used their
free pass.
{¶ 14} Finally, appellant argues that TARTA should not be protected from liability
because the exculpatory clause was executed in an unconscionable manner. However,
6. the record reflects that appellant received the free-pass, even though she refers to it as
merely her identification card, and she was fully aware that she did not have to pay for
TARTA rides. The language quoted above was clear that her use of the free-
pass/identification card exempted TARTA from liability. Unfortunately, like all
applicable waivers, the waiver here must apply to the contracting party despite any claim
of ignorance. See, e.g., Lunsford v. Cleveland Union Terminals Co., 170 Ohio St. 349,
165 N.E.2d 3 (1960). Appellant’s sole assignment of error is not well-taken.
{¶ 15} For the forgoing reasons, the judgment of the Lucas County Court of
Common Pleas is affirmed. Appellant is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant
to App.R. 24.
Judgment affirmed.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.
Arlene Singer, J. _______________________________ JUDGE Thomas J. Osowik, J. _______________________________ Stephen A. Yarbrough, P.J. JUDGE CONCUR. _______________________________ JUDGE
This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at: http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/rod/newpdf/?source=6.
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