Mr. Justice Morris
delivered the opinion of the Court:
1. On behalf of the appellee a motion has been made in this court to dismiss the appeal, on the ground that the United States, being the real party in interest, are not, as is alleged, authorized by law to appeal; and that if the marshal is to be regarded, as the real party in interest, and not the United States, the appeal should be dismissed because he has no real interest in the subject-matter of controversy, and has given no appeal bond, as required by law and the rules of the court. But this question we decided adversely to the contention of the appellee in the case of Leonard v. Rodda, 5 [278]*278App. D. C. 256, upon the authority o£ which the motion must be overruled.
2. In the appellee’s petition for the writ of habeas corpus various reasons are specifically assigned for the invalidity of the proceeding against him;_ and these constitute the basis of the appellant’s assignments of error. They may be reduced to five, as follows:
(1) That the indictment against the appellee appears on its face to have been found more than three years after the commission of the alleged offense.
(2) That the statute, under which the indictment was found, was enacted subsequently to the date of the commission of the alleged offense.
(3) That the Federal court in Tennessee was without authority in law to issue its warrant to the marshal for the District of Columbia for the arrest and removal of the appellee.
(4) That neither under section 1014 nor under section 716 of the Devised Statutes of the United States, both of which are relied upon for the purpose, is there authority for the arrest and removal of the appellee.
(5) That the discharge of the appellee under the former writ of habeas corpus on June 5, 1888, was an adjudication of the subject-matter of controversy, and is conclusive, in the absence of any new facts or conditions, which do not appear.
Of these the first and second require no consideration by us. They seem to be based upon a palpable misapprehension of the allegations of the indictment; and they do not appear to be insisted on in argument. Even if they had support in the record, they are not matters that can be considered upon habeas corpus proceedings. While the facts which they would imply are in a sense jurisdictional facts, they are not of such character as to be subjects of inquiry in a collateral proceeding. They constitute matters of defense in the original proceeding, ánd could and should have been there brought forward; and in all probability, if they have' any [279]*279foundation whatever in fact, were there brought forward. At all events, they have no place here.
3. The principal question argued before us is whether the Federal court in Tennessee had authority in-law for the issue of its warrant to the marshal of the District of Columbia for the arrest and removal of the appellee. And with this may be considered the other question, whether under sections 716 and 1014 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, or either of them, there is authority for such arrest and removal.
We may assume that it would not be incompetent for Congress to enact that, as occasion might require, the writs of the Federal court of any Federal district of the Union might be executed in any other Federal district, and might be directed to the marshal of such other Federal district for execution. But, in the absence of specific statutory enactment to that effect, it is undoubtedly the general rule of law that no court has authority or jurisdiction beyond the territorial limits of the district for which it has been established, notwithstanding that it may be, as in the present case, only one of numerous similar' courts of the same sovereignty. No court can by its writ impose a duty upon an officer outside of those limits. It may well be that, under exceptional circumstances, it may direct its own officer for some specific purpose to go outside of its own territorial limits; but we cannot understand how it can assume any authority under the general powers vested in it to issue its precept to the officer of another jurisdiction, when it has no power to enforce the performance of the duty. We do not mean to be understood as saying that Congress may not grant this authority. On the contrary, we think that Congress has the power to-do so. But we do not find in the statute law the evidence that it has done anything of the hind. In our opinion neither section 1014 nor section 716 of the Revised Statutes purports to grant any such power. The provisions of section 1014 are certainly inconsistent with the theory of such a grant of power; and there is no good ground to construe the power granted in section 716, “ to issue all writs not specifically provided for by statute, which may be necessary for the exercise of [280]*280their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law,” as intended to abolish the restrictions inherent in territorial limitation.
The duties of the marshals of the United States are prescribed by section 787 of the Revised Statutes, which provides that “ it shall be the duty of the marshal of each district to attend the district and circuit courts when sitting therein, and to execute throughout the district all lawful precepts directed to him, and issued under the authority of the United States.” Evidently the lawful precepts to be executed by him are those issued by the courts sitting in his own district, and not those of the courts of other districts to which he is not amenable, and which he cannot attend.
The only authority cited to the contrary of this is the case In re Christian, 82 Fed. Rep. 885, which arose in the western judicial district of Arkansas, and in which the learned justice who presided over the Eederal district court in that district, held as follows:
“ Under this statute (referring to Rev. Stat., Sec. 716), I think the judge of the central district of the Indian Territory has the power to issue his warrant, addressed to the marshal of the western district of Arkansas, to arrest Christian, and to send an officer here to take him back to that court to be dealt with as law and justice may require.- 'This view is sustained by the case of Oaksmith, 11 Op. Attys. Gen. U. S. 127; Randolph's case, 2 Op. Attys. Gen. U. S. 564; 2 Moore on Extradition, Sec. 540; Stantons case, Id. Sec. 541.”
With all respect for the learned justice who pronounced this opinion, we find ourselves unable to concur in it, or to find support for it in the authorities which he cites. In Randolph's case the reference is to the opinion of that great jurist, Chief Justice Taney, when he was Attorney General ■of the United States. The question had been propounded to him officially, “ whether the judge of the Supreme Court of the United States residing in the fifth district, or a district judge of one of the districts of Virginia, can issue a warrant for the arrest of Robert B. Randolph, for the assault committed in the District of Columbia on the President of the [281]*281United States; it having been ascertained that Randolph was now somewhere in the State of Virginia.” And the answer of the Attorney General was:
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Mr. Justice Morris
delivered the opinion of the Court:
1. On behalf of the appellee a motion has been made in this court to dismiss the appeal, on the ground that the United States, being the real party in interest, are not, as is alleged, authorized by law to appeal; and that if the marshal is to be regarded, as the real party in interest, and not the United States, the appeal should be dismissed because he has no real interest in the subject-matter of controversy, and has given no appeal bond, as required by law and the rules of the court. But this question we decided adversely to the contention of the appellee in the case of Leonard v. Rodda, 5 [278]*278App. D. C. 256, upon the authority o£ which the motion must be overruled.
2. In the appellee’s petition for the writ of habeas corpus various reasons are specifically assigned for the invalidity of the proceeding against him;_ and these constitute the basis of the appellant’s assignments of error. They may be reduced to five, as follows:
(1) That the indictment against the appellee appears on its face to have been found more than three years after the commission of the alleged offense.
(2) That the statute, under which the indictment was found, was enacted subsequently to the date of the commission of the alleged offense.
(3) That the Federal court in Tennessee was without authority in law to issue its warrant to the marshal for the District of Columbia for the arrest and removal of the appellee.
(4) That neither under section 1014 nor under section 716 of the Devised Statutes of the United States, both of which are relied upon for the purpose, is there authority for the arrest and removal of the appellee.
(5) That the discharge of the appellee under the former writ of habeas corpus on June 5, 1888, was an adjudication of the subject-matter of controversy, and is conclusive, in the absence of any new facts or conditions, which do not appear.
Of these the first and second require no consideration by us. They seem to be based upon a palpable misapprehension of the allegations of the indictment; and they do not appear to be insisted on in argument. Even if they had support in the record, they are not matters that can be considered upon habeas corpus proceedings. While the facts which they would imply are in a sense jurisdictional facts, they are not of such character as to be subjects of inquiry in a collateral proceeding. They constitute matters of defense in the original proceeding, ánd could and should have been there brought forward; and in all probability, if they have' any [279]*279foundation whatever in fact, were there brought forward. At all events, they have no place here.
3. The principal question argued before us is whether the Federal court in Tennessee had authority in-law for the issue of its warrant to the marshal of the District of Columbia for the arrest and removal of the appellee. And with this may be considered the other question, whether under sections 716 and 1014 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, or either of them, there is authority for such arrest and removal.
We may assume that it would not be incompetent for Congress to enact that, as occasion might require, the writs of the Federal court of any Federal district of the Union might be executed in any other Federal district, and might be directed to the marshal of such other Federal district for execution. But, in the absence of specific statutory enactment to that effect, it is undoubtedly the general rule of law that no court has authority or jurisdiction beyond the territorial limits of the district for which it has been established, notwithstanding that it may be, as in the present case, only one of numerous similar' courts of the same sovereignty. No court can by its writ impose a duty upon an officer outside of those limits. It may well be that, under exceptional circumstances, it may direct its own officer for some specific purpose to go outside of its own territorial limits; but we cannot understand how it can assume any authority under the general powers vested in it to issue its precept to the officer of another jurisdiction, when it has no power to enforce the performance of the duty. We do not mean to be understood as saying that Congress may not grant this authority. On the contrary, we think that Congress has the power to-do so. But we do not find in the statute law the evidence that it has done anything of the hind. In our opinion neither section 1014 nor section 716 of the Revised Statutes purports to grant any such power. The provisions of section 1014 are certainly inconsistent with the theory of such a grant of power; and there is no good ground to construe the power granted in section 716, “ to issue all writs not specifically provided for by statute, which may be necessary for the exercise of [280]*280their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law,” as intended to abolish the restrictions inherent in territorial limitation.
The duties of the marshals of the United States are prescribed by section 787 of the Revised Statutes, which provides that “ it shall be the duty of the marshal of each district to attend the district and circuit courts when sitting therein, and to execute throughout the district all lawful precepts directed to him, and issued under the authority of the United States.” Evidently the lawful precepts to be executed by him are those issued by the courts sitting in his own district, and not those of the courts of other districts to which he is not amenable, and which he cannot attend.
The only authority cited to the contrary of this is the case In re Christian, 82 Fed. Rep. 885, which arose in the western judicial district of Arkansas, and in which the learned justice who presided over the Eederal district court in that district, held as follows:
“ Under this statute (referring to Rev. Stat., Sec. 716), I think the judge of the central district of the Indian Territory has the power to issue his warrant, addressed to the marshal of the western district of Arkansas, to arrest Christian, and to send an officer here to take him back to that court to be dealt with as law and justice may require.- 'This view is sustained by the case of Oaksmith, 11 Op. Attys. Gen. U. S. 127; Randolph's case, 2 Op. Attys. Gen. U. S. 564; 2 Moore on Extradition, Sec. 540; Stantons case, Id. Sec. 541.”
With all respect for the learned justice who pronounced this opinion, we find ourselves unable to concur in it, or to find support for it in the authorities which he cites. In Randolph's case the reference is to the opinion of that great jurist, Chief Justice Taney, when he was Attorney General ■of the United States. The question had been propounded to him officially, “ whether the judge of the Supreme Court of the United States residing in the fifth district, or a district judge of one of the districts of Virginia, can issue a warrant for the arrest of Robert B. Randolph, for the assault committed in the District of Columbia on the President of the [281]*281United States; it having been ascertained that Randolph was now somewhere in the State of Virginia.” And the answer of the Attorney General was:
“According to my view of the case, a warrant from any of the judges of the Circuit Court of this District (of Columbia) would warrant the arrest of Randolph anywhere in the United States; and I see no necessity for an application for any other. But as doubts have been taken from respectable authority on this point, and an attempt to arrest under such a warrant might be forcibly resisted and lead to violence, I advise that an application be made to the Chief Justice of the United States. If he issues a warrant, no one will question its legality. If he decides that he has no right to issue it, I shall be willing to believe that I am mistaken in the opinion which I have formed. * * * The United States possess more extensive powers in this District than they do in the States; but this must not destroy the identity of the government. An offense against the United States committed in the District is an offense against the same sovereignty as if committed in one of the States. , And I cannot imagine how the words or the spirit of the 33d section of the act of 1789 can be supposed to embrace the one and not the other.” 2 Opinions of Attorneys General, p. 564.
Oaksmith3 s case, which is also referred to, occurred in 1864. Oaksmith had been indicted in the United States court in Massachusetts, but was not to be found within that State. When the opinion of the Attorney General was sought in the matter, Mr. Acting Attorney General Ashton, basing himself upon the preceding opinion of Attorney General Taney, said, “ that either judge of the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Massachusetts has authority, under the act of September 24, 1789, Sec. 33 (1 Stat. 91), to issue a warrant for the arrest of Oaksmith; and that under such a warrant he may be lawfully arrested anywhere in the United States.” 11 Opinions Attorneys General, 127.
■ In the case In re Alexander, 1 Lowell, 531, in the same Circuit Court of the United States for the district of Massa[282]*282chusetts, the question was again raised; but it was not deemed necessary to decide it. There the court said:
“ When an indictment has been found in one judicial district of the United States against the defendant not then within its jurisdiction, it has been much doubted whether the court in that district can issue its warrant to arrest the defendant wherever he may be found within the United States. The late Chief Justice Taney, then Attorney General, gave it as his opinion that the power was possessed by the courts (2 Opinions Attorneys General, 564) ; and this still appears to be the opinion of the office (11 Opinions, 127). I am not aware of any decision of a court or judge upon the point, and it is not necessary to decide it here.”
It will be noticed that in no one of these judicial and official utterances before the case In re Christian, in 1897, is there any mention of the officer to whom the warrant is to be addressed and who is to execute it. While they all hold that the court wherein the indictment is found may or should issue the warrant of arrest, they do not determine that the warrant is to be issued to the marshal of the district where the arrest is to be made. This question is left undecided. In view of the inconsistency involved in the issue of a writ to an officer who is not amenable to the jurisdiction of the court which issues it, we prefer to think that the marshal of the district wherein the court sits is the proper officer to receive such warrant and to take the proper steps for its execution. Whether he can execute it outside of his own district by taking the offender into custody, without having recourse to the proceedings prescribed in section 1014 of the Eevised Statutes, may well be questioned; but that he may do so through the instrumentality of those proceedings, we think to be quite clear.
Section 1014 of the Eevised Statutes is section 33 of the act of September 24, 1789, referred to by Mr. Attorney General Taney. It is in the following terms:
“ Nor any crime or offense against the United States, the offender may,' by any justice or judge of the United States, or by any commissioner of a Circuit Court to take bail, [283]*283* * * or other magistrate of any State where he may be found, and agreeably to the usual mode of process against offenders in such State, be arrested and’ imprisoned, or bailed, as the case may be, for trial before such court of the United States as by law has cognizance of the offense. Copies of the process shall be returned as speedily as may be to the clerk’s office of such court, together with the recognizances of the witnesses for their appearance to testify in the case. And when any offender or witness is committed in any district other than that where the offense is to be tried, it shall be the duty of the judge of the district court where such offender or witness is imprisoned, seasonably to issue, and of the marshal to execute, a warrant for his removal to the district where the trial is to be had.”
By such process it would seem to have been sought to remove the appellee in this case to the State of Tennessee for sentence in 1888. That process, as we have seen, resulted in his arrest and detention, and subsequent commitment to the custody of the warden of the jail. Under the writ of habeas corpus, which he then sued out, it was held by the learned justice of the Supreme Court of the District who heard the cause, that the removal provided for by the statute, See. 1014, was only removal for trial, and that, as the trial had been had and was at an end, there was no warrant of law for any removal. But this reasoning we are compelled to regard as erroneous. The conclusion then reached simply offers a premium to offenders to fly from the jurisdiction of the court in which they have been convicted, if they can do so between conviction and sentence. Assuredly it amounts to no more than a travesty of justice if an offender may be removed for trial which may result in conviction, but not to receive the sentence which should follow conviction.
It was sought in the opinion rendered at the time to uphold the ruling by the authority of Blackstone. The statement of the noted commentator is cited where he says that “trial is the examination of the matters of fact in issue” (3 Oornm. 330), which was explained as meaning “put in issue by the pleadingsand also, the further statement that [284]*284“ when the jury have delivered their verdict and it is re1corded in court, they are discharged; and so ends the trial by jury. Next follows the judgment.” (3 Comm; 379.)
We think it very plain, however, that the term trial in the statute is not to- receive any such narrow and restricted meaning. A more appropriate definition in the sense of the statute is that given in 1 Inst. 124, which is this: “ The examination of a cause, civil or criminal, before a judge who has jurisdiction over it, according to the laws of the land.” Trial, in the sense of the statute, is intended to include all the proceedings in a cause from the presentation of the indictment to the pronunciation of the sentence or judgment. It is not the equivalent of the expression trial by jury, or of any other mode of trial of issues made up by pleadings in court. It will be conceded that trial implies decision; but the verdict of a jury is not necessarily the decisión of a cause, although it may ultimately shape the decision. There may be, as we know, proceedings of great importance between verdict and judgment, which may greatly affect the trial. A trial is not terminated by a verdict, but by judgment.
4. But the decision rendered by the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, or by the justice of that court who heard the cause, on June 5, 1888, whereby the appellee was discharged from the custody in which he was then held, although in our opinion erroneous, is an accomplished fact. It was an adjudication of the question at issue. The subject-matter of controversy became thereafter res judicataj and it was pleaded as such in the present proceedings. We cannot now correct the error that was then committed. We have only to look to the fact that there was then an adjudication on the same subject-matter that is involved in the present proceeding's; and that no new ground is shown for holding the appellee which did not exist at the time of his former discharge. The habeas corpus act of Charles II, universally in force in this country, either in its original form or by substantial re-enactment, prohibits the recommitment for the Same charge of one who has previously been discharged'there[285]*285from under the writ. The authorities are' believed, to be unanimous that a second arrest for the same precise charge, without any new circumstances to justify the arrest, cannot be sustained. The law was. well stated in the case of United States v. Chung Shee, 71 Fed. Rep. 277, where it was said:
“ If a prisoner is discharged from custody on the hearing of a writ of habeas corpus, such order or judgment amounts to an adjudication, and is conclusive in his favor as matter res adjudicata if he should be again arrested, unless some fact could be shown for holding him which did not exist at the time of his discharge.”
The arrest of the appellee in 1888 was for his removal to the State of Tennessee to receive sentence there. That is the purpose of his present or recent arrest. The question in issue was whether he could lawfully be removed under the circumstances of the case. The same precise question under precisely the same circumstances is now again raised; and while we think that the former release was based upon an erroneous construction of the law, we think we are compelled to give it effect as a final adjudication.
We think that there was no error in the decision of the court below upon this hearing; and we are of opinion that the decision should be affirmed. And it is so ordered.
Mr. Chief Justice Alvey dissented.