FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAY 16 2025 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JAMES A. PAHL, No. 24-4005
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 3:23-cv-00250-CL
v. MEMORANDUM* FRANK BISIGNANO, Commissioner of Social Security,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon Michael McShane, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted May 14, 2025** San Francisco, California
Before: S.R. THOMAS, M. SMITH, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.
James A. Pahl (“Pahl”) appeals the district court’s order affirming the
Commissioner of Social Security’s denial of his application for disability insurance
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). benefits under the Social Security Act. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §
1291. Because the parties are familiar with the facts and history of this case, we do
not recount them here. We affirm.
We review the district court’s order de novo and reverse only if the
Administrative Law Judge’s (ALJ) decision was not supported by substantial
evidence or was based on legal error. Larson v. Saul, 967 F.3d 914, 922 (9th Cir.
2020). Courts review disability benefits determinations for substantial evidence.
Biestek v. Berryhill, 587 U.S. 97, 102 (2019). “Under the substantial-evidence
standard, a court looks to an existing administrative record and asks whether it
contains ‘sufficien[t] evidence’ to support the agency’s factual determinations.”
Id. (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)).
I
The district court properly concluded that the ALJ’s finding that Pahl was
not disabled as of the expiration date of his disability insurance was supported by
substantial evidence. At the fifth step of the disability evaluation process, the ALJ
can determine the claimant is not disabled either “(1) by the testimony of a
vocational expert, or (2) by reference to the Medical–Vocational Guidelines at 20
C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 2.” Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1099 (9th Cir.
1999).
2 Here, the ALJ relied on a vocational expert who testified that Pahl could
perform the requirements of the following occupations: (1) Marker, (2) Small
Product Assember II, and (3) Electronics Worker. The vocational expert provided
specific information about the ability to sit and stand in the relevant
occupations—information that was not provided in the Dictionary of Occupational
Titles (“DOT”). The ALJ specifically asked the vocational expert if his testimony
conflicted with the DOT and inquired as to whether any of his testimony was not
covered by the DOT but rather was based on his own experience and education.
The expert explained that the DOT does not always categorize occupations by the
amount of sitting or standing involved, and therefore, he relied on his 42 years of
experience to present occupations that include jobs that allow a person to sit or
stand at will.
There was no “obvious or apparent” conflict between the vocational expert’s
testimony and the DOT. Lamear v. Berryhill, 865 F.3d 1201, 1205 (9th Cir. 2017).
The vocational expert’s testimony did not conflict with the DOT but merely
supplemented it. An ALJ may rely on a vocational expert to provide additional
information. See SSR 00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704, at *3 (Dec. 4, 2000) (“The DOT
lists maximum requirements of occupations as generally performed,” but a
vocational expert “may be able to provide more specific information about jobs or
3 occupations than the DOT.”). Here, the vocational expert provided specific
information about the ability to sit and stand at the relevant occupations—
information which was absent from the DOT. See DOT 739.687-030; DOT
209.587-034; DOT 726.687-010. The ALJ was entitled to rely on the vocational
expert’s testimony. See Ford v. Saul, 950 F.3d 1141, 1160 (9th Cir. 2020) (“Given
its inherent reliability, a qualified vocational expert’s testimony as to the number of
jobs existing in the national economy that a claimant can perform is ordinarily
sufficient by itself to support an ALJ’s step-five finding.”). Therefore, the ALJ’s
step-five determination was supported by substantial evidence, and the district
court did not err in so concluding.
II
The district court properly concluded that the ALJ had provided “specific,
clear, and convincing reasons supporting a finding that [Pahl’s] limitations were
not as severe as he claimed.” Ahearn v. Saul, 988 F.3d 1111, 1117 (9th Cir. 2021).
The ALJ found that the medical record as well as Pahl’s own testimony did not
support the alleged severity of his limitations.
The ALJ identified multiple medical reports that described Pahl as “well,”
without “generalized joint pain or stiffness,” with “normal muscle tone,” “in no
distress,” and able to walk. “When objective medical evidence in the record is
4 inconsistent with the claimant’s subjective testimony, the ALJ may indeed weigh it
as undercutting such testimony.” Smartt v. Kijakazi, 53 F.4th 489, 498 (9th Cir.
2022); see also Carmickle v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1161 (9th
Cir. 2008) (“Contradiction with the medical record is a sufficient basis for rejecting
the claimant’s subjective testimony.”).
In addition, the ALJ noted that Pahl’s testimony was undercut by his own
prior statements. “To determine whether the claimant’s testimony regarding the
severity of her symptoms is credible, the ALJ may consider . . . ordinary
techniques of credibility evaluation, such as . . . prior inconsistent statements
concerning the symptoms . . . and . . . the claimant’s daily activities.” Smolen v.
Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1284 (9th Cir. 1996). The ALJ found that Pahl’s statements
in (1) the October 2019 Function Report and (2) at the hearing contradicted Pahl’s
own statements. For example, in the October 2019 Function Report, Pahl stated
that he spent 20 hours per day in bed and was active no more than four hours a day.
However, in the same report, he stated that he was able to perform basic household
chores including washing dishes, doing laundry, preparing meals, cooking, and
mowing the lawn (by riding a lawn mower). Pahl also stated that he does these
household chores for “as long as it takes” and specified that laundry may take two
to three hours and washing dishes may take him 10 to 30 minutes. Pahl also
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FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAY 16 2025 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JAMES A. PAHL, No. 24-4005
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 3:23-cv-00250-CL
v. MEMORANDUM* FRANK BISIGNANO, Commissioner of Social Security,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon Michael McShane, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted May 14, 2025** San Francisco, California
Before: S.R. THOMAS, M. SMITH, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.
James A. Pahl (“Pahl”) appeals the district court’s order affirming the
Commissioner of Social Security’s denial of his application for disability insurance
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). benefits under the Social Security Act. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §
1291. Because the parties are familiar with the facts and history of this case, we do
not recount them here. We affirm.
We review the district court’s order de novo and reverse only if the
Administrative Law Judge’s (ALJ) decision was not supported by substantial
evidence or was based on legal error. Larson v. Saul, 967 F.3d 914, 922 (9th Cir.
2020). Courts review disability benefits determinations for substantial evidence.
Biestek v. Berryhill, 587 U.S. 97, 102 (2019). “Under the substantial-evidence
standard, a court looks to an existing administrative record and asks whether it
contains ‘sufficien[t] evidence’ to support the agency’s factual determinations.”
Id. (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)).
I
The district court properly concluded that the ALJ’s finding that Pahl was
not disabled as of the expiration date of his disability insurance was supported by
substantial evidence. At the fifth step of the disability evaluation process, the ALJ
can determine the claimant is not disabled either “(1) by the testimony of a
vocational expert, or (2) by reference to the Medical–Vocational Guidelines at 20
C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 2.” Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1099 (9th Cir.
1999).
2 Here, the ALJ relied on a vocational expert who testified that Pahl could
perform the requirements of the following occupations: (1) Marker, (2) Small
Product Assember II, and (3) Electronics Worker. The vocational expert provided
specific information about the ability to sit and stand in the relevant
occupations—information that was not provided in the Dictionary of Occupational
Titles (“DOT”). The ALJ specifically asked the vocational expert if his testimony
conflicted with the DOT and inquired as to whether any of his testimony was not
covered by the DOT but rather was based on his own experience and education.
The expert explained that the DOT does not always categorize occupations by the
amount of sitting or standing involved, and therefore, he relied on his 42 years of
experience to present occupations that include jobs that allow a person to sit or
stand at will.
There was no “obvious or apparent” conflict between the vocational expert’s
testimony and the DOT. Lamear v. Berryhill, 865 F.3d 1201, 1205 (9th Cir. 2017).
The vocational expert’s testimony did not conflict with the DOT but merely
supplemented it. An ALJ may rely on a vocational expert to provide additional
information. See SSR 00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704, at *3 (Dec. 4, 2000) (“The DOT
lists maximum requirements of occupations as generally performed,” but a
vocational expert “may be able to provide more specific information about jobs or
3 occupations than the DOT.”). Here, the vocational expert provided specific
information about the ability to sit and stand at the relevant occupations—
information which was absent from the DOT. See DOT 739.687-030; DOT
209.587-034; DOT 726.687-010. The ALJ was entitled to rely on the vocational
expert’s testimony. See Ford v. Saul, 950 F.3d 1141, 1160 (9th Cir. 2020) (“Given
its inherent reliability, a qualified vocational expert’s testimony as to the number of
jobs existing in the national economy that a claimant can perform is ordinarily
sufficient by itself to support an ALJ’s step-five finding.”). Therefore, the ALJ’s
step-five determination was supported by substantial evidence, and the district
court did not err in so concluding.
II
The district court properly concluded that the ALJ had provided “specific,
clear, and convincing reasons supporting a finding that [Pahl’s] limitations were
not as severe as he claimed.” Ahearn v. Saul, 988 F.3d 1111, 1117 (9th Cir. 2021).
The ALJ found that the medical record as well as Pahl’s own testimony did not
support the alleged severity of his limitations.
The ALJ identified multiple medical reports that described Pahl as “well,”
without “generalized joint pain or stiffness,” with “normal muscle tone,” “in no
distress,” and able to walk. “When objective medical evidence in the record is
4 inconsistent with the claimant’s subjective testimony, the ALJ may indeed weigh it
as undercutting such testimony.” Smartt v. Kijakazi, 53 F.4th 489, 498 (9th Cir.
2022); see also Carmickle v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1161 (9th
Cir. 2008) (“Contradiction with the medical record is a sufficient basis for rejecting
the claimant’s subjective testimony.”).
In addition, the ALJ noted that Pahl’s testimony was undercut by his own
prior statements. “To determine whether the claimant’s testimony regarding the
severity of her symptoms is credible, the ALJ may consider . . . ordinary
techniques of credibility evaluation, such as . . . prior inconsistent statements
concerning the symptoms . . . and . . . the claimant’s daily activities.” Smolen v.
Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1284 (9th Cir. 1996). The ALJ found that Pahl’s statements
in (1) the October 2019 Function Report and (2) at the hearing contradicted Pahl’s
own statements. For example, in the October 2019 Function Report, Pahl stated
that he spent 20 hours per day in bed and was active no more than four hours a day.
However, in the same report, he stated that he was able to perform basic household
chores including washing dishes, doing laundry, preparing meals, cooking, and
mowing the lawn (by riding a lawn mower). Pahl also stated that he does these
household chores for “as long as it takes” and specified that laundry may take two
to three hours and washing dishes may take him 10 to 30 minutes. Pahl also
5 testified that before the surgery, which occurred on December 23, 2019, a year
after his last insured date, his knee was tight, but he was able to walk.
The ALJ, therefore, provided specific, clear, and convincing evidence for
discounting Pahl’s testimony regarding his most severe symptoms. Thus, the
district court did not err in rejecting Pahl’s argument to the contrary.
III
The district court properly concluded that the ALJ did not commit reversible
error in discounting Jerry Bond’s testimony. Without determining whether the
“germane reasons” standard applies to partially discounted lay witness testimony,
or if that standard applies at all after the 2017 regulations, given the similarities
between Bond’s testimony and Pahl’s, we conclude that any error in not addressing
Bond’s testimony was harmless. See Valentine v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 574
F.3d 685, 694 (9th Cir. 2009) (holding that when “the ALJ provided clear and
convincing reasons for rejecting [the claimant’s] own subjective complaints,” “it
follows that the ALJ also gave germane reasons for rejecting [lay witness]
testimony” that “was similar to such complaints”).
Here, the ALJ considered a portion of Jerry Bond’s testimony and found that
it supported the finding that Pahl had “some medical impairments that adversely
impact his ability to work.” The portions of Bond’s testimony that were allegedly
6 not considered by the ALJ were duplicative of Pahl’s own testimony, and,
therefore, the ALJ did not commit reversible error by not explicitly considering the
testimony. See Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1117-22 (9th Cir. 2012) (noting
that “[w]here lay witness testimony does not describe any limitations not already
described by the claimant, and the ALJ’s well-supported reasons for rejecting the
claimant’s testimony apply equally well to the lay witness testimony,” the failure
to address the lay witness testimony may be deemed harmless), superseded on
other grounds by 20 C.F.R. § 404.1502.
IV
The ALJ did not err in discounting Pahl’s or Bond’s testimony, and her step-
five determination is supported by substantial evidence. Therefore, the district
court did not err in denying relief.
AFFIRMED.