OPINION OP THE COURT.
McFIE, J.
From the language of the judgment of the court below, it is evident that the court was of opinion that, by testifying in behalf of her brother, that she had no interest in the claim her brother had made against the government and the Indians, the plaintiff had closed the doors of the courts of justice against herself, and that she was without a remedy in the courts, notwithstanding all the proof offered, as well as the admission of her brother, in writing, showed that she had owned one-half of the sheep and her brother had promised her one-half of the proceeds when the same was paid him. This position does violence to the principle of justice, and the judgment is manifestly wrong and erroneous.
The doctrine applied by the court was either that which relates to contracts and transactions malum in se and malum prohibitum, or the doctrine of estoppel, and in our opinion they are both equally inapplicable to the case presented by this record.
Concerning contracts and transactions malum in se and prohibitum or such as involve moral turpitude, all of the parties are considered equally guilty, and the courts will not aid either party to such contract or transaction. Counsel for appellee has referred the court to numerous authorities sustaining this doctrine, and a reference to a few of them will show to what character of transaction or contract the doctrine is to be applied. In Tool Co. v. Norris, 2 Wall. 45, was a case in which there was an agreement in the nature’of a conspiracy by which Wellington entered into an agreement with one Kress to defraud the government, and then entered into an agreement to sell the evidence of such fraudulent conspiracy. It was held that Wellington could not be permitted to profit by such conspiracy agreement, and the court declared the contracts unconscionable and void as against public policy.
The case of Trist v. Child, 21 Wall. 441, was a case where contracts for the suppression of evidence and compounding of felonies were declared to be void as against public policy.
In the case of Gibbs v. Baltimore Gas Co., 130 U. S. 396, the plaintiff brought about an agreement between two competing gas companies, by which they would cease to be'competitors, and would co-operate to prevent other companies doing business in Baltimore. The court declared in that case, that the laws were so framed as to encourage competition, and agreements to deprive the public of such benefits, were against public policy and void, and refused to aid Gibbs, who negotiated the unlawful contracts, when he sought to recover for his services.
The case of McMullen v. Hoffman, 174 U. S. 639, was a case where parties entered into agreement to put in separate bids, as if the same were bona fide, but they also secretly agreed that if either obtained the contract they would pool their interests share and share alike. The court refused to enforce this agreement, because the contract tended to defeat competition and because the parties had committed fraud in submitting separate bids apparently bona fide, while a secret agreement existed providing for combining their interests.
From these cases which apply the doctrine, it will be observed that the parties were not only willing but active participants, with full knowledge of the fraudulent and unlawful character of the contract or transaction.
But a very different principle of law applies in cases like the one now before this court, where an innocent victim is endeavoring to secure her rights from those upon whom she has relied, and who, by deceit and fraud, are seeking to deprive her of them.
In the case of Thomas v. City of Richmond, 12 Wall. 349, an early case, the doctrine of which has been followed ever since the decision was rendered; in speaking of cases where recovery can be had, although the transaction may have been illegal, mentions the following class: “Where the one party is the principal offender and the other only criminal from a constrained acquiescence in such illegal conduct, in such cases there is no parity of delictum at all between the parties, and the party so protected by the law, or so acting under compulsion, may, at any time, resort to the law for his remedy, though the illegal act'be completed.”
Recurring to the record, we find the defendants’ position to be, that Victoriana Padilla, cannot maintain an action against them, because she testified falsely that she had no interest in the Indian depredation claim filed by her brother. It is difficult to see how this testimony Avas false if the answer of her brother is true as he alleges that she never owned any interest in the sheep for the loss of which the claim was made. The defendants, hoAvever abandoned their answer that the defendant Padilla was the sole owner of the sheep, apparently in order that they might insist that the plaintiff testified falsely in behalf of her brother that she had no interest in the claim of her brother against the United States. So far as the record shows, Victoriana Padilla did not knoAV that her brother had filed a claim against the government in his own name for the sheep owned by them jointly for some eight years after the claim had been filed, as tbe document introduced by her in evidence, appears to be the result of ber discovery of her brother’s action, and a demand on her part for assurance from him that she would not be robbed of her interest: This document was evidently executed for the purpose of giving her such assurance, that she would not interfere with or deprive Padilla of his right of recovery against the government. But it will be observed, that this document is very carefully drawn, and while it admits, and informs the plaintiff that the claim was filed by him for sheep owned by them jointly, it does not promise to give her any interest in the sheep or the claim, but the promise, is, to give her one-half of the proceeds after the same are paid to him by the government. Therefore, under the terms of that instrument, she had no right to claim an interest in the sheep, but only one-half of the proceeds in the event he recovered payment for the loss of them; and if she so believed, she did not knowingly swear falsely, or intentionally join in a fraudulent or illegal transaction.
There is no evidence of any contract by which she agreed to testify on behalf of her brother as to that claim. So far as the record shows, there was no question made by the government as to the brother’s ownership of the sheep, so as to require her testimony as to whether she had any interest in the claim or not, nor does there seem to have been any controversy as to the number of sheep stolen. It is reasonable to conclude, therefore, that Mr. Lewis, who seemed to be the agent or attorney of Juan Padilla, placed Yictoriana Padilla upon the witness stand and advised her to testify that she had no interest in the claim, that a foundation might be laid for depriving her of any share of the proceeds when the same should be collected from the government.
This appears to be sustained, by what occurred at the trial in the court below. The plaintiff was asked if she did not testify in behalf of her brother in the Court of Claims that she had no interest in the Indian depredation claim of her brother. .
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OPINION OP THE COURT.
McFIE, J.
From the language of the judgment of the court below, it is evident that the court was of opinion that, by testifying in behalf of her brother, that she had no interest in the claim her brother had made against the government and the Indians, the plaintiff had closed the doors of the courts of justice against herself, and that she was without a remedy in the courts, notwithstanding all the proof offered, as well as the admission of her brother, in writing, showed that she had owned one-half of the sheep and her brother had promised her one-half of the proceeds when the same was paid him. This position does violence to the principle of justice, and the judgment is manifestly wrong and erroneous.
The doctrine applied by the court was either that which relates to contracts and transactions malum in se and malum prohibitum, or the doctrine of estoppel, and in our opinion they are both equally inapplicable to the case presented by this record.
Concerning contracts and transactions malum in se and prohibitum or such as involve moral turpitude, all of the parties are considered equally guilty, and the courts will not aid either party to such contract or transaction. Counsel for appellee has referred the court to numerous authorities sustaining this doctrine, and a reference to a few of them will show to what character of transaction or contract the doctrine is to be applied. In Tool Co. v. Norris, 2 Wall. 45, was a case in which there was an agreement in the nature’of a conspiracy by which Wellington entered into an agreement with one Kress to defraud the government, and then entered into an agreement to sell the evidence of such fraudulent conspiracy. It was held that Wellington could not be permitted to profit by such conspiracy agreement, and the court declared the contracts unconscionable and void as against public policy.
The case of Trist v. Child, 21 Wall. 441, was a case where contracts for the suppression of evidence and compounding of felonies were declared to be void as against public policy.
In the case of Gibbs v. Baltimore Gas Co., 130 U. S. 396, the plaintiff brought about an agreement between two competing gas companies, by which they would cease to be'competitors, and would co-operate to prevent other companies doing business in Baltimore. The court declared in that case, that the laws were so framed as to encourage competition, and agreements to deprive the public of such benefits, were against public policy and void, and refused to aid Gibbs, who negotiated the unlawful contracts, when he sought to recover for his services.
The case of McMullen v. Hoffman, 174 U. S. 639, was a case where parties entered into agreement to put in separate bids, as if the same were bona fide, but they also secretly agreed that if either obtained the contract they would pool their interests share and share alike. The court refused to enforce this agreement, because the contract tended to defeat competition and because the parties had committed fraud in submitting separate bids apparently bona fide, while a secret agreement existed providing for combining their interests.
From these cases which apply the doctrine, it will be observed that the parties were not only willing but active participants, with full knowledge of the fraudulent and unlawful character of the contract or transaction.
But a very different principle of law applies in cases like the one now before this court, where an innocent victim is endeavoring to secure her rights from those upon whom she has relied, and who, by deceit and fraud, are seeking to deprive her of them.
In the case of Thomas v. City of Richmond, 12 Wall. 349, an early case, the doctrine of which has been followed ever since the decision was rendered; in speaking of cases where recovery can be had, although the transaction may have been illegal, mentions the following class: “Where the one party is the principal offender and the other only criminal from a constrained acquiescence in such illegal conduct, in such cases there is no parity of delictum at all between the parties, and the party so protected by the law, or so acting under compulsion, may, at any time, resort to the law for his remedy, though the illegal act'be completed.”
Recurring to the record, we find the defendants’ position to be, that Victoriana Padilla, cannot maintain an action against them, because she testified falsely that she had no interest in the Indian depredation claim filed by her brother. It is difficult to see how this testimony Avas false if the answer of her brother is true as he alleges that she never owned any interest in the sheep for the loss of which the claim was made. The defendants, hoAvever abandoned their answer that the defendant Padilla was the sole owner of the sheep, apparently in order that they might insist that the plaintiff testified falsely in behalf of her brother that she had no interest in the claim of her brother against the United States. So far as the record shows, Victoriana Padilla did not knoAV that her brother had filed a claim against the government in his own name for the sheep owned by them jointly for some eight years after the claim had been filed, as tbe document introduced by her in evidence, appears to be the result of ber discovery of her brother’s action, and a demand on her part for assurance from him that she would not be robbed of her interest: This document was evidently executed for the purpose of giving her such assurance, that she would not interfere with or deprive Padilla of his right of recovery against the government. But it will be observed, that this document is very carefully drawn, and while it admits, and informs the plaintiff that the claim was filed by him for sheep owned by them jointly, it does not promise to give her any interest in the sheep or the claim, but the promise, is, to give her one-half of the proceeds after the same are paid to him by the government. Therefore, under the terms of that instrument, she had no right to claim an interest in the sheep, but only one-half of the proceeds in the event he recovered payment for the loss of them; and if she so believed, she did not knowingly swear falsely, or intentionally join in a fraudulent or illegal transaction.
There is no evidence of any contract by which she agreed to testify on behalf of her brother as to that claim. So far as the record shows, there was no question made by the government as to the brother’s ownership of the sheep, so as to require her testimony as to whether she had any interest in the claim or not, nor does there seem to have been any controversy as to the number of sheep stolen. It is reasonable to conclude, therefore, that Mr. Lewis, who seemed to be the agent or attorney of Juan Padilla, placed Yictoriana Padilla upon the witness stand and advised her to testify that she had no interest in the claim, that a foundation might be laid for depriving her of any share of the proceeds when the same should be collected from the government.
This appears to be sustained, by what occurred at the trial in the court below. The plaintiff was asked if she did not testify in behalf of her brother in the Court of Claims that she had no interest in the Indian depredation claim of her brother. . She answered: “Yes, sir, because Don Carlos said.it was just the same, and he said that he was a mayordomo of his and it was jnst the same, and when he got the claim- he says that your brother will give yon the half.” From this occurrence it is evident that the witness relied upon the advice of Charles W. Lewis in testifying as she did and she gives it as the reason why she so testified. She appears to have been used by both of the defendants for their own benefit, and for the purpose of taking such advantage of her ignorance of the effect of her testimony as to* deprive her of any rights she might have to one-half of the proceeds of the claim in the event her brother should receive the same. The further fact appearing from the record, that Charles W. Lewis after the money had been received by Juan Padilla, received from the brother the sum of two thousand eightv-two dollars and 50-100, which he knew the brother had obligated himself in writ- ■ ing to pay to the sister, indicates clearly the purpose of Lewis and Juan Padilla not only to deprive the plaintiff of any part of the proceeds of her property, but cause her to take such action as would deprive her of a remedy either against the government or themselves.
That the government was defrauded does not appear from this record, as it does not appear that the government paid for any more sheep than were stolen by the Indians, and the guilty Indians are required to reimburse the United States for such losses; and, while it is true that the law contemplates that the claim shall be filed in the name of the real owners, that is a matter of procedure, which, if not raised by the government itself, does not, under the circumstances, constitute a transaction so tainted with fraud and illegality, that the courts would refuse to entertain a proceeding to enforce her legal rights, as between the parties.
The plaintiff being a woman, and not supposed to be familiar with the rules of law, even if her testimony was technically untrue, and the government might proceed against her criminally, no question baying been raised by tbe government, it does not appear bow tbe defendants, whom tbe record shows to be responsible for fraud, if sucb intervened, should profit at tbe expense of their innocent victim, and thus take advantage of their own wrong.
Tbe circumstances of this case, in our opinion, bring the case clearly within tbe principle laid down by tbe court in the case of Thomas v. City of Richmond, supra. The case of Hobbs v. McLean et al., 117 U. S. 567, seems to be precisely in point, and conclusive of this case. In that case one Peck put in a bid for a contract to furnish the government with six thousand cords of wood and eight hundred tons of bay, and believing that be would be awarded tbe contract be formed a partnership with McLean and Harmon, for tbe purpose of carrying out tbe contract be expected to make. Peck was awarded tbe contract. Tbe partnership was formed, they delivered the wood, which, at tbe contract price amounted to $51,900, but were prevented from delivering tbe hay, as they claimed, by tbe officers of the United States. Tbe government refused to pay tbe amount claimed, claiming damages for failure to deliver tbe bay,. but paid $10,919.37. Peck thereupon sued the government in bis own name for $55,003.63. Tbe Court of Claims gave judgment in favor of Peck in the sum of $43,113.63. While tbe claim . was pending, Peck gave Harmon tbe following evidence of Harmon’s interest in tbe claim:
“Fort Abraham Lincoln, July 20, 1887.
“For value received, I promise to pay William Harmon, or order, $23,000, out of moneys I may hereafter receive on account of my claim against tbe United States government for contract for wood, at Tom river, on tbe Yellowstone river.
(Signed.) “C. K. Peck.”
Peck also executed and delivered to McLean, on the • same clay, a similar paper, for the sum of $17,000. Harmon and McLean both testified in behalf of Peck in the proceeding for the enforcement of his claim, and testified that they had no interest, direct or indirect, in the claim of Peck, except that each óf them had one of the notes made by Peck. The claim of Peck was allowed, as above stated, notwithstanding the fact that it was shown that these parties had an interest in the proceeds of the claim against the government, and had in their- possession documents in writing by which Peck admitted the interest of both Harmon and McLean in the proceeds to be received from the government, very similar, indeed, to the paper held by the plaintiff in this case. Peck became a bankrupt, and Hobbs was appointed assignee. Peck died. Hobbs became administrator of his estate, and McLean and Harmon, fearing that Hobbs would distribute the funds derived from said claim among the creditors of Peck, filed suit against Hobbs for the amount due them as surviving partners of Peck. McLean and Harmon recovered in the court below, and the judgment was affirmed upon appeal by the Supreme ■Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States, in deciding that case, considered and overruled the fourth assignment of error, which was as follows: “That the testimony of complainants in the Court of Claims that they had no interest in Peck’s contract Avas conclusive.” Further along in the opinion, the -court says: “The next ground against the decree of the circuit court is, that the court did not hold the plaintiffs estopped from asserting title to the fund in controversy, in the fact that they each testified in the suit of Peck against the United States, in which the fund was recovered, that he had no interest, direct or indirect, in the claim made by Peck except that he had one of the notes of the memorandum made by Peck, a copy of one of which has already been given. It must be conceded that the testimony was evasive and disingenuous, but it was not falsa But admitting that the testimony was untrue, it is difficult to see bow an estoppel is raised wbicb tbe defendants can set up against a recovery in tbis case by tbe plaintiff. An equitable estoppel is raised when there is some disposition in tbe conduct or declaration of tbe party to be estopped, or sucb gross negligence on bis part, as to amount to constructive fraud, by wbicb another has been misled to bis injury. If any estoppel could be set up in tbis case by reason of tbe testimony of tbe plaintiffs, it would be one in favor of tbe United States, who alone could have been injured by that testimony. There is no proof in tbe record that tbe defendant was misled by the testimony of tbe plaintiffs, or that be did not know tbe exact truth when betook tbe proceeds referred to-. In no point of view, therefore, can tbe defendant assert that tbe plaintiffs are estopped to claim tbe fund in controversy. It is clear the estoppel could not be set up by tbe defendant, for tbe evidence was given on bis side of tbe controversy, and be is now in possession of and claims tbe funds wbicb that testimony aided Peck, whose assignee be is, to recover. There was, therefore, no injury to defendants, and no estoppel wbicb be could set up against the.plaintiff.”
Tbis case seems to determine, adversely to tbe defendants, all of tbe points relied upon by them to sustain tbe judgment of tbe court below. Tbe court took jurisdiction of tbe case, and distributed tbe proceeds, notwithstanding tbe fact that at tbe time tbe claim by-Peck was litigated against tbe government, Harmon and McLean were jointly interested in tbe proceeds, and tbe same was proven in tbe case; and also as to- an estoppel, if sucb is relied upon.
In the case of Burck v. Taylor, 152 U. S. 684, the Supreme Court of tbe United States defines the meaning of section 3737 of tbe Revised Statutes, wherein it is declared that_“no- contract or order or. any interest therein shall be transferred by tbe party to whom sucb contract or order is given, to any other party.” Tbis is the section of the statute which it was claimed was violated by Peck when he gave McLean and Harmon an interest in his contract with the government. The court in construing the meaning of that statute, says: “Interpreting the articles in the light of the statute, as it is the duty of the court to do, they were not intended to transfer, and did not transfer, to the plaintiffs any claim or demand, legal or equitable, against the United States, or any right to exact payment from the government by suit or otherwise. They may be fairly construed, to be the personal contract of Peck.”
So, in the case at bar, the written instrument given Victoriana Padilla by Juan Padilla, her brother, did not pretent to transfer to her any right or claim against the government by which she could maintain any suit against the United States; but it was a promise of a purely personal nature, by which he agreed to divide with her the proceeds of his claim against the government when the money should be received by him, and was therefore not in violation of the statutes of the United States, as the government has no interest in the distribution of money paid upon claims adjudicated. Brooks v. Martin, 2 Wall. 70; McBlair v. Gibbs et al., 17 How. 282; Armstrong v. American Exc. Bank, 133 U. S. 433; Armstrong v. Toler, 11 Wheat. 258; Planters Bank v. Union Bank, 16 Wall. 433-483.
The money was received by Padilla and Lewis, prior to the commencement of this suit, and was recoverable by the plaintiff as money had and received, to the extent of her interest, as disclosed by the proof.
The opinion of the court in Hobbs v. McLean et al., supra, sets at rest any contention urged in support of an estoppel in this action. Indeed, it would be a strange proposition of law, that parties were permitted to plead an estoppel of their own procurement and manufacture, and such would be the case if the doctrine of estoppel was applied in this case.
Upon the trial in the court below, there was but one witness placed npon the stand, and that witness was the plaintiff herself. All of her testimony was in support of her own canse of action. The defendants alleged in their answer that the defendant Jnan Padilla was the sole owner of the sheep for which the depredation claim was made, and that Victoriana Padilla never had or claimed any interest in the sheep of the depredation claim until just prior to the commencement of this suit; but there was no testimony offered by the defendant in support of this allegation of their answers. All of the proof introduced upon the trial was to the contrary, and it was error for the court below to refuse to hear the testimony upon the issue thus tendered by the answer, unless the plaintiff, on the facts shown, was wholly without remedy, for the reason above stated. Having arrived at the conclusion, upon the facts shown, that the plaintiff was not without remedy, it follows that the court erred in disposing of the case and rendering judgment of dismissal prior to the hearing of testimony upon the other issues tendered by the answers.
The judgment of the court below will be reversed, and the cause remanded to the district court of the Second judicial district, with instructions to grant a new trial and proceed in accordance with the views herein expressed.
Mills, C. J., Parker, Baker and McMillan, JJ., concur.