Opinion by
Mr. Commissioner Slater.
1. The legal title to the land on which the hay was harvested,. was and is in the United States. Plaintiff, however, seeks to recover by establishing a possession and right of possession of the land under a claim of preferred right to purchase from the United States, as the assignee of one F. A. Hyde, at the time the hay was cut and harvested, and that defendants and James Gentry, under whom they claim, were trespassers thereon; while the defense is, that Gentry was in the actual possession of the land holding adversely to plaintiff, in good faith, under a claim and color of title. “It is recognized as a general rule that where the title to' property which has become personalty by reason of its sev[58]*58erance from the soil or freehold, as in case of timber felled, ore mined, stone quarried, etc., depends upon the ownership of the real estate from which it was severed, the owner of the real estate, if out of possession, cannot maintain trover for such property where the severance was made by a person holding adversely to such owner and in good faith under claim and color of title, since such an action, if permitted, would result in a determination of the title to real estate between conflicting claimants ih a transitory action. The remedy of the true owner in such’ a case is by ejectment to recover possession and trespass for mesne profits”: 28 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2 ed.), 670. But after recovery of possession in ejectment, the.true owner may maintain trover for property severed from the freehold by the disseisor while holding adversely: 28 Am. & Eng. Ene. Law (2d ed.), 671.
2. It was shown that plaintiff, by and through its agents and servants, of whom Gentry for a time was one, was in the possession of the land from 1894 until about March, 1900, during which time it had inclosed the same with a fence, aided by natural obstructions or. barriers, had erected thereon a dwelling house, barn and stock sheds, and had seeded 40 to 50 acres thereof to alfalfa, from which it was accustomed annually to cut hay for the feeding of stock. To aid its possession, thus shown, by adding thereto a right of possession, plaintiff offered in evidence an opinion rendered by the Secretary of the Interior, under date of October 27, 1902, and the same was received in evidence over the defendant’s objections. By recitals therein, and not otherwise, it appears to have been the result of a contest initiated by James Gentry, under whom defendants claim, against the allowance of certain selections filed by one F. A. Hyde, under the act of Congress of June 4, 1897, c. 2, 30 Stat. 11, 36 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3768), for cer[59]*59tain unsurveyed lands. One of these selections was made on April 15, 1898, and two others on October 5, 1898, altogether covering the lands occupied by plaintiff; that the selections were filed at the instance and for the benefit of the plaintiff, to whom Hyde conveyed; that the approved plat of the Government survey thereof, made in 1898, was filed in the local land office March 26, 1900; that in July, 1899, Gentry was put off the lands, under an order of court made in a suit in equity brought by the company in June of that year to enjoin and restrain him. from interfering with its possession; that he remained away until about March, 1900, when he returned and took possession, the suit having been dismissed by decree of the court in which it was brought, and, on appeal to this court, that decree having been affirmed in June, 1900 (Pacific Livestock Co. v. Gentry, 38 Or. 275: 61 Pac. 422, 65 Pac. 597); that on May 15, 1900, Gentry applied to make a homestead entry for the lands described in the answer herein, but his application was rejected by the local land office, because the prior selection of Hyde embraced the lands applied for by him, excepting one 40-acre tract; that on June 8, 1900, Gentry filed protest against Hyde’s selections, to the extent of lands applied for by him, wherein he alleges, in substance and effect, that on or about October 31, 1894, he settled upon the lands in controversy with the view to claim the same under the homestead laws, and with the intention to make homestead entry thereof when surveyed; that he erected a dwelling house on the lands, and ever since the date of his settlement has been continuously in the possession thereof, residing thereon when the selections by Hyde were filed; and that, after the lands were surveyed, he applied to make a homestead entry thereof, but that his application was rejected for conflict with said selections; that a hearing was had on the protest in August, 1900, at which both Gentry and plaintiff [60]*60herein, as successor in interest to Hyde, appeared and submitted testimony; that the local officers disagreed in their opinions on the evidence; the receiver, finding in favor of Gentry, recommended the rejection of Hyde’s selections to the extent of the conflicts with Gentry’s claim; the register finding in favor of the company, recommended that the selections be allowed to stand; that on December 16, 1901, the Commissioner of the General Land Office affirmed the decision of the receiver, rejected the selections as to all the lands embraced therein, and-held that Gentry had shown himself entitled to make homestead entry for the lands claimed by him; that the Commissioner’s decision was based upon the ground that the lands were not subject to selection under the act of June 4, 1897, when the selections were filed, for the reason that they were not vacant lands within the meaning of said act, but were at the time occupied either by Gentry or the Pacific Livestock Company; that the latter appealed to the Secretary of the Interior, who, after a consideration of the evidence and the law, reversed the opinion of the Commissioner and dismissed Gentry’s protest, holding that prior to the hearing he had not acquired the status of an occupant of the lands, as against the subsisting occupancy of the company. Hyde’s selections, however, were not finally approved, but further proof was-required to be made by the company to the effect that the selected lands were, at the time of filing the proof, still nonmineral in character, and not occupied adversely to said company.
3. For what particular purpose this decision was offered by plaintiff the record does not disclose, but it is now argued by its counsel that it is conclusive and binding upon the parties and their privies upon all questions of fact therein considered and determined, and as the Secretary therein concludes that Gentry was in the employment of the plaintiff, and, as its servant, was in [61]*61possession of the lands in controversy from 1894 until after the selection of the lands by Hyde in April and October, 1898, his possession was the possession of his principal, the plaintiff, and therefore it could not be adverse to it in good faith; that such determination is binding and conclusive upon courts having under consideration the determination of disputes between the same parties arising out of the same facts. It has been held by this court in Sanford v. Sanford, 19 Or. 3 (13 Pac. 602) that as to all matters of fact, within the scope of the authority of the officers of the Land Department of the United States, their findings must be taken as conclusive in the absence of fraud and mistake. This is upon the principle of estoppel by former adjudication. It is said by Mr. Justice Field, in Smelting Co. v. Kemp, 104 U. S. 636, 640 (26 L. Ed. 875), in respect to such decisions: “Their judgment in such cases is, like that of other special tribunals upon matters within their exclusive jurisdiction, unassailable except by a direct proceeding for its correction or annulment.” Before, however, such decision is available as a defense of former adjudication to a plea that Gentry was in the adverse, continuous and exclusive possession under claim of right in good faith from 1900 to 1902, it must be pleaded: 9 Enc. PI. & Pr. 617. And “a plea of former adjudication in an action involving ownership—such as trover or detinue—must aver that the question of title was actually decided in the former case, or was so involved that the judgment could not have been rendered without its determination. The only effect of such former judgment is to settle the rights of the parties up to that time, and it cannot prevent the plaintiff from recovering on a title since acquired”: Id. 624.
4. No such defense was stated by plaintiff when replying to defendants’ answer, and hence for that reason, if for no other, it was improperly admitted. Neither was [62]*62the offer of the document accompanied by any competent proof that it was the original, nor of its genuineness, nor was it authenticated by any certificate of the proper officer that it was a copy.
5. But if we yield to counsel the full benefit of the proof offered, is it sufficient in itself by force of the mere recitals therein, to establish all of the jurisdictional facts upon which it purports to be based, and necessary to make the decision binding upon the parties ? We think not. It is incumbent upon the party making the offer to show by competent proof how the contest originated, what issues were submitted by the parties to the tribunal for its decision, and from these primary facts, when shown, the court is able to determine the proper extent and scope of the jurisdiction exercised in the particular case and whether the decision offered is within or beyond its proper limits as to jurisdiction. It was, therefore, incumbent on plaintiff to offer competent proof of valid selections by Hyde, and of Gentry’s notice or protest of contest: Brown v. Corson, 16 Or. 388 (19 Pac. 66: 21 Pac. 47).
6. When that is done, it will be plain that the jurisdiction of the Land Department, in this particular matter, was to determine whether the land attempted to be selected by Hyde, on the date of the presentment of his applications, to-wit, April 15 and October 5, 1898, was “vacant and open to settlement” within the terms of the act of June 4, 1897, and this would necessarily include the determination of the nature and extent of Gentry’s asserted occupancy and possession at, and prior. to, that time. That question, however, is not necessarily involved in this case, but the present inquiry is, what was the character of his occupancy, and right of possession asserted by him, after that and between 1900 and 1902, from which the jury may ascertain who was the owner and entitled to the possession of the hay now in [63]*63question. Into this latter question the department had no legitimate right of inquiry.
7. After this decision was received in evidence and read to the jury, defendants moved that it be stricken out, particularly specifying the grounds of their motion. While the motion was overruled at the time, yet the court, -at the time of instructing the jury, recurred to the motion and allowed it, and instructed the jury not to consider it. This, it would seem, corrected the error of the court in admitting it. But we have thought it necessary to thus refer to it, because of its relation to other assignments of error.
8. At the conclusion of plaintiff’s case, defendants moved for a nonsuit, the denial of which by the court is assigned as error. Aside from the opinion of the Secretary of the Interior, the substance of which we have stated, plaintiff’s evidence, in substance, shows two deeds by F. A. Hyde and wife, one executed on June 15, 1898, and the other on June 2, 1899, conveying to plaintiff the lands claimed by it, but no competent proof was offered showing or tending to show that Hyde had any right therein to convey. The mere production of a deed to the land to plaintiff from a third person is insufficient, unless further proof of title in the grantor is produced: 28 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2 ed.), 673; Solomon v. Widner, 117 Mich. 534 (76 N. W. 5) ; Hungerford v. Redford, 29 Wis. 345. It is not shown that Hyde was ever in possession of the land or had acquired any legal or equitable title that would entitle him to possession.
9. All that is claimed is that, in April and October, 1898, he filed in the local land office selections covering this land, in lieu of certain lands included in forest reserves, the title to which he claims to have offered to surrender and convey to the United States under the act of Congress of June 4, 1897, c. 2, 30 Stat. 11, 36 (U. S. [64]*64Comp. St. 1901, p. 3768). The part of this act material to be considered is, that one owning such lands may “relinquish the tract to the Government, and may select, in lieu thereof, a tract of vacant land open to settlement not exceeding in area the tract covered by his claim or patent.” No competent proof, however, of any relinquishment • and selection by Hyde was offered. But waiving such matters and conceding that such proof was offered, does that invest him with any right in or to the lands so selected as against even a mere trespasser at any time before final acceptance thereof by the Secretary of the Interior or the issuánce of a patent ? Whatever right he may eventually acquire in such selected lands is not based upon a settlement thereon, impliedly or expressly required by the Government as a condition precedent to the acquisition of title, as would be the case of a homesteader or pre-emptioner; but, in its essence, it is a mere exchange of lands, and neither party acquires any legal or equitable title in the lands proposed to be exchanged until the acceptance or final consummation thereof: Wisconsin Central R. R. Co. v. Price County, 133 U. S. 496 (10 Sup. Ct. 341: 33 L. Ed. 687) ; Cosmos Exploration Co. v. Gray Eagle Oil Co. 112 Fed. 4 (50 C. C. A. 79: 61 L. R. A. 230).
10. We doubt, therefore, whether after a proof of a selection made, but not finally accepted, a conveyance by Hyde to the plaintiff will add anything to its assumed right of possession and aid in making a case against defendants. The plaintiff, being a corporation, could not lawfully become a settler upon public lands, because it has no right to acquire title thereto as a settler, and therefore its occupation and inclosure of the lands was, at least before Hyde’s selection, in violation of Act Cong. Feb. 25, 1885,'c. 149, 23 Stat. 321 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1524), entitled “An act to prevent unlawful occupancy of public lands.” The extent of plaintiff’s rights, there[65]*65fore, would be limited to one having pedis possessio or actual possession as against a mere intrusion or trespass by a stranger to the title. The plaintiff, however, has shown that, while it was in the constructive, not the actual, possession of the land, Gentry, after he had ceased to be plaintiff’s servant in July, 1899, and had left possession of the land which he had formerly held for it, entered, in March, 1900, into the actual possession for himself, claiming as a settler under the homestead laws, and in May of that year made application to file on the land. How he acquired possession in March, 1900, is not shown, but it is testified that he acquired possession, claiming as a homesteader, and continued in such possession until about November, 1902, during which time he irrigated the land and harvested, or sold the right to harvest, the grass growing thereon.
11. It is urged by plaintiff’s counsel that the case of Atherton v. Fowler, 96 U. S. 513 (24 L. Ed. 732) is similar to the case at .bar and decisive of it. But we do not so consider it. That was an appeal from a .judgment in replevin, in favor of a prior possessor, for. hay cut on public lands by one who was in the adverse possession, claiming a pre-emption right when he cut the hay. The Supreme Court of California had reversed the judgment (Page v. Fowler, 28 Cal. 605) on the ground that such an action cannot be made the means of litigating and determining the right to the possessor of real property as between conflicting claimants to the possession where the title is in the United States. On appeal therefrom, the Supreme Court of the United States, reversing the case, held that no right can be initiated on government land which is in the actual possession of another by a forcible, fraudulent, or clandestine entry thereon. The facts upon which this declaration of the law is based are quite different from the facts in the present case. There plaintiff claimed by virtue [66]*66of a prior actual possession and as a bona fide purchaser from Vallejo, who held under a Mexican grant therefore adjudged to be void. Under the act of Congress of March 3, 1863, c. 117, 12 Stat. 808, such purchasers were granted the right to purchase from the United States at a stated price, the lands they had reduced to possession. Plaintiff was one of such purchasers. He had not effected the purchase from the United States, but he had the actual possession and had inclosed and had been cultivating the land, and these things gave him, under that statute, a preferred right to purchase. The defendant’s entry was by force, by driving plainiff out. Here it is not shown or claimed that plaintiff was in the' actual possession, not that he was forcibly dipossessed, but on the contrary it is shown that defendant entered into possession in March, 1900, claiming as a homesteader. Every competent locator has the right to initiate a lawful claim to unappropriated public lands by a peaceable, adverse entry upon it while it is in the possession of those who have no superior right to acquire the title or to hold the possession: Belk v. Meagher, 104 U. S. 279 (26 L. Ed. 735) ; Thallman v. Thomas, 111 Fed. 277 (49 C. C. A. 317). That action also was against the disseisor for conversion of the hay, while the present case is against one claiming by purchase from the disseisor, which fact in our view, is important to be considered, and is a potent reason why plaintiff should not recover in this case. Assuming that plaintiff’s prior possession of the premises, together with its conveyances from Hyde, invested it with such a legal right or title in the land, that it was also the owner of property which had become personal because severed from the soil, and, by virtue thereof, it might recover the same, or the value thereof, when wrongfully taken, yet there is a limitation to this right of recovery when prosecuted against a stranger who entered under a title upon which he is justified in relying.
[67]*6712. When an owner has been disseised and has recovered possession by a re-entry, by a legal fiction called relation, he is regarded as having been continuously invested with the freehold and possession, which, before re-entry, was in the disseisor: Cutting v. Cox, 19 Vt. 517; Dewey v. Osborn, 4 Cow. (N. Y.) 329; Trubee v. Miller, 48 Conn. 347 (40 Am. Rep. 177) ; Liford’s Case, 11 Coke, Rep. 46; and, after such re-entry, he may have his action of trespass quare clausum against his disseisor, and laying it with a continuando may recover therein, besides his rents and profits, all the intermediate damage to the premises done between the disseisin and re-entry: Note to Anderson v. Hapler, 85 Am. Dec. 325, and cases there cited. And it seems that after re-entry, the owner having possession by relation may bring trover against a person who, with knowledge of the title to the property, cut and carried away timber while the owner was out of possession: Citing Heath v. Ross, 12 Johns. (N. Y.) 140. “It is a rule of the common law,” says Judge FREEMAN in his able note to Anderson v. Hapler, supra, “that the doctrine of relation shall not lake effect to the injury of a stranger. And the question arises whether, after regaining possession, the disseisee has any remedy for injuries to the freehold against any one else than the disseisor. Some of the authorities state that his only action is against the disseisor and his servants, and others who have committed the trespass by his command, and in his right: Keilway, lb, Hob. 98; 1 Bac. Abr. tit. “Trespass,” G. 40; 1 Roll. Abr. 101; Lifford’s Case, 12 Jac. 4; s. c. 11 Rep. 51; King v. Baker, 25 Pa. 186; Dewey v. Osborn, 4 Cow. (N. Y.) 329; and that he can have no action against a feoffee of the disseisor, because he comes in by title, and the doctrine of relation shall not make him who comes in lawfully, that is, by title, a wrongdoer. On the other hand, there is weighty authority to the contrary, and to the [68]*68effect that after re-entry the disseisee may have his action of trespass either against the disseisor, his lessee, donee, or feoffee, or against a stranger for mesne profits, and trespass done during disseisin, on the ground, of course, that by relation the possession is regarded as having been continuously in the plaintiff since the disseisin: 2 Roll. Abr. 554; Holcomb v. Rawlyns, Cro. Eliz. 540; Truebee v. Miller, 48 Conn. 347, s. c. 40 Am. Rep. 177; Morgan v. Varick, 8 Wend. (N. Y.) 587; Green v. Biddle, 8 Wheat. (U. S.) 75 (5 L. Ed. 547). See Bacon v. Sheppard, 11 N. J. Law, 197 (20 Am. Dec. 584, 586), where the early authorities are collected and reviewed.”
But this discussion is limited by the learned author to actions for damages to the realty or to the possession and for the rents and profits thereof, and the cases cited by him are wholly of that class. We find, however, the same divergence of authority when the rights of the disseisee are considered in actions of detinue or trover brought by him against a stranger. Of the former class Brothers v. Hurdle, 32 N. C. 490 (51 Am. Dec. 400), which denies the right to recover, is the leading case, and of the latter, Trust Co. v. Hardwood Co. 74 Miss. 584 (21 South. 396: 36 L. R. A, 155: 60 Am. St. Rep. 531) is perhaps the latest, which permits recovery. “But the action does not lie,” says Judge Freeman, “against a stranger who enters under 'a person who is lawfully in possession under a process of law, such a person being, indeed, a stranger, as he has a right to rely upon the legality of process of law. Thus, in Case v. DeGoes, 3 Caines (N. Y.), 261, the action was trespass for carrying away saw logs. The defense was a license from one Bull, who was in possession by virtue of a writ of restitution, which, however, was afterwards quashed. Bull was in possession by the judgment of a court having jurisdiction of the subject-matter. The proceedings having been set aside for irregularity, Bull was considered [69]*69a trespasser by relation, but not the defendants, who were strangers. And in Bacon v. Sheppard, 11 N. J. Law, 197 (20 Am. Dec. 583), and Menvil’s Case, 13 Rep. 21, the possession was taken under an erroneous judgment, and this being set aside, and the owner restored to possession, he had an action for mesne profits and intermediate damage, by whomsoever done, against the one who took possession under the judgment, but not against one who came in under title from the intermediate possessor.”
13. Now in this case it was shown, or attempted to be shown, that in June, 1899, plaintiff brought an equity suit against Gentry which involved the right of the possession to this land, and pending the suit the latter was enjoined from entering thereon or interfering with plaintiff’s possession. But the suit was finally dismissed upon findings made that defendant had and was entitled to possession. In June, 1900, this decree was affirmed by this court (Pacific Livestock Co. v. Gentry, 38 Or. 275: 61 Pac. 422: 65 Pac. 597), on the theory, however, that the contract between the parties was in fraud of the general government and against public policy. But the effect of the decree is that plaintiff was not entitled in a court of equity to immediate and exclusivé possession. of the property as against defendant. Now in addition to this adjudication between the parties, the Commissioner of the General Land Office on December 16, 1901, on Gentry’s contest against Hyde, rejected the latter’s selections, and held that Gentry had shown himself entitled to make homestead entry for the lands claimed by him, thereby confirming the previous decision of the receiver. We are of the opinion that the defendants were justified in relying upon these adjudications of Gentry’s rights, when they purchased from him the hay he had cut and the right to cut other hay and depasture the land.
[70]*7014. In any event, because of these decisions, it cannot be said (what must necessarily be said to entitle plaintiff to recover in this action) that at the time defendants purchased, plaintiff had possession or the right of immediate possession, for in consequence thereof it could not then have obtained possession of these premises or of the hay by any legal proceedings instituted for that purpose. In legal contemplation it did not have at that time the immediate right to possession.
From these considerations it follows that defendants’ motion for nonsuit should have been allowed. Therefore the judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial. Reversed.