Filed 4/30/13 P. v. Romero CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D060887
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCN288104)
WILLIAM ROMERO,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
K. Michael Kirkman, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
A jury found William Romero guilty of second degree murder (count 1), gross
vehicular manslaughter (count 2), driving under the influence causing injury (count 4),
driving with a blood alcohol level of .08 or higher causing injury (count 5), and hit and
run with death or permanent serious injury (count 6). On count 2, the jury also found
true the allegation that Romero fled the scene of the crime after committing the
offense, and on counts 4 and 5, the jury found true that Romero caused great bodily
injury to Oscar Lopez, Sr. Romero appeals, contending (1) the evidence was insufficient to support the malice element of second degree murder, and (2) his
convictions on counts 4 and 5 must be reversed because those offenses are lesser
included offenses of count 2. The Attorney General concedes and we agree that
counts 4 and 5 are lesser included offenses of count 2. We modify the judgment to
reverse the convictions on counts 4 and 5 and affirm in all other respects.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
We limit our recitation to those facts that are pertinent to resolution of Romero's
claims on appeal.
On Easter day in 2010, Romero went to a party at the home of his ex-wife,
Christina Gold. When Romero arrived at Gold's home between 2:00 and 3:00 p.m., he
was already intoxicated. Romero had tequila and some beer while at the party. He
made a comment to Gold that if he drove, someone was going to die that night. After
Romero became loud and belligerent, Gold told him to "crash on the couch." Romero
vomited several times.
Romero's daughter, Victoria Shacreaw, left the party around 5:00 p.m. and
returned two hours later. Romero was asleep while Shacreaw was gone. Around
7:30 p.m., Romero stated to Shacreaw, "If I drive right now either I'm gonna die or
some innocent's gonna die." At 8:40 p.m., neighbors came to the house and said they
were going to have Romero's car towed because it was in their driveway. Shacreaw
asked Romero for his keys in order to move the car, but Romero pushed her and the
neighbors out of the way and took off. As Romero was running down the stairs,
Shacreaw told him to give her the keys because he was too drunk to drive.
2 Romero's son, Nicholas, was also at the party that day. Nicholas left the party
in the afternoon and returned to the home that he shared with his father. Around
9:00 p.m. that night, Nicholas heard Romero's Camaro pull into the driveway. When
Nicholas went outside to Romero's car, Romero was sitting in the driver's seat talking
on the phone. Romero drove away around 10:00 p.m.
Shortly before midnight, Robert Houston was driving southbound on Interstate
5 near San Onofre when he looked in his rearview mirror and saw a sports car
approaching him very fast. The sports car was traveling at approximately 100 miles
per hour and recklessly changing lanes. Other witnesses also observed a dark Camaro
traveling at a high rate of speed and recklessly moving across lanes of traffic. The
Camaro then hit the rear end of a Ford Explorer, causing the Explorer to spin and hit
the guardrail.
Lopez, Sr., and his son, Oscar Lopez, Jr., were thrown out of the Explorer.
Lopez, Sr. died from his injuries and Lopez, Jr., who was found lying on the
northbound side of the freeway, suffered a laceration on his head that required staples
to repair. Two other passengers did not sustain any injuries requiring treatment.
When Officer Mark Keyes and his partner arrived at the site of the accident,
they received information that the driver of the Camaro had fled the scene. The
officers spotted Romero walking along a frontage road next to the freeway. Romero
darted down a trail towards the beach. Border Patrol agents found Romero lying in the
brush. Although agents did not mention the crash, Romero immediately stated that he
was not the driver of the vehicle. He claimed the driver was a man named "Ted," who
3 he met at Lucky John's bar in Fullerton that night. Romero told officers that he was
drinking beers with Ted at the bar and later, in a nearby park.
Romero's blood was drawn at a hospital. His DNA matched DNA from blood
samples taken from the driver's side airbag in the Camaro and a metal guardrail. When
Romero's blood was drawn at 2:05 a.m., his blood alcohol level was .10 percent. Jorge
Pena, a criminalist with the San Diego County Sheriff's Crime Laboratory, testified
that based on a normal rate of elimination, Romero's blood alcohol level at the time of
the crash was between .125 and .145 percent. Pena explained that because of the
"Mellanby effect," a person feels the effects of alcohol more during intake than during
the time the body is eliminating alcohol from the system.
DISCUSSION
Romero argues there was insufficient evidence to support his second degree
murder conviction. Specifically, he contends the record does not support a finding of
implied malice because the facts show he waited six hours after his last drink before
attempting to drive from Fullerton to San Diego. We reject this argument.
When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his
conviction, we examine the entire record in the light most favorable to the judgment to
determine whether it contains substantial evidence from which the jury could find the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d
557, 576, 578.) We must presume in support of the judgment the existence of every
fact the trier of fact could reasonably deduce from the evidence. (People v. Kraft
(2000) 23 Cal.4th 978, 1053.) Unless it is clearly shown that "on no hypothesis
4 whatever is there sufficient substantial evidence to support the verdict," we will not
reverse. (People v. Hicks (1982) 128 Cal.App.3d 423, 429.) If the circumstances, plus
all the logical inferences the jury might have drawn from them, reasonably justify the
jury's findings, our opinion that the circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled
with a contrary finding does not warrant a reversal of the judgment. (People v.
Bradford (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1229, 1329.)
"Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being . . . with malice
aforethought." (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a).) Malice is implied when the
circumstances of the killing show "an abandoned and malignant heart." (Pen. Code,
§ 188.) Under People v. Watson (1981) 30 Cal.3d 290, 296–297, a homicide caused
by a drunk driver may, under appropriate circumstances, be prosecuted as second
degree murder. To support a second degree murder conviction based on implied
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Filed 4/30/13 P. v. Romero CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D060887
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCN288104)
WILLIAM ROMERO,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
K. Michael Kirkman, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
A jury found William Romero guilty of second degree murder (count 1), gross
vehicular manslaughter (count 2), driving under the influence causing injury (count 4),
driving with a blood alcohol level of .08 or higher causing injury (count 5), and hit and
run with death or permanent serious injury (count 6). On count 2, the jury also found
true the allegation that Romero fled the scene of the crime after committing the
offense, and on counts 4 and 5, the jury found true that Romero caused great bodily
injury to Oscar Lopez, Sr. Romero appeals, contending (1) the evidence was insufficient to support the malice element of second degree murder, and (2) his
convictions on counts 4 and 5 must be reversed because those offenses are lesser
included offenses of count 2. The Attorney General concedes and we agree that
counts 4 and 5 are lesser included offenses of count 2. We modify the judgment to
reverse the convictions on counts 4 and 5 and affirm in all other respects.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
We limit our recitation to those facts that are pertinent to resolution of Romero's
claims on appeal.
On Easter day in 2010, Romero went to a party at the home of his ex-wife,
Christina Gold. When Romero arrived at Gold's home between 2:00 and 3:00 p.m., he
was already intoxicated. Romero had tequila and some beer while at the party. He
made a comment to Gold that if he drove, someone was going to die that night. After
Romero became loud and belligerent, Gold told him to "crash on the couch." Romero
vomited several times.
Romero's daughter, Victoria Shacreaw, left the party around 5:00 p.m. and
returned two hours later. Romero was asleep while Shacreaw was gone. Around
7:30 p.m., Romero stated to Shacreaw, "If I drive right now either I'm gonna die or
some innocent's gonna die." At 8:40 p.m., neighbors came to the house and said they
were going to have Romero's car towed because it was in their driveway. Shacreaw
asked Romero for his keys in order to move the car, but Romero pushed her and the
neighbors out of the way and took off. As Romero was running down the stairs,
Shacreaw told him to give her the keys because he was too drunk to drive.
2 Romero's son, Nicholas, was also at the party that day. Nicholas left the party
in the afternoon and returned to the home that he shared with his father. Around
9:00 p.m. that night, Nicholas heard Romero's Camaro pull into the driveway. When
Nicholas went outside to Romero's car, Romero was sitting in the driver's seat talking
on the phone. Romero drove away around 10:00 p.m.
Shortly before midnight, Robert Houston was driving southbound on Interstate
5 near San Onofre when he looked in his rearview mirror and saw a sports car
approaching him very fast. The sports car was traveling at approximately 100 miles
per hour and recklessly changing lanes. Other witnesses also observed a dark Camaro
traveling at a high rate of speed and recklessly moving across lanes of traffic. The
Camaro then hit the rear end of a Ford Explorer, causing the Explorer to spin and hit
the guardrail.
Lopez, Sr., and his son, Oscar Lopez, Jr., were thrown out of the Explorer.
Lopez, Sr. died from his injuries and Lopez, Jr., who was found lying on the
northbound side of the freeway, suffered a laceration on his head that required staples
to repair. Two other passengers did not sustain any injuries requiring treatment.
When Officer Mark Keyes and his partner arrived at the site of the accident,
they received information that the driver of the Camaro had fled the scene. The
officers spotted Romero walking along a frontage road next to the freeway. Romero
darted down a trail towards the beach. Border Patrol agents found Romero lying in the
brush. Although agents did not mention the crash, Romero immediately stated that he
was not the driver of the vehicle. He claimed the driver was a man named "Ted," who
3 he met at Lucky John's bar in Fullerton that night. Romero told officers that he was
drinking beers with Ted at the bar and later, in a nearby park.
Romero's blood was drawn at a hospital. His DNA matched DNA from blood
samples taken from the driver's side airbag in the Camaro and a metal guardrail. When
Romero's blood was drawn at 2:05 a.m., his blood alcohol level was .10 percent. Jorge
Pena, a criminalist with the San Diego County Sheriff's Crime Laboratory, testified
that based on a normal rate of elimination, Romero's blood alcohol level at the time of
the crash was between .125 and .145 percent. Pena explained that because of the
"Mellanby effect," a person feels the effects of alcohol more during intake than during
the time the body is eliminating alcohol from the system.
DISCUSSION
Romero argues there was insufficient evidence to support his second degree
murder conviction. Specifically, he contends the record does not support a finding of
implied malice because the facts show he waited six hours after his last drink before
attempting to drive from Fullerton to San Diego. We reject this argument.
When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his
conviction, we examine the entire record in the light most favorable to the judgment to
determine whether it contains substantial evidence from which the jury could find the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d
557, 576, 578.) We must presume in support of the judgment the existence of every
fact the trier of fact could reasonably deduce from the evidence. (People v. Kraft
(2000) 23 Cal.4th 978, 1053.) Unless it is clearly shown that "on no hypothesis
4 whatever is there sufficient substantial evidence to support the verdict," we will not
reverse. (People v. Hicks (1982) 128 Cal.App.3d 423, 429.) If the circumstances, plus
all the logical inferences the jury might have drawn from them, reasonably justify the
jury's findings, our opinion that the circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled
with a contrary finding does not warrant a reversal of the judgment. (People v.
Bradford (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1229, 1329.)
"Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being . . . with malice
aforethought." (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a).) Malice is implied when the
circumstances of the killing show "an abandoned and malignant heart." (Pen. Code,
§ 188.) Under People v. Watson (1981) 30 Cal.3d 290, 296–297, a homicide caused
by a drunk driver may, under appropriate circumstances, be prosecuted as second
degree murder. To support a second degree murder conviction based on implied
malice, the defendant must have "deliberately performed an act, the natural
consequences of which are dangerous to life, knowing that the conduct endangers the
life of another, but acting with conscious disregard for that risk of life." (People v.
Autry (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 351, 358.) To establish the requisite implied malice, a
subjective standard is applied; in other words, the defendant must have actually
appreciated the risk involved. (Ibid.) However, " 'it is not necessary to establish that
the defendant intended that his act would result in the death of a human being.'
[Citation.]" (People v. Swain (1996) 12 Cal.4th 593, 603.) "The implied malice
component of second degree murder may be described as a mental state encompassing
these elements: knowledge that the act involves a high probability that death will
5 result; a specific intent to do the act despite such knowledge; a base, antisocial purpose
with wanton disregard for human life." (People v. Young (1981) 120 Cal.App.3d 683,
692, italics omitted.)
Here, there was ample evidence that Romero harbored implied malice sufficient
to support his second degree murder conviction. The evidence showed that Romero
knew and appreciated the consequences and risks associated with driving while
intoxicated. In the afternoon before the crash, Romero told Gold that someone would
die if he drove that night. He made a similar comment to Shacreaw around 7:30 p.m.
As late as 8:40 p.m., which was only two and a half hours before Romero alleges he
started his drive from Fullerton to San Diego, Shacreaw told Romero that he was too
drunk to drive.
Moreover, although Romero attempts to frame his argument to suggest that he
made a conscious decision to wait until 11:15 p.m., six hours after his last drink,
before driving, the evidence indicated that he was highly intoxicated, passed out or
vomiting during most of that time. Further, Romero did not wait six hours before
getting into a car. Despite his daughter's objections and statement that he was too
drunk to drive, Romero pushed her aside and got into his vehicle around 8:40 p.m.
when neighbors came to the house. Notably, Romero did not have to drive at that
point. He had the option of allowing his daughter to move his car but refused her
request for his car keys. According to Romero's son, Romero stopped at his house and
drove again around 10:00 p.m. that night. Although Romero claims he did not drive
until 11:15 p.m. and it is unclear what he did between 10:00 p.m. and the time of the
6 crash, that does not change the result. In our view, the evidence does not indicate
Romero made a purposeful decision to wait until he was sober because of the risks
associated with drinking and driving. To the contrary, he was aware of the risks and
made the decision to drive regardless of those risks.
We are also not convinced that evidence of the "Mellanby effect" diminishes
Romero's culpability, especially where there was clear evidence that he knew the
consequences of his actions and engaged in dangerous conduct. In addition to
Romero's statements acknowledging the risks of drinking and driving and his decision
to drive despite those risks, Romero's conduct showed a wanton disregard for life.
Multiple witnesses observed Romero driving at a speed of approximately 100 miles
per hour and recklessly changing lanes. These factors support a finding of implied
malice. (People v. McCarnes (1986) 179 Cal.App.3d 525, 535 ["pattern of reckless,
high-speed passing maneuvers" supported finding of implied malice]; People v.
Albright (1985) 173 Cal.App.3d 883, 887 [defendant guilty of second degree murder
where he drove at 100 miles per hour knowing that other people were on the road and
must have known the high probability that he would cause death if he continued his
conduct].)
Lastly, without developing the argument, Romero claims that "[w]ithout legally
adequate evidence, [his] convictions also violate [his] federal constitutional right to
due process." Having found that substantial evidence supported Romero's conviction
for second degree murder, we reject his federal due process claim.
7 DISPOSITION
The convictions on counts 4 and 5 are reversed. In all other respects, the
judgment is affirmed. The trial court is directed to modify the abstract of judgment
accordingly and forward a copy to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.
MCINTYRE, J.
WE CONCUR:
HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.
IRION, J.