Filed 6/27/13 P. v. Aguilar CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E054955
v. (Super.Ct.No. INF10002465)
LOUIE AGUILAR, JR., OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Steven G. Counelis and
Arjuna T. Saraydarian (retired judge of the Riverside Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief
Justice pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.), Judges.1 Conditionally reversed and
remanded with directions.
Kathleen M. Redmond, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
1 Judge Counelis denied defendant’s motion under Pitchess v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531 (Pitchess). Judge Saraydarian presided over defendant’s trial.
1 Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, and Quisteen Shum and Raquel
M. Gonzalez, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
I. INTRODUCTION
Defendant Louie Aguilar, Jr., appeals from his conviction of assault by means of
force likely to produce great bodily injury (Pen. Code,2 § 245, subd. (a); count 1),
resisting an executive officer in the performance of duty (§ 69; count 2), and
misdemeanor vandalism (§ 594, subd. (a); count 3), with true findings on enhancement
allegations of a strike prior conviction (§§ 667, subds. (c), (e)(1), and 1170.12, subd.
(c)(1)) and a prison term prior conviction (§ 667.5, subd. (b)).
Defendant contends the trial court denied him his constitutional right to confront
witnesses when it limited cross-examination of witnesses regarding evidence relevant to
credibility. In addition, defendant requests this court to examine the confidential files the
trial court viewed under Pitchess to determine if his motion for discovery of police
officers’ records was properly decided. We conclude the trial court abused its discretion
in ruling on defendant’s Pitchess motion, and we therefore conditionally reverse
defendant’s conviction.
2 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
2 II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Deputy Reynaga’s Testimony
About 12:30 a.m. on August 5, 2010, Vanessa Gonzalez3 placed a 911 call to
report receiving annoying telephone calls. When Deputy Sheriff Christian Reynaga
responded to her home on Lapiz Drive in Coachella, Vanessa told him she would prefer
to speak with him on the telephone because the caller had threatened to break windows
and burn her house down; she thought the caller might be in the neighborhood and she
did not want the caller to know she had contacted the police. The deputy left and called
Vanessa by telephone. She said she did not know who had made the calls, and she
requested extra patrols in the area. The deputy told her that officers would try to drive by
more often that night.
Later that morning, Deputy Reynaga received a second call from dispatch
regarding a 911 call reporting a disturbance at the Gonzalez residence. Vanessa told the
deputy a man had been knocking on the door, but he was gone. She knew the man’s
name was Louie, and he had been a former boyfriend of her sister, Veronica Gonzalez.
Vanessa again requested additional patrols, and the deputy left.
Within a few minutes, however, Deputy Reynaga received a third call from
dispatch. This time, Robert Gonzalez, Vanessa’s and Veronica’s brother, called 911
stating “some guy” was there hitting his sister. Deputy Reynaga arrived at the
Gonzalezes’ address within a few minutes, and Deputy Richard Rodriguez pulled in
3 Because several witnesses bore the same surname, we will refer to them herein by their first names for clarity and convenience, and not intending any disrespect.
3 behind him. Deputy Reynaga saw a man standing next to Vanessa and Veronica in the
yard; the man matched the description Vanessa had given earlier. He heard the man,
defendant, swear and reach over to try to hug Veronica, and he heard Veronica say, “‘I
told you to get outta here.’” Deputy Reynaga detained defendant to determine if any
crime had occurred.
Recordings of all three 911 calls were played for the jury, and the jury was
provided with transcripts of the calls. In the second 911 call, Vanessa said her sister’s ex-
boyfriend was breaking down the door. Defendant could be heard yelling in the
background for someone to come outside. Vanessa said defendant pulled Veronica
outside, but she had pushed him out and locked the door. He had not tried to hit Veronica
but only pulled her outside. He pushed the door open and the door hit Vanessa in the
face. In the third 911 call, Robert said “Some guy’s over here. He’s hitting my sister.”
Robert said the man had broken into the house, was threatening him, and had tried to hit
him.
After defendant was driven away in a patrol car by another officer, Deputy
Reynaga spoke with Vanessa. She told him she had seen defendant and Veronica
arguing. Defendant had pulled Veronica’s hair and had then produced a cell phone
charger cord, wrapped the ends around his fists, and tried to loop it over Veronica’s head.
Veronica ran away from defendant and he began chasing her. Vanessa ran into the
house, grabbed a pair of scissors, and tried to defend her sister. Deputy Reynaga saw the
scissors in Vanessa’s hand. Deputy Reynaga recovered a phone charger cord from the
ground, and Vanessa identified it as the one defendant had used.
4 Robert told Deputy Reynaga he heard a disturbance and followed his sisters
outside. When he saw defendant try to loop a cord over Veronica’s head, Robert ran
inside and called 911. While Robert was on the phone, defendant threatened him with
physical violence.
Veronica told Deputy Reynaga that defendant had come to the house and
demanded she come outside. He began hitting his head on some landscape rocks. He
then knocked on the door and threatened to continue until Veronica came outside. She
finally complied. She told the deputy that defendant had taken the cord out of his pocket,
but she denied that he pulled her hair or committed any violent act. She did not want to
give a statement.
B. Gonzalez Siblings’ Testimony
1. Vanessa
Vanessa testified that she did not want to be in court—the events had happened
almost a year earlier, and she stated “there’s no point.” She made the first 911 call, but
she did not know who had made threatening phone calls to the house. It could not have
been defendant, because he was at the house when the call came in. Vanessa also made
the second 911 call. She testified that defendant had been knocking loudly on the door,
and it sounded like he was breaking it down. She thought he was drunk, and she did not
want him at the house. Vanessa opened the door; defendant grabbed Veronica by the
wrist, and they argued. Vanessa would not let Veronica go outside. Defendant was then
in the yard hitting himself with landscape rocks. Veronica did not want Vanessa to call
5 911. Vanessa admitted she sounded scared on the 911 tape; she testified she had been
scared for her sister.
Vanessa denied defendant had tried to hurt Veronica with the cord. She denied
telling the deputy that defendant had tried to loop the cord over Veronica’s neck. She
testified that he had a phone charger cord and “was, like, just screaming with it in his
hands.” The cord “was wrapped around each one of his hands; each end of the cord was
wrapped around his hands,” and his hands were about seven inches apart. He did not do
anything with the cord because Vanessa would not let him—she pulled the cord out of his
hands and threw it on the ground. She had a “long pair of scissors” that she used to keep
defendant away from Veronica.
2. Robert
Robert testified that he did not want to be in court and felt it was a waste of time.
He stated, “It was a long time ago. I forgot about it. It’s the past. I got over it.” He
testified that defendant was his sister’s former boyfriend. He confirmed he had placed
the third 911 call. Before he made the call, he had been sleeping and was awakened by
banging on the door. He saw his sisters closing the door with force, and he then called
911. Although he had said on the 911 call that defendant was hitting his sister, that was
not true; he had made the statement so the police would hurry. Robert had gone outside,
grabbed Veronica, and had gone back inside. When he went outside, he saw defendant
arguing. He did not remember seeing Vanessa with scissors and did not remember that
defendant had a black cable. He did not remember talking to an officer and did not
remember telling an officer that he had seen defendant loop a cable around his hands.
6 3. Veronica
Veronica testified that defendant was a former boyfriend. She stated she did not
want to be in court; that she would “much rather” be at work, her brother had school and
her sister had work, and she believed it was a waste of time. She had no desire to talk
about the events of August 5, 2010, and she did not “feel anything of significance
happened.” She testified that she had been drinking that night and did not remember the
events very clearly. She had just broken up with defendant on August 5 and had “tried to
move on.”
She remembered that defendant banged on her door that night. She opened the
door and told him he needed to leave. Her sister called the police because defendant
would not leave, and he was “being loud outside.” She did not remember forcing the
door closed or trying to hold it closed. She went outside but then returned inside when
her brother and sister asked her to, and she did not go outside again. Defendant had been
hitting himself on the head with rocks in the front yard. She had not spoken to the
deputies the first time they showed up, and she did not remember speaking to them at all.
She said she had been “obviously emotionally unstable,” and her brother was trying to
keep her inside. She repeated that she did not remember speaking to any officers. Her
sister told her that the officers had taken defendant, and she could hear yelling. One
officer asked her if she was okay and she said she was. He asked if she wanted to press
charges, and she said she did not. An officer showed her a black cable and asked if
defendant had tried to put it around her neck. She did not believe he had been trying to
do that. She had also told an officer she was okay and she did not want to press charges.
7 On cross-examination, she testified that she hugged defendant when she saw the
officers pull up and asked him why he had made such a scene. Defendant had been
drinking and acting strangely that night; he had not been taking his medication.
Defendant had never been violent with her. She had had no contact with defendant since
that night, and she did not have a current relationship with him.
C. Resisting an Officer and Misdemeanor Vandalism
Deputy Reynaga testified that when he detained defendant and handcuffed him so
he could talk to the witnesses, defendant struggled. During the struggle, defendant
kicked Deputy Reynaga. Deputy Reynaga activated his digital recorder during the
struggle, and the audiotape was played for the jury. Deputy Rodriguez testified that he
reported to the Lapiz Drive address and saw Deputy Reynaga handcuffing a subject.
Deputies Rodriguez and Abrego testified as to the struggle to get defendant into the patrol
car. Defendant continued kicking and slamming his head while in the backseat of the
patrol car, and his kicking and head slamming cracked the anchor points of the Plexiglas
shield that protected the door.
D. Verdict and Sentence
The jury found defendant guilty of assault by means of force likely to produce
great bodily injury (§ 245, subd. (a); count 1), resisting an executive officer in the
performance of duty (§ 69; count 2), and misdemeanor vandalism (§ 594, subd. (a); count
3). The trial court found true the allegations of a strike prior and a prison term prior
(§ 667, subds. (c), (e)(1), 1170.12, subd. (c)(1), 667.5, subd. (b)).
8 The trial court sentenced defendant to the middle term of three years for count 1,
doubled as a second strike (§ 667, subd. (e)(1)), and to a concurrent term of four years for
count 2. The court imposed a consecutive one-year enhancement for the prison term
prior and sentenced defendant to 365 days with credit for time served for his
misdemeanor conviction in count 3.
Additional facts are set forth in the discussion of the issues to which they pertain.
III. DISCUSSION
A. Limitation on Cross-Examination of Witnesses
Defendant contends the trial court denied him his constitutional right to confront
witnesses when it limited cross-examination of witnesses regarding evidence relevant to
credibility.
1. Additional Background
During cross-examination of Vanessa, defense counsel tried to elicit testimony
that Vanessa appeared to be uncooperative with the prosecution because an investigator
from the district attorney’s office had shot the family dog. The prosecutor objected on
the grounds of relevance and facts not in evidence. Defense counsel argued that the
evidence explained the witness’s state of mind while testifying. The trial court sustained
the objection and struck Vanessa’s response that she was very upset about the incident.
Defense counsel later attempted to elicit similar evidence from Veronica, but the trial
court again sustained an objection. However, the trial court did not strike Veronica’s
response that she was “[v]ery much” angry “because of the incident with [her] dog.”
9 After the Gonzalez siblings testified, the prosecutor moved “for purposes of
remaining testimony and closes, no more mention of shooting dogs.” Both counsel noted
that an investigating officer who had gone to the Gonzalez residence to serve subpoenas
had been bitten by one of the family’s dogs and he shot the dog in the leg. That officer
was not involved in the events of August 5. The trial court agreed with the prosecutor
that the incident would not be mentioned.
2. Analysis
A criminal defendant has the right to a reasonable opportunity to effectively cross-
examine the witnesses against him. (Delaware v. Van Arsdall (1986) 475 U.S. 673, 680.)
“‘“However, not every restriction on a defendant’s desired method of cross-examination
is a constitutional violation. Within the confines of the confrontation clause, the trial
court retains wide latitude in restricting cross-examination that is repetitive, prejudicial,
confusing of the issues, or of marginal relevance. [Citations.] California law is in
accord. [Citation.] Thus, unless the defendant can show that the prohibited cross-
examination would have produced ‘a significantly different impression of [the
witnesses’] credibility” [citation], the trial court’s exercise of its discretion in this regard
does not violate the Sixth Amendment. [Citation.]’ Citations.]” (People v. Virgil (2011)
51 Cal.4th 1210, 1251.) The harmless-beyond-reasonable-doubt standard of review
applies to the denial of the opportunity to cross-examine adverse witnesses on matters
pertinent to their credibility. (People v. Chatman (2006) 38 Cal.4th 344, 372; Chapman
v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 36.) However, we do not assume prejudice “even when
the defendant has been denied any opportunity to impeach a witness for bias.” (People v.
10 Hernandez (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1095, 1108.) In determining whether the defendant was
prejudiced by the improper limitation on cross-examination, we consider, among other
factors, whether the excluded evidence was cumulative, the extent of the cross-
examination that was allowed, the degree of evidence corroborating or contradicting the
witness, and the strength of the prosecution’s case. (Hernandez, supra, at p. 1108, citing
Delaware v. Van Arsdall, supra, at p. 684.) We examine each of those factors below.
(a) Cumulativeness
The excluded evidence was not cumulative to other admitted evidence.
(b) Extent of cross-examination that was allowed
Vanessa’s direct and redirect testimony covered approximately 30 pages of the
reporter’s transcript. Cross-examination covered approximately 11 pages. Defense
counsel cross-examined Vanessa as to what she had seen when the officers were taking
defendant into custody Defense counsel also cross-examined her about why she had said
it was a waste of time for her to be in court, and she responded, “Because it’s—there’s no
reason—I didn’t know that the cops just going to my house just to remove him was going
to lead to all this time that I’m missing from work, and my brother’s missing school.
It’s—it’s pointless. He’s not a worry to me. I could care less what happens to him,
whether he stays in here or whether he gets out. There’s, I feel, no reason to be here.”
Defense counsel asked why she had been upset earlier, and she responded, “It hurts me to
hear my sister screaming again, no matter if I heard it before; it hurts me.” She testified
she was “[v]ery upset” about having to testify again (an earlier trial had resulted in a
11 mistrial). Defense counsel then questioned her about the events between defendant and
Veronica that night.
Robert’s direct testimony covered approximately 10 pages of the reporter’s
transcript. Cross-examination covered approximately two pages. Defense counsel cross-
examined Robert about why he had not wanted to come to court, and Robert responded,
“Because it’s a waste of time” and “it’s something that was escalated into a bigger thing.”
He explained, “Like, you guys made a little thing into a bigger thing. But that’s all I
know, because I didn’t see what happened, so I don’t—I can’t really say if it was a big
thing or not.”
Veronica’s direct testimony covered approximately seven pages of the reporter’s
transcript. Cross-examination covered approximately eight pages. Defense counsel
cross-examined Veronica on whether defendant was acting strangely that night and about
his mental state and medications for his mental health.
In short, defense counsel was provided an ample opportunity to cross-examine the
witnesses on other matters relevant to their willingness to testify against defendant. And
when defense counsel asked each of the Gonzalez siblings general or open-ended
questions about why they did not want to be in court, none of them volunteered as a
reason that they were upset about the dog shooting incident.
(c) Degree of corroborating and contradictory evidence
The audiotapes of the 911 calls provided significant corroboration of Deputy
Reynaga’s testimony. In addition, the Gonzalezes corroborated at least portions of his
testimony. The cell phone charger cord was found in the Gonzalezes’ yard. Deputies
12 Rodriguez and Abrego corroborated evidence that defendant was out of control that
evening. In contrast, although Veronica denied that she remembered speaking to any
officers that night, she did testify as to certain conversations with them. Robert admitted
he lied to officers when making the 911 call.
(d) Strength of prosecution case
Deputy Reynaga testimony provided a strong case against defendant. As
discussed above, his testimony was significantly corroborated, and defense counsel cross-
examined the witnesses as to factors relevant to their willingness to cooperate with the
prosecution of defendant. Considering all the Delaware v. Van Arsdall factors together,
we conclude the restriction on cross-examination was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt.
B. Review of Pitchess Files
Defendant requests this court to examine the confidential files the trial court
viewed under Pitchess to determine if his motion for discovery of police officers’ records
was properly decided.
Defendant’s counsel moved before trial for discovery of “records and information
in the files of the Riverside County Sheriff . . . relating to the conduct, actions and
credibility,” and more specifically, records and information relating to “acts indicating or
constituting excessive force, unlawful arrest, dishonesty, fabricating charges, falsifying
reports and/or any act evincing morally lax character,” (bolding omitted) of Deputies
Rodriguez and Reynaga. The trial court granted the motion and held an in camera
13 hearing, at which it reviewed personnel files produced by the Riverside County Sheriff.
Following the hearing, the trial court ruled that it found no relevant information pursuant
to the motion.
2. Standard of Review
A motion for discovery of police officer records is addressed solely to the
discretion of the trial court, and we review the trial court’s ruling under the deferential
abuse of discretion standard. (Alford v. Superior Court (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1033, 1039.)
3. Analysis
An accused is generally entitled to discover all relevant and material information
in the possession of the prosecution that will aid him in the preparation of a defense.
(Hinojosa v. Superior Court (1976) 55 Cal.App.3d 692, 696.)
Our review of the sealed personnel files reveals materials clearly pertinent to the
issues raised by the Pitchess discovery motion in that the files contain complaints
alleging perjury and excessive force. Although the complaints were determined to be
unfounded, “[u]nsustained complaints are discoverable as well as sustained complaints.”
(People v. Zamora (1980) 28 Cal.3d 88, 93, fn. 1, citing Saulter v. Municipal Court
(1977) 75 Cal.App.3d 231, 240 [Saulter superseded by statute on another ground in
People v. Superior Court (Barrett) (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 1305, 1319]; see also Kelvin L.
v. Superior Court (1976) 62 Cal.App.3d 823, 829 (Kelvin L.)
In Kelvin L. the court explained, “Nor does the fact that the previous charges
against the officers were not substantiated render them irrelevant for purposes of
discovery. As to the two charges which were ‘not sustained,’ there were no witnesses to
14 the event other than the complaining citizen and the officer. The department concluded
that it could not fully resolve the issue on the basis of such evidence. Surely we cannot
say that an interview with these complainants would be irrelevant to preparation of
petitioner’s defense. As to the charge of which [one officer] was exonerated, there were
three civilian witnesses to that incident who contradicted the citizen who lodged the
complaint. Presumably they will give petitioner’s counsel the same version they told
police investigators. If they do, counsel will undoubtedly choose not to use their
testimony. [¶] The fact remains that under our constitutional system the burden for
preparing a criminal defendant’s case rests with his counsel, not with the police
department. That burden cannot be properly discharged unless counsel has direct access
to potential witnesses, for it is counsel who must decide if they can aid his client, not the
police department’s internal affairs division, however sincere and well motivated the
latter may be.” (Kelvin L., supra, 62 Cal.App.3d at p. 829.)
We therefore conclude the trial court abused its discretion in failing to order
disclosure of relevant information. Consequently, we will conditionally reverse
defendant’s conviction with directions to the trial court to disclose the relevant
information in the officers’ personnel files and to give defendant a reasonable opportunity
to investigate the disclosed material and request a new trial if he demonstrates a
reasonable probability of a different outcome had the evidence been disclosed.
Otherwise, the trial court shall reinstate the judgment. (See People v. Fernandez (2012)
208 Cal.App.4th 100, 123.)
15 IV. DISPOSITION
We conditionally reverse defendant’s conviction with directions to the trial court
to order disclosure of relevant information in the officers’ personnel files, to allow
defendant a reasonable opportunity to investigate the disclosed material and demonstrate
prejudice, and to order a new trial if there is a reasonable probability of a different
outcome had the evidence been disclosed. Otherwise, the trial court shall reinstate the
judgment.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
HOLLENHORST Acting P. J. We concur:
RICHLI J.
MILLER J.