IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-09-00062-CR No. 10-09-00063-CR
P. DAVID ROMEI, Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 361st District Court Brazos County, Texas Trial Court Nos. 07-04489-CRF-361 and 07-04491-CRF-361
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In Cause No. 10-09-00062-CR, the jury convicted David Romei of theft of
property with a value $1500 or more but less than $20,000. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §
31.03 (Vernon Pamph. 2010). The jury assessed punishment at 2 years in prison and a
$5000 fine. Imposition of the sentence was suspended, and Romei was placed on
community supervision for 5 years. Romei was also ordered to pay $268,000 in
restitution. In Cause No. 10-09-00063-CR, the jury convicted Romei of misapplication of
fiduciary property with a value $500 or more but less than $1500. TEX. PENAL CODE
ANN. § 32.45 (Vernon Pamph. 2010). The jury assessed punishment at a $750 fine only. We affirm Cause No. 10-09-00062-CR, and we reverse the judgment in Cause No. 10-09-
00063-CR and remand for a new trial.
Cause No. 10-09-00062-CR
Romei brings four issues on appeal in Cause No. 10-09-00062-CR challenging the
legal sufficiency of the evidence. In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to
support a conviction, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution in order to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found
the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d
772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Furthermore, we must consider all the evidence
admitted at trial, even improperly admitted evidence, when performing a legal
sufficiency review. Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d at 778; Moff v. State, 131 S.W.3d 485, 489-
90 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). The standard of review is the same for direct and
circumstantial evidence cases; circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence
in establishing an actor’s guilt. Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d at 778; Hooper v. State, 214
S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Facts
David Romei served as executive director of the Arts Council of Brazos Valley.
The Arts Council had a contract with the City of College Station that included a funding
agreement. Any changes to the contract were required to be in writing by a formal
change order.
The Arts Council commissioned many outdoor art exhibits including a firefighter
Romei v. State Page 2 statue. Romei testified that Tom Brymer, City Manager for College Station, approached
him about providing lights for the firefighter statue so that it would be more visible at
night. Romei himself estimated the cost of installing the lights to be $7400 and gave that
amount to Brymer as the cost of the job. The City of College Station prepared a written
change order on November 16, 2004 for the lighting improvements on the firefighter
statue in the amount of $7400.
On December 1, 2004, the City of College Station sent the money to the Arts
Council by wire transfer as part of a previously scheduled payment. The Arts Council
received the payment of $7400 that day from the City of College Station, and the funds
were recorded as miscellaneous income for consulting services. Also on that day, the
Arts Council issued Romei a check for $7400. The check was paid out of the
miscellaneous income account and recorded as a consulting fee paid by College Station
as personal income for Romei.
Britt Rice, an electrical contractor, testified that he met with Romei on April 11,
2005 to discuss the lighting for the firefighter statue. Rice completed the installation of
the lights in April 2005. Rice did not bill the Arts Council for the job, but provided the
parts and labor free of charge. Rice stated that had he billed the Arts Council for the
job, the cost would have been $421.
Romei testified that before the City of College Station transferred the money to
the Arts Council, he knew that Rice was not going to charge for the lighting project.
Romei learned that the city of College Station had paid a $10,000 consulting fee to
another person, and he felt that he had been “used” by the city because he had
Romei v. State Page 3 provided numerous hours of his time free of charge. Romei contacted Brymer and told
him Rice was not going to charge for the project. Romei testified that he asked Brymer
if he could keep the $7400 as a personal consulting fee. Romei stated that Brymer had
“no problem” with Romei keeping the funds. Romei instructed his chief of staff, Amie
McCoy, to record the money as a consulting fee and issue Romei a check for $7400.
Brymer testified at trial that it was his idea to have lights installed on the
firefighter statue. Brymer said that he asked Romei about the lights, and Romei said it
would be expensive. Brymer asked Romei to get an estimate and process a change
order for the lights. Brymer testified that he understood the $7400 was to be used for
lighting and that there was no other agreement between him and Romei as to the use of
the money.
Brymer further testified that the City of College Station had numerous
committees with citizens of the community serving on those committees as volunteers.
Romei was on the City Center Committee. Romei was a volunteer on the committee
and not paid to serve.
Netta Simek, previous board member and president of the Arts Council, testified
that she was not aware Romei received the consulting fee from the City of College
Station or that he was employed by the city as a consultant.
Theft By Deception
A person commits theft if he unlawfully appropriates property with intent to
deprive the owner of the property. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a) (Vernon Pamph.
2010). Appropriation of property is unlawful if it is without the owner’s effective
Romei v. State Page 4 consent. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(b)(1) (Vernon Pamph. 2010). Consent is not
effective if it is induced by deception. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.01(3)(A) (Vernon
Pamph. 2010). Deception means:
(A) creating or confirming by words or conduct a false impression of law or fact that is likely to affect the judgment of another in the transaction, and that the actor does not believe to be true; (B) failing to correct a false impression of law or fact that is likely to affect the judgment of another in the transaction, that the actor previously created or confirmed by words or conduct, and that the actor does not now believe to be true; (C) preventing another from acquiring information likely to affect his judgment in the transaction; (D) selling or otherwise transferring or encumbering property without disclosing a lien, security interest, adverse claim, or other legal impediment to the enjoyment of the property, whether the lien, security interest, claim, or impediment is or is not valid, or is or is not a matter of official record; or (E) promising performance that is likely to affect the judgment of another in the transaction and that the actor does not intend to perform or knows will not be performed, except that failure to perform the promise in issue without other evidence of intent or knowledge is not sufficient proof that the actor did not intend to perform or knew the promise would not be performed.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.01(1)(A)-(E) (Vernon Pamph. 2010).
The indictment alleged that Romei committed theft by deception in that he
represented that $7400 was needed for lighting for a firefighter statue when it was in
fact for his personal use. Romei argues in his first issue on appeal that the evidence is
insufficient to show that the owner’s consent was induced by deception. Romei argues
in his second issue on appeal that the evidence is insufficient to prove intent to commit
theft by deception due to Romei’s performance under the contract.
Romei argues that this is a claim of theft arising out of a contract dispute that
requires proof of more than an intent to deprive the owner of property and the
Romei v. State Page 5 subsequent appropriation of property. Romei states that a claim in connection with a
contract requires proof of the false pretext of fraud to become criminal conduct. Romei
cites Jacobs v. State, 230 S.W.3d 225, 230 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist] 2006, no pet.)
stating that the critical distinction between conduct that is criminal versus civil in
nature is whether the record shows deception and not merely a failure to perform. If a
contract is partially or substantially performed, then intent to commit theft through
deception is not shown by the evidence. Jacobs v. State, 230 S.W.3d at 231.
Romei represented to the City of College Station that installing lights on the
statue would cost $7400. The estimate was based upon Romei’s experience and not that
of an electrical contractor. Based upon Romei’s representation, the City of College
Station executed a change order for $7400 that was specifically designated for the
installation of lights on the statue. Romei testified that before the City of College
Station transferred the money pursuant to the change order, he knew that the electrical
contractor was providing the service free of charge and that $7400 was not needed for
the lighting project. Romei testified that Brymer, as a representative for the City of
College Station, agreed that Romei could keep the money as a consulting fee. Brymer
testified that he and Romei did not have any other agreement about the money and that
he did not remember having a conversation with Romei about a consulting fee. Brymer
understood that the $7400 was spent on lighting for the statue.
The jurors are the exclusive judges of the facts, the credibility of the witnesses,
and the weight given to testimony. Margraves v. State, 34 S.W.3d 912, 919 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2000). A jury is entitled to accept one version of the facts and reject another and to
Romei v. State Page 6 reject any part of a witness’s testimony. See id.
There is no dispute that the City of College Station wanted lights for the
firefighter statue and entered into a contract with Romei as executive director of the
Arts Council to obtain the lights. There is no dispute that lights were installed at the
firefighter statue several months after the change order was entered. Unlike Jacobs this
is not an issue of failure to perform.
There is sufficient evidence to show that Romei obtained $7400 from the City of
College Station by deception. Romei represented that $7400 was necessary to install
lights for the statue; however, at the time of the transfer of the $7400, Romei knew the
money was not to be used for its designated purpose. Romei instructed his staff to
designate the $7400 as a consulting fee and to issue Romei a personal check from an
income account rather than an expense account. The designation in effect concealed the
transaction from the Arts Council board of directors. The City of College Station gave
the money to the Arts Council for the use of the Arts Council and not for Romei’s
personal compensation. The City of College Station was unaware the money was for
Romei’s personal compensation. We overrule Romei’s first and second issues on
appeal.
Consent
Romei argues in his third issue on appeal that the evidence is insufficient to
show that Brymer did not consent to Romei keeping the $7400 as a consulting fee.
Romei states in his brief that Brymer’s inability to remember whether he authorized a
consulting fee renders the evidence legally insufficient.
Romei v. State Page 7 On cross-examination, Romei’s attorney questioned Brymer extensively about his
conversation with the district attorney’s investigator. Brymer told the investigator that
he did not remember a conversation with Romei authorizing Romei to keep the $7400 as
a consulting fee rather than its designated purpose of lighting for the firefighter statue.
Brymer testified on direct examination that the $7400 was to be spent for lighting and
that there was no other agreement between himself and Romei for the use of the money.
Any changes to the contract between the Arts Council and the City of College
Station were required to be in writing in a formal change order. Romei did not submit a
bill for consulting services to the City of College Station, and there is no written change
order authorizing the funds for that use. Romei contends that he and Brymer had an
oral agreement allowing him to keep the $7400 as a consulting fee. Brymer testified that
there was no other agreement for the use of the funds. The jury was the sole judge of
the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Adelman v.
State, 828 S.W.2d at 421. The jury may choose to believe or disbelieve all or any part of
any witness's testimony. Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d at 614. The evidence is sufficient to
show that Romei appropriated the money without consent of the owners. We overrule
Romei’s third issue.
Contractual Relationship
In his fourth issue, Romei argues that the evidence is legally insufficient to show
that he was in a contractual relationship with the government. Theft of property with a
value of $1500 or more but less than $20,000 is a state jail felony. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 31.03(e)(4)(A) (Vernon Pamph. 2010). The penalty range is increased to the next
Romei v. State Page 8 higher category of offense if it is shown that the actor was in a contractual relationship
with the government at the time of the offense and the property appropriated came into
the actor’s custody, possession, or control by virtue of the contractual relationship. TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(f)(2) (Vernon Pamph. 2010).
Romei contends that the Arts Council and the City of College Station have a
contractual relationship and that his only relationship to those parties was his status as
an employee of the Arts Council. Romei maintains that the contract and change order
in question were between the Arts Council and the City of College Station.
The Arts Council is a Texas nonprofit corporation. Romei served as executive
director of the Arts Council. An individual is criminally responsible for conduct that he
performs in the name of or in behalf of a corporation or association to the same extent as
if the conduct were performed in his own name or behalf. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §
7.23(a) (Vernon 2003).
Romei signed funding agreements between the Arts Council and The City of
College Station on behalf of the Arts Council. Romei signed the change order
authorizing the $7400 to install lights on the firefighter statue on behalf of the Arts
Council. We find the evidence is sufficient to support a finding that Romei was in a
contractual relationship with the government. We overrule Romei’s fourth issue on
Cause No. 10-09-00063-CR
Romei brings two issues on appeal for his conviction of misapplication of
fiduciary property. Romei argues that the evidence is legally insufficient to support his
Romei v. State Page 9 conviction and also that his misdemeanor conviction is barred by the statute of
limitations.
Romei was convicted of misapplication of fiduciary property in trial court Cause
No. 07-04491-CRF-361. For that cause number, the jury assessed Romei’s punishment at
a $750 fine, and the trial court imposed the sentence on January 12, 2009. Romei was
convicted of theft in trial court Cause No. 07-04489-CRF-361. At the sentencing hearing,
the trial court stated that for trial court Cause No. 07-04489-CRF-361, Romei would be
assessed a fine of $750 and that payment was a condition of felony community
supervision. Romei paid the fine and court costs the day after sentencing, but prior to
filing his notice of appeal.
Mootness
The State has filed a motion to dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction because
it contends that when Romei voluntarily paid the $750 fine, the sentence was
discharged and therefore, there was nothing from which to appeal. Upon pronouncing
sentence against Romei, the trial court stated that the payment of the fine would be a
condition of his community supervision for the felony offense. The trial court indicated
weeks later that it was not its intent that the fine be made a condition of his felony
community supervision; however, the oral pronouncement was clear even if it was not
what the trial court intended.
A trial court’s pronouncement of sentence is oral, while the judgment, including
the sentence assessed, is the written declaration and embodiment of that oral
pronouncement. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.01, § 1 (West 2006); see Ex parte
Romei v. State Page 10 Madding, 70 S.W.3d 131, 135 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). When the court’s written judgment
diverges from the court’s oral pronouncement of sentence, the oral pronouncement
controls. Coffey v. State, 979 S.W.2d 326, 328 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (because oral
pronouncement of sentence is the appealable event, no deviations in the written
judgment can supersede the sentence pronounced in open court). Because the trial
court’s oral pronouncement of sentence made the payment of the fine a condition of his
felony community supervision, the appeal of the conviction is not moot.
Misapplication of Fiduciary Property1
Romei was indicted for the felony offense of misappropriation of fiduciary
property of $1500 or more but less than $20,000 on August 23, 2007. The State alleged
four separate incidents which it sought to aggregate to reach the felony amount. Three
political contributions were made to separate individuals, each in the amount of $250,
on or about May 10, 2002. A fourth incident was alleged for a political contribution
made on or about October 19, 2005 in the amount of $1000. The jury did not find Romei
guilty of the aggregated felony offense but did find him guilty of the lesser-included
offense of misapplication of fiduciary property in an amount of $500 or more but less
than $1500. Both of Romei’s complaints about this conviction are based on his
argument that the three $250 contributions constituted one criminal act and therefore
must be considered as an aggregated total of $750, not three separate contributions of
$250.
1 We are required to address the sufficiency of the evidence complaint because, if it is sustained, acquittal is required, which is greater relief than a reversal and remand for a new trial. See Nickerson v. State, 69 S.W.3d 661, 668 (Tex. App.—Waco 2002, pet. ref'd); see also Hernandez v. State, 268 S.W.3d 176, 178 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2008, no pet.).
Romei v. State Page 11 Romei complains in his first issue in trial court Cause No. 07-04489-CRF-361 that
the evidence was legally insufficient for the jury to have determined that there was
more than a single allegation of misapplication or one continuous scheme or course of
conduct. Romei contends that the three $250 contributions together constituted a single
allegation because he sought reimbursement for them jointly and that the 2005
contribution constituted a single allegation and, because the felony offense required a
continuous scheme or course of conduct, neither could stand alone pursuant to the trial
court’s charge. Thus, he contends that because the jury found him guilty of the
misdemeanor offense and not the felony offense, the evidence is then necessarily legally
insufficient for the jury to have found him guilty as there could not have been a
combination of misapplications or the jury would have convicted him of the felony
offense.
Pursuant to section 32.45 of the Penal Code, the elements for misapplication of
fiduciary property are (1) the defendant, (2) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly, (3)
misapplies, (4) property he holds as a fiduciary or property of a financial institution, (5)
in a manner that involves substantial risk of loss, (6) to the owner of the property or to a
person for whose benefit the property is held. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 32.45(b) (West
2010). Section 32.03 provides that “[w]hen amounts are obtained … pursuant to one
scheme or continuing course of conduct, whether from the same or several sources, the
conduct may be considered as one offense and the amounts aggregated in determining
the grade of offense.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 32.03 (West 2010).
Section 32.03 creates a separate offense of aggregate misapplication of fiduciary
Romei v. State Page 12 property, similar to section 31.09 which creates a separate offense for aggregate theft.
See generally Montgomery v. State, 91 S.W.3d 426, 430 n.2 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2002, pet.
ref’d) (aggregation for fraud pursuant to section 32.03 compared with aggregation for
theft pursuant to section 31.09); Dickens v. State, 981 S.W.2d 186, 188 (Tex. Crim. App.
1998) (en banc) (aggregated theft).
In determining whether section 31.09 creates a separate offense from each theft,
the Court of Criminal Appeals held in Dickens that “[a]ggregated theft is the sum of all
of its parts. A part is a completed theft whose elements have all been proven. The
amount obtained in each part may be aggregated in determining the grade of the one
aggregated offense.” Dickens, 981 S.W.2d at 188.
Each of the four offenses alleged a separate act of misappropriation pursuant to
section 32.45, which were presented to the jury as lesser-included offenses of the
aggregated misapplication of fiduciary property. The charge allowed the jury to find
Romei guilty of each offense individually or by aggregating the amounts if the jury
determined that the misapplications were committed pursuant to one scheme or
continuing course of conduct in whatever total amount of the lesser offenses of which it
determined Romei was guilty. The jury found Romei guilty of a lesser-included
Romei contends that the jury could not have found him guilty of the 2005
contribution and less than all of the 2002 contributions, which would have reached the
aggregate amount required to convict him of the felony. He also contends that the 2002
contributions constituted one misapplication only, and therefore there could be no
Romei v. State Page 13 continuous scheme or course of conduct since the jury found him guilty of the
misdemeanor offense. However, Romei does not challenge the legal sufficiency of the
evidence as to each offense individually, but solely as it relates to section 32.03 for
purposes of aggregation.
We find that the evidence was legally sufficient for the jury to have determined
that Romei committed each of the offenses individually. Romei admitted to making the
2002 contributions as well as the $1000 reimbursement for the 2005 contribution. The
charge was a general charge and, as more fully discussed in the harm analysis for
Romei’s second issue below, it is therefore impossible to determine which offense or
combination of offenses the jury convicted him of. But, we cannot say that the evidence
was legally insufficient on any of the four offenses alleged. We overrule issue one.
Denial of Jury Instruction on the Statute of Limitations
In his second issue, Romei complains that the trial court abused its discretion by
refusing to submit an instruction to the jury on the statute of limitations. Romei filed a
pretrial motion to dismiss pursuant to article 27.08(2) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, arguing that the three incidents in 2002 were outside of the statute of
limitations. Romei’s motion to dismiss was denied. At trial, there was testimony that
the three contributions were made in 2002, as alleged in the indictment. There was also
testimony regarding the contribution in 2005. Romei requested an instruction
regarding the statute of limitations in the jury charge, which the judge denied. The jury
acquitted Romei of the greater offense, but convicted him of the lesser-included offense
of misapplication of fiduciary property of $500 or more but less than $1,500, a
Romei v. State Page 14 misdemeanor.
While Romei was indicted within the statute of limitations for the felony offense
of misappropriation, it is undisputed that the three contributions of $250 were made
more than two years prior to Romei’s indictment, which is outside of the statute of
limitations for a misdemeanor offense. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01, 12.02
(West 2003). However, the 2005 contribution was within the statute of limitations.
We find that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to instruct the jury
on the statute of limitations because there was some evidence that some of the conduct
made the basis of the indictment and jury charge occurred outside of the applicable
statute of limitations for misdemeanor offenses. See Hamel v. State, 916 S.W.2d 491, 493
(Tex. Crim. App. 1996). When, as here, a timely objection is made, error in the jury
charge requires reversal if the error caused “some harm.” See Almanza v. State, 686
S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g). In making this determination,
“the actual degree of harm must be assayed in light of the entire jury charge, the state of
the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence, the
argument of counsel and any other relevant information revealed by the record of the
trial as a whole.” Id.
Using this standard, we find that the failure to include the instruction resulted in
“some harm” to Romei because although the jury charge was generally unexceptional,
the evidence and arguments proffered certainly emphasized conviction of the 2002
offenses, perhaps more strongly than of the 2005 offense. The jury could have
determined that Romei was guilty only of the 2005 offense or it could also have
Romei v. State Page 15 determined that Romei was guilty of two or more of the 2002 offenses or some
combination thereof. Because we find that Romei was harmed, we sustain this issue,
and will remand this cause to the trial court for a new trial on the offense of
misapplication of fiduciary property in an amount of $500 or more but less than $1,500.
Conclusion
We affirm Romei’s conviction in Cause No. 10-09-00062-CR. We reverse the
conviction in Cause No. 10-09-00063-CR and remand that cause to the trial court for a
new trial.
TOM GRAY Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Davis, and Justice Scoggins Affirmed in part, Reversed and remanded in part Opinion delivered and filed February 23, 2011 Do not publish [CR25]
Romei v. State Page 16