IMPORTANT NOTICE NOT TO BE PUBLISHE D OPINION
THIS OPINION IS DESIGNATED "NOT TO BE PUBLISHED ." PURSUANT TO THE RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE PROMULGATED BY THE SUPREME COURT, CR 76.28(4)(C), THIS OPINION IS NOT TO BE PUBLISHED AND SHALL NOT BE CITED OR USED AS BINDING PRECEDENT IN ANY OTHER CASE IN ANY COURT OF THIS STATE; HOWEVER, UNPUBLISHED KENTUCKY APPELLATE DECISIONS, RENDERED AFTER JANUARY 1, 2003, MAY BE CITED FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT IF THERE IS NO PUBLISHED OPINION THAT WOULD ADEQUATELY ADDRESS THE ISSUE BEFORE THE COURT . OPINIONS CITED FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT SHALL BE SET OUT AS AN UNPUBLISHED DECISION IN THE FILED DOCUMENT AND A COPY OF THE ENTIRE DECISION SHALL BE TENDERED ALONG WITH THE DOCUMENT TO THE COURT AND ALL PARTIES TO THE ACTION. RENDERED : MARCH 22, 2007 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
,;VUyrrMr Courf of ~R 2005-SC-000880-MR
OWEN RAY GADD APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM GARRARD CIRCUIT COURT HON. C. HUNTER DAUGHERTY, JUDGE V. INDICTMENT NO . 04-CR-00041
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT
Affirminq
A jury of the Garrard Circuit Court convicted Appellant, Owen Ray Gadd,
of two counts of first degree sodomy of a child under the age of twelve. For
these crimes, Appellant was sentenced to life imprisonment . Appellant now
appeals to this Court as a matter of right . Ky. Const. § 110(2)(b) . For the
reasons set forth herein, we affirm Appellant's convictions .
The evidence introduced at trial indicated that on an unknown date in
2001, Appellant asked the seven-year-old victim to accompany him to his
apartment to retrieve a surprise for the victim's mother, whom he was dating .
Appellant threatened to kill the victim's family members while traveling to the
apartment. Once at the apartment, Appellant terrorized, threatened, and
sodomized the child . Two to three days later, Appellant repeated these ghastly acts upon the victim. Soon thereafter, Appellant and the victim's mother parted
ways; and the victim had no further contact with Appellant .
In February 2004, the victim was examined by a doctor because he was
having difficulty sitting . Upon examination, the doctor detected venereal warts.
When the doctor asked the victim if he had ever been touched inappropriately,
the child started crying . An investigation promptly ensued. During the
investigation, a scar was found on Appellant's genitals which indicated that he
had venereal warts in the past, and Appellant admitted to having had and been
treated for the condition .
On June 18, 2004, Appellant was indicted for the above referenced
crimes. He was subsequently convicted by jury and this appeal followed . For
the reasons set forth herein, we now affirm his convictions .
Appellant presents three assignments of error. He first alleges he was
unduly prejudiced when inadmissible opinion testimony was introduced at trial .
Specifically, he argues that testimony offered by Detective Crockett "invaded the
province of the jury and clearly indicated his belief in the guilt of [Appellant] ." See
Nugent v. Commonwealth, 639 S.W.2d 761, 764 (Ky. 1982) (opinions as to
whether the accused is guilty or innocent are inadmissible) . We disagree ; the
holding in Nu ent, supra , is not applicable to the facts of this case .
The relevant testimony reads as follows:
Q: So, what was the point of the search warrant then?
A: The point of the search warrant, again -- number one it was a tool that I wanted to use in my interview with the alleged perpetrator, Mr. Gadd, and number two, I specifically instructed him that I would go that route. I was basically keeping my word with him . And, number three, the physical examination, it was no different, in my eyes, than utilizing a polygraph or something to that affect [sic]. Later, the testimony continues as follows :
Q: Detective, when you -- before we approached the bench, you were talking about the -- why you went through the exercise [of getting a physical examination] at that certain point. And, I think you said that part of the reason was to determine whether or not he had warts, by physical examination, is that right?
A: That's correct.
Q. So, once he makes that admission [of having had venereal warts] to you, how was that significant, as far as that day's events?
A. Basically it was very significant, in that it corroborated with what [the victim] had alleged, and the fact that I felt he was initially untruthful with me .
Appellant contends that these statements amount to a declaration that "any sign
of genital warts on Mr. Gadd was the equivalent of polygraph evidence" and that
"Mr. Gadd was lying and [therefore] guilty . . . ."
Appellant misconstrues Detective Crockett's testimony regarding the use
of polygraph tests. As the trial judge ruled, the word "polygraph" was mentioned
in relation to the types of tools detectives use when interviewing suspects. Thus,
we do not find that Detective Crockett's statement which mentioned the word
"polygraph" was prejudicial .
Detective Crockett's statements also do not declare that Appellant is
guilty; and thus, Appellant's citation to the holding in Nugent, supra, is without
effect. Rather, his statements amount to opinions or inferences regarding the
results of his investigation . The admissibility of this kind of testimony is subject to
KRE 701 which directs:
If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness' testimony in the form of opinions and inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are : (a) Rationally based on the perception of the witness ; and (b) Helpful to a clear understanding of the witness' testimony or the determination of a fact in issue .
In this case, Detective Crockett's observations and inferences were made
in response to questioning, and were rationally based on his perceptions from the
aforementioned investigation . When Detective Crockett first interviewed
Appellant, he did not admit having venereal warts. Once Appellant was
confronted with a physical examination, he admitted to Detective Crockett that he
had venereal warts in the past and that he was better off incarcerated, away from
the general public. Accordingly, we find Appellant's inferences to be in
compliance with subpart (a) of KRE 701 .
We also believe that subpart (b) is satisfied because the testimony was
helpful to a clear understanding of Detective Crockett's testimony regarding the
results of his investigation . See Mills v. Commonwealth , 996 S.W .2d 473, 488
(Ky. 1999) (opinions and inferences by police detective which evaluated images
displayed on a videotape of the crime scene was admissible pursuant to KRE
701). At no point does Detective Crockett declare Appellant guilty or imply that
the victim's story should be believed . Rather, he simply makes inferences based
on what his investigation revealed - that certain statements from Appellant
corroborated the victim's story and indicated that Appellant was initially untruthful
with the detective. Accordingly, we find the testimony does not invade the
province of the jury and was admissible pursuant to KRE 701 .
Appellant next alleges reversible error in the improper introduction of
hearsay testimony . Appellant acknowledges that any error is unpreserved ; but
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IMPORTANT NOTICE NOT TO BE PUBLISHE D OPINION
THIS OPINION IS DESIGNATED "NOT TO BE PUBLISHED ." PURSUANT TO THE RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE PROMULGATED BY THE SUPREME COURT, CR 76.28(4)(C), THIS OPINION IS NOT TO BE PUBLISHED AND SHALL NOT BE CITED OR USED AS BINDING PRECEDENT IN ANY OTHER CASE IN ANY COURT OF THIS STATE; HOWEVER, UNPUBLISHED KENTUCKY APPELLATE DECISIONS, RENDERED AFTER JANUARY 1, 2003, MAY BE CITED FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT IF THERE IS NO PUBLISHED OPINION THAT WOULD ADEQUATELY ADDRESS THE ISSUE BEFORE THE COURT . OPINIONS CITED FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT SHALL BE SET OUT AS AN UNPUBLISHED DECISION IN THE FILED DOCUMENT AND A COPY OF THE ENTIRE DECISION SHALL BE TENDERED ALONG WITH THE DOCUMENT TO THE COURT AND ALL PARTIES TO THE ACTION. RENDERED : MARCH 22, 2007 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
,;VUyrrMr Courf of ~R 2005-SC-000880-MR
OWEN RAY GADD APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM GARRARD CIRCUIT COURT HON. C. HUNTER DAUGHERTY, JUDGE V. INDICTMENT NO . 04-CR-00041
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT
Affirminq
A jury of the Garrard Circuit Court convicted Appellant, Owen Ray Gadd,
of two counts of first degree sodomy of a child under the age of twelve. For
these crimes, Appellant was sentenced to life imprisonment . Appellant now
appeals to this Court as a matter of right . Ky. Const. § 110(2)(b) . For the
reasons set forth herein, we affirm Appellant's convictions .
The evidence introduced at trial indicated that on an unknown date in
2001, Appellant asked the seven-year-old victim to accompany him to his
apartment to retrieve a surprise for the victim's mother, whom he was dating .
Appellant threatened to kill the victim's family members while traveling to the
apartment. Once at the apartment, Appellant terrorized, threatened, and
sodomized the child . Two to three days later, Appellant repeated these ghastly acts upon the victim. Soon thereafter, Appellant and the victim's mother parted
ways; and the victim had no further contact with Appellant .
In February 2004, the victim was examined by a doctor because he was
having difficulty sitting . Upon examination, the doctor detected venereal warts.
When the doctor asked the victim if he had ever been touched inappropriately,
the child started crying . An investigation promptly ensued. During the
investigation, a scar was found on Appellant's genitals which indicated that he
had venereal warts in the past, and Appellant admitted to having had and been
treated for the condition .
On June 18, 2004, Appellant was indicted for the above referenced
crimes. He was subsequently convicted by jury and this appeal followed . For
the reasons set forth herein, we now affirm his convictions .
Appellant presents three assignments of error. He first alleges he was
unduly prejudiced when inadmissible opinion testimony was introduced at trial .
Specifically, he argues that testimony offered by Detective Crockett "invaded the
province of the jury and clearly indicated his belief in the guilt of [Appellant] ." See
Nugent v. Commonwealth, 639 S.W.2d 761, 764 (Ky. 1982) (opinions as to
whether the accused is guilty or innocent are inadmissible) . We disagree ; the
holding in Nu ent, supra , is not applicable to the facts of this case .
The relevant testimony reads as follows:
Q: So, what was the point of the search warrant then?
A: The point of the search warrant, again -- number one it was a tool that I wanted to use in my interview with the alleged perpetrator, Mr. Gadd, and number two, I specifically instructed him that I would go that route. I was basically keeping my word with him . And, number three, the physical examination, it was no different, in my eyes, than utilizing a polygraph or something to that affect [sic]. Later, the testimony continues as follows :
Q: Detective, when you -- before we approached the bench, you were talking about the -- why you went through the exercise [of getting a physical examination] at that certain point. And, I think you said that part of the reason was to determine whether or not he had warts, by physical examination, is that right?
A: That's correct.
Q. So, once he makes that admission [of having had venereal warts] to you, how was that significant, as far as that day's events?
A. Basically it was very significant, in that it corroborated with what [the victim] had alleged, and the fact that I felt he was initially untruthful with me .
Appellant contends that these statements amount to a declaration that "any sign
of genital warts on Mr. Gadd was the equivalent of polygraph evidence" and that
"Mr. Gadd was lying and [therefore] guilty . . . ."
Appellant misconstrues Detective Crockett's testimony regarding the use
of polygraph tests. As the trial judge ruled, the word "polygraph" was mentioned
in relation to the types of tools detectives use when interviewing suspects. Thus,
we do not find that Detective Crockett's statement which mentioned the word
"polygraph" was prejudicial .
Detective Crockett's statements also do not declare that Appellant is
guilty; and thus, Appellant's citation to the holding in Nugent, supra, is without
effect. Rather, his statements amount to opinions or inferences regarding the
results of his investigation . The admissibility of this kind of testimony is subject to
KRE 701 which directs:
If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness' testimony in the form of opinions and inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are : (a) Rationally based on the perception of the witness ; and (b) Helpful to a clear understanding of the witness' testimony or the determination of a fact in issue .
In this case, Detective Crockett's observations and inferences were made
in response to questioning, and were rationally based on his perceptions from the
aforementioned investigation . When Detective Crockett first interviewed
Appellant, he did not admit having venereal warts. Once Appellant was
confronted with a physical examination, he admitted to Detective Crockett that he
had venereal warts in the past and that he was better off incarcerated, away from
the general public. Accordingly, we find Appellant's inferences to be in
compliance with subpart (a) of KRE 701 .
We also believe that subpart (b) is satisfied because the testimony was
helpful to a clear understanding of Detective Crockett's testimony regarding the
results of his investigation . See Mills v. Commonwealth , 996 S.W .2d 473, 488
(Ky. 1999) (opinions and inferences by police detective which evaluated images
displayed on a videotape of the crime scene was admissible pursuant to KRE
701). At no point does Detective Crockett declare Appellant guilty or imply that
the victim's story should be believed . Rather, he simply makes inferences based
on what his investigation revealed - that certain statements from Appellant
corroborated the victim's story and indicated that Appellant was initially untruthful
with the detective. Accordingly, we find the testimony does not invade the
province of the jury and was admissible pursuant to KRE 701 .
Appellant next alleges reversible error in the improper introduction of
hearsay testimony . Appellant acknowledges that any error is unpreserved ; but
claims he is entitled to reversal under the palpable error standard set forth in RCr' 10.26 . Upon review, we find no error, and, in any event, even if error was
committed, the testimony could not have caused any manifest injustice to
Appellant . Id.
The doctor who initially diagnosed the minor victim with venereal warts
testified that the victim identified Appellant as the person who assaulted him. We
believe this information was reasonably pertinent to the victim's medical
treatment for the reasons set forth in Edwards v. Commonwealth , 833 S.W .2d
842 (Ky. 1992) . See KRE 803(4). In Edwards , supra, this Court noted that the
treating physician "had to know who the abuser was in order to prevent future
harm to the child and to prevent the spread of a sexually transmitted disease . . .
." Id. at 844. Likewise, it was important in this case for the physician to ascertain
the identity of the abuser so as to (1) evaluate whether the child was in imminent
danger of continued abuse; and (2) to check the spread of a sexually transmitted
disease .
Although Edwards , supra, referenced cases in support of its holding where
statements of identity were admitted, in part, because the abuser was a "family,
household member, ,2 we do not believe the status of being a "family" or
"household member' is necessarily required for statements of identity to be
admitted pursuant to KRE 803(4). Indeed, it is absurd to posit that a physician's
care evaluation loses its probative legitimacy simply because his inquiry reveals
that the alleged abuser is not a family or household member. See also KRS
Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure . 2 Interestingly enough, the perpetrator in Edwards , supra, was neither a family nor a household member; he was the live-in boyfriend of the victim's grandmother whom the victim did not live with, but rather only visited on occasion . Id. at 843. 620.030 (physicians in Kentucky are required to immediately report all suspected
cases of child abuse, including but not limited to, reporting "[t]he name and
address of the person allegedly responsible for the abuse or neglect").
Moreover, even if one assumes this statement was erroneously admitted,
the testimony nevertheless did not cause any manifest injustice to Appellant .
RCr 10.26. Generally, prior consistent statements of a witness are deemed
prejudicial only when the witness' credibility is unfairly bolstered by the
extraneous testimony. See, e .g_, Bussey v. Commonwealth , 797 S.W .2d 483,
485 (Ky. 1990) . In this case, the disputed testimony was limited in nature and of
little significance . The doctor's testimony merely confirmed an obvious and
undisputed fact at trial - that the criminal investigation of Appellant was initiated
by the minor child's disclosures at the doctor's office. Accordingly, we hold that
even if the testimony was erroneously admitted, it was not substantial or
significant enough, either in time or in substance, to bolster the credibility of the
victim and therefore, did not cause any manifest injustice to Appellant . Cf .
Owens v. Commonwealth, 950 S .W .2d 837, 838 (Ky. 1997) (prior consistent
statements of testifying victim which identified assailant by name fell within KRE
801 A(a)(3) exception to hearsay rule).
Finally, Appellant contends he is entitled to a new trial because the trial
court failed to conduct a more thorough inquiry regarding Appellant's complaints
about his attorney . Upon review, Appellant's argument is without merit.
Prior to trial, Appellant wrote a letter to the trial court asking for new trial
counsel because she "only come one time to see me in 6 months ;" because he
didn't "feel like (she] worried about me what happens to me ;" and she didn't "act like [she] believe[d] me that I did not do it." Appellant then threatened to take his
own life. The trial court treated the letter as a motion for new counsel and held a
hearing on the motion on March 18, 2005 . At the hearing, the trial court inquired
of Appellant's stand-in counsel and Appellant himself, asking if they had anything
further to present to him . Both said no, and upon that response, the trial court
made his ruling as follows :
Mr Gadd, there have been a couple of things that have slowed this process down, but Ms . McCullough is an experienced litigator, and I am going to leave her on the case. We will go on and try to move this along as quickly as we can .
At sentencing, Appellant alleged that his counsel was ineffective and that
he should be granted a new trial due to her incompetence . The trial court
overruled Appellant's motion, holding :
Mr. Gadd, the evidence was overwhelming as to your guilt. It was overwhelming as to the connection between you and the child and the genital warts. It was overwhelming . [The child victim's] testimony is credible, and I felt like [pause] that the defense was presented as best it could be under the circumstances . Thank you very much . I've imposed the sentence .
Appellant now claims that the trial court's failure to conduct a more
thorough inquiry into his allegations was reversible error. Appellant's argument
was addressed and rejected in Wilson v. Commonwealth, 836 S.W .2d 872 (Ky.
1992) where we held that the trial court is not required to conduct "an extensive
[pretrial] inquiry into [an] appointed counsel's background, qualifications, fitness
and alleged prior acts of misconduct." Id . at 879, overruled on other grounds by
St. Clair v. Roark, 10 S.W .3d 482 (Ky. 1999).
Indeed, a defendant is not entitled to a substitution of appointed counsel
unless good cause exists to justify it. See Henderson v. Commonwealth, 636 S .W .2d 648, 651 (Ky. 1982) ("we reiterate that a defendant who is represented
by a public defender or appointed counsel does not have a constitutional right to
be represented by any particular attorney, and is not entitled to the dismissal of
his counsel and the appointment of substitute counsel except for adequate
reasons or a clear abuse by counsel") ; see also, KRS 31 .030(12) (Department of
Public Advocacy is authorized to assign substitute counsel, for good cause, at
any stage of representation) . Appellant's letter, in the absence of any further
proof, suggestion, or inclination of any sort that his appointed trial counsel was
actually defective, was not sufficient to establish good cause for a substitution of
counsel . The trial court's responses to Appellant's allegations were appropriate
under the circumstances ; and it had no affirmative duty to perform any further
inquiry or investigation . Wilson, supra, at 879 .
Moreover, after trial, Appellant is not entitled to any relief on this issue
unless he demonstrates "prejudice by the attorney's performance ." Id. In this
case, Appellant presents no proof whatsoever that he was prejudiced by the
attorney's performance . Accordingly, Appellant's claim is without merit.
For the reasons set forth herein, the judgment and sentence of the
Garrard Circuit Court is affirmed .
Lambert, CJ ; Cunningham, Minton, Noble, and Scott, JJ., concur.
McAnulty, J., and Schroder, J., concur in result only. ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Donna L. Boyce Assistant Public Advocate Department of Public Advocacy Suite 302, 100 Fair Oaks Lane Frankfort, KY 40601
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Gregory D. Stumbo Attorney General
David W. Barr Assistant Attorney General Office of Attorney General Criminal Appellate Division 1024 Capital Center Drive Frankfort, KY 40601