The opinion of the court was delivered by
Bergen, J.
The principal reason urged in support of this writ is, that the statute under which the election was held is in violation of paragraph 1, article 11, of the constitution of the slate, which provides ihat “Every male citizen ©f the United States of the age of twenty-one years, who shall have been a resident of this state one year, and of the county in which he claims his vote for five months, next before the election, shall be entitled to vote for all officers that now are, or hereafter may be, elective by the people.”
The first ground urged is, that the statute does not permit a free choice because it compels the voter to vote a first choice for each office to be filled, which in the present case is five, to make his vote effective, when he may desire to vote for only one commissioner, and therefore his right to vote is restricted.
My understanding is that the right of suffrage in organized society is not absolute or inherent, and that the majorffiy of the persons constituting the society may regulate that question as they deem best, except as limited by some organic compact such as the constitution of our state. So', it would seem, that on this branch of the ease the simple question is, whether the legislature deeming if wise that some of the powers of the state shall be entrusted to five commissioners, it can provide that each citizen, if he desires to participate in the selection of such instrumentalities of the state, shall vote for the entire number of officers necessary to exercise, for the common welfare, the delegated powers, and if so, whether such requirement infringes upon his constitutional right to vote for all officers that are elective. 1 think it must be conceded that, if there be no constitutional limitation, the legislature could condition the right to vote for a class of officers upon a requirement to vote for all, and my opinion is, that [72]*72the right reserved in the constitution to a vote for all elective officers is not restricted by a requirement that he shall vote for as many persons as there are offices necessary to be filled in order to carry on the government. It is not to vote for particular persons, that choice is left open, but to aid in filling elective offices; it is a regulation of the method of voting for all elective officers.
The argument that in voting for only one, the voter thereby advances the chances of one person whom he may prefer to the others, does not take into account that the constitution reserves no such privilege, either expressly or by implication, nor does it secure him the right not to vote, for as was said by former Chief Justice Depue, in Bott v. Secretary of State, 62 N. J. L. 107: “The constitutional provision in itself gave no consideration for. the qualified voter who, for any reason, 'was indifferent or non-committal with respect to proposed amendments.”
The views I have expressed have the support of the Supreme Court of Minnesota, where the precise question now presented was carefully considered and the constitutionality of a statute sustained, by the terms of which voters were required to vote a first choice for as many persons as there were commissioners to be elected, the constitution of the state concerning the right of suffrage being substantially the same as ours. Farrell v. Hicken, 125 Minn. 407; 147 N. W. Rep. 815. I think it is clear that no constitutional right of any voter has been restricted, infringed upon or hampered by the requirement that he must, in order to have his vote counted, vote his first choice for as many persons as there are offices to be filled in the manner required by the statute assailed.
The next point made is, that by permitting a voter to express a second and other choices, he has been allowed to vote for more persons than there were offices to be filled, and that this is contrary to an implied prohibition by the constitution against voting for more than one person for the same office. It is argued, that while the organic law does not expressly prohibit a citizen from voting for more than one person for the same office, he is impliedly forbidden, for he is only en[73]*73titled to vote for “all officers” elective by the people, and this must mean one officer for each position to be tilled, and not innumerable officers for a single position.
Assuming this to he sound, the question remains to be de- ( cided, Does this statute authorize a citizen to vote for more than one person for each office ?
The manifest purpose of the act is to ascertain the preferences of a majority of all the voters participating in any such election and to give effect to that preference rather than to determine the result by a plurality vote. The court cannot pass upon the policy of such legislation; all we have to settle is its legal or constitutional standing. The conclusion I have ? arrived at is, that as it is only the choice votes which go to make a majority that are counted as effective votes, and as 1 no voter can vote for the same person hut once in expressing • his different choices, he can in no way east more.than one , vote which can he counted for each office to he Filed, because ; none of his other choice votes enter into or influence the result. If the person for whom he votes as his Frst choice has a majority of that class of votes, and recourse is not had to.the second choice votes, no second choice vote of his has any effect, and so if his second choice votes enter into the majority, all of his first choice votes are void so fax as they affect any result. It is perfectly clear, that under this method of canvassing votes to ascertain .vhere the majority „ rests, the ballot of any voter can only be counted once for any one candidate. Therefore, the voter has not cast a voie for two persons for the same office in violation of any implied prohibition of the constitution on this subject.
The next point raised is that provision (e) of section 4 of the statute provides, that if there be a tie between two or more candidates, it shall be decided in favor of the one having the highest number of Frst choice votes, and if the number of votes remain equal after applying the other choice votes, then the tie shall be determined by let, under the direction of the city clerk. This, it is urged, is in violation of the constitutional prohibition against gambling, but I do not feel called upon to decide this question for two reasons, for [74]*74if it is contrary to the constitution, it can be eliminated without destroying the scheme and purpose of the act, and also because no such condition exists in this case, and I ought not, in a certiorari proceeding, set aside a popular election for a reason that in no way affected the result.
There was another reason urged, namely, that the ballot was not printed with sufficient space below the printed names of the candidates wherein the voter might write the name of .any person for whom he might wish to vote. No proof was submitted other than a copy of the ballot, and whether there was sufficient space between each of the names is a question of fact to be determined by observation.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Bergen, J.
The principal reason urged in support of this writ is, that the statute under which the election was held is in violation of paragraph 1, article 11, of the constitution of the slate, which provides ihat “Every male citizen ©f the United States of the age of twenty-one years, who shall have been a resident of this state one year, and of the county in which he claims his vote for five months, next before the election, shall be entitled to vote for all officers that now are, or hereafter may be, elective by the people.”
The first ground urged is, that the statute does not permit a free choice because it compels the voter to vote a first choice for each office to be filled, which in the present case is five, to make his vote effective, when he may desire to vote for only one commissioner, and therefore his right to vote is restricted.
My understanding is that the right of suffrage in organized society is not absolute or inherent, and that the majorffiy of the persons constituting the society may regulate that question as they deem best, except as limited by some organic compact such as the constitution of our state. So', it would seem, that on this branch of the ease the simple question is, whether the legislature deeming if wise that some of the powers of the state shall be entrusted to five commissioners, it can provide that each citizen, if he desires to participate in the selection of such instrumentalities of the state, shall vote for the entire number of officers necessary to exercise, for the common welfare, the delegated powers, and if so, whether such requirement infringes upon his constitutional right to vote for all officers that are elective. 1 think it must be conceded that, if there be no constitutional limitation, the legislature could condition the right to vote for a class of officers upon a requirement to vote for all, and my opinion is, that [72]*72the right reserved in the constitution to a vote for all elective officers is not restricted by a requirement that he shall vote for as many persons as there are offices necessary to be filled in order to carry on the government. It is not to vote for particular persons, that choice is left open, but to aid in filling elective offices; it is a regulation of the method of voting for all elective officers.
The argument that in voting for only one, the voter thereby advances the chances of one person whom he may prefer to the others, does not take into account that the constitution reserves no such privilege, either expressly or by implication, nor does it secure him the right not to vote, for as was said by former Chief Justice Depue, in Bott v. Secretary of State, 62 N. J. L. 107: “The constitutional provision in itself gave no consideration for. the qualified voter who, for any reason, 'was indifferent or non-committal with respect to proposed amendments.”
The views I have expressed have the support of the Supreme Court of Minnesota, where the precise question now presented was carefully considered and the constitutionality of a statute sustained, by the terms of which voters were required to vote a first choice for as many persons as there were commissioners to be elected, the constitution of the state concerning the right of suffrage being substantially the same as ours. Farrell v. Hicken, 125 Minn. 407; 147 N. W. Rep. 815. I think it is clear that no constitutional right of any voter has been restricted, infringed upon or hampered by the requirement that he must, in order to have his vote counted, vote his first choice for as many persons as there are offices to be filled in the manner required by the statute assailed.
The next point made is, that by permitting a voter to express a second and other choices, he has been allowed to vote for more persons than there were offices to be filled, and that this is contrary to an implied prohibition by the constitution against voting for more than one person for the same office. It is argued, that while the organic law does not expressly prohibit a citizen from voting for more than one person for the same office, he is impliedly forbidden, for he is only en[73]*73titled to vote for “all officers” elective by the people, and this must mean one officer for each position to be tilled, and not innumerable officers for a single position.
Assuming this to he sound, the question remains to be de- ( cided, Does this statute authorize a citizen to vote for more than one person for each office ?
The manifest purpose of the act is to ascertain the preferences of a majority of all the voters participating in any such election and to give effect to that preference rather than to determine the result by a plurality vote. The court cannot pass upon the policy of such legislation; all we have to settle is its legal or constitutional standing. The conclusion I have ? arrived at is, that as it is only the choice votes which go to make a majority that are counted as effective votes, and as 1 no voter can vote for the same person hut once in expressing • his different choices, he can in no way east more.than one , vote which can he counted for each office to he Filed, because ; none of his other choice votes enter into or influence the result. If the person for whom he votes as his Frst choice has a majority of that class of votes, and recourse is not had to.the second choice votes, no second choice vote of his has any effect, and so if his second choice votes enter into the majority, all of his first choice votes are void so fax as they affect any result. It is perfectly clear, that under this method of canvassing votes to ascertain .vhere the majority „ rests, the ballot of any voter can only be counted once for any one candidate. Therefore, the voter has not cast a voie for two persons for the same office in violation of any implied prohibition of the constitution on this subject.
The next point raised is that provision (e) of section 4 of the statute provides, that if there be a tie between two or more candidates, it shall be decided in favor of the one having the highest number of Frst choice votes, and if the number of votes remain equal after applying the other choice votes, then the tie shall be determined by let, under the direction of the city clerk. This, it is urged, is in violation of the constitutional prohibition against gambling, but I do not feel called upon to decide this question for two reasons, for [74]*74if it is contrary to the constitution, it can be eliminated without destroying the scheme and purpose of the act, and also because no such condition exists in this case, and I ought not, in a certiorari proceeding, set aside a popular election for a reason that in no way affected the result.
There was another reason urged, namely, that the ballot was not printed with sufficient space below the printed names of the candidates wherein the voter might write the name of .any person for whom he might wish to vote. No proof was submitted other than a copy of the ballot, and whether there was sufficient space between each of the names is a question of fact to be determined by observation. I am inclined to think a sufficient space was left, and whether so or not, there were at the bottom of the ballots several spaces with lines and spaces for masking, but I consider this of no substantial importance, for it is not shown that any voter was hampered or embarrassed in voting, and therefore this reason is merely technical and furnished no ground for setting aside the determination by the clerk of the result of an election in which a substantial part of the electorate of the city took parr without complaint then, or now, so far as the proofs show.
The next point raised is, that the act of 1914 is unconstitutional, because its title is defective. The basis of this claim is that the title purports to be a supplement to an act entitled, in the words of the title of the act of 1911, when that title was altered in 1912. Pamph. L., p. 643. It was not argued that the title of the supplement does not constitutionally express its object, the only contention being that the title of a supplement to an act should correspond with the true title as amended. It seems to me that this objection has been disposed of contrary to the prosecutor’s insistence by the Court of Errors and Appeals in Schmalz v. Wooley, 57 N. J. Eq. 303; American Surety Co. v. Great White Spirit Co., 58 Id. 526.
The conclusion I have reached is, that the statute assailed does not violate the right of suffrage reserved by paragraph 1, article 11, of the constitution, and that the writ should be dismissed, with costs.