Adams, J.
The demurrers admit the complaint, but deny its sufficiency in law to constitute a cause of action.
Sandlin v. Wilmington,
185 N. C., 257.
Wake County demurs on the ground that it is sued in its corporate capacity, and that there is no allegation in the complaint of a corporate contract; or, differently expressed, that the cause of action, if a sufficient cause is alleged, is against individuals and not against the county as a corporate entity.
In North Carolina every county is a body politic and corporate; it may exercise the powers which are prescribed by statute and those which are necessarily implied by law, and no others; and these powers can be exercised only by the board of commissioners or in pursuance of a resolution which it adopts. C. S., 1290, 1291, 1297;
Dare v. Currituck,
95
N. C., 189;
Manuel v. Comrs.,
98 N. C., 9. The implied powers are such as are necessarily or reasonably implied from those expressly granted or such as are essential to the exercise of those which are expressly conferred.
A county makes its contracts through the agency of its board of commissioners; but to make a contract which shall be binding upon the county the board must act as a body convened in legal session, regular, adjourned, or special. A contract made by members composing the board when acting in their individual and not in their corporate capacity while assembled in a lawful meeting is not the contract of the county. As a rule authorized meetings are prerequisite to corporate action based upon deliberate conference and intelligent discussion of proposed measures. 7 R. C. L., 941; 15 C. J., 460; 43 C. J., 497;
P. & F. R. Ry. Co. v. Comrs. of Anderson County,
16 Kan., 302;
Kirkland v. State,
86 Fla., 84. The principle applies to corporations generally, and by the express terms of our statute, as stated above, every county is a corporate body. C. S., 1290;
Duke v. Markham,
105 N. C., 131;
Hill v. R. R.,
143 N. C., 539;
Everett v. Staton,
192 N. C., 216.
It is alleged in the complaint that the contract on which the plaintiff relies was made at a, joint meeting of the defendants and, notwithstanding the direction given in C. S., 1309, that no record of the proceedings was kept. Counties exercise only such general supervision and control of county affairs as may be prescribed by law. Const., Art. VII, sec. 2. We find no constitutional or statutory provision which authorizes or empowers a board of county commissioners to enter into a joint meeting with other agencies functioning as entirely separate departments respectively of the county and the State, and thereby to make a binding corporate contract by the adoption of a joint verbal agreement to pledge the faith and credit of the county.
There is another point. The duration of the alleged agreement is indefinite. The proposed remuneration is referred to in the complaint as a salary; and although no time was suggested within which the services should be performed, or for how many years the “salary” should be paid, the plaintiff, after the lapse of six years, says that he is entitled to nine thousand dollars. Whether the board of commissioners had the legal right to make a contract of this kind potentially operating beyond their term of office and into the term of a succeeding board is a question involving serious doubt. The rule as to such contracts is not inflexible, but the prevailing opinion seems to be that the members of the board of county commissioners cannot contract in reference to matters which are personal to their successors.
Picket Pub. Co. v. County Commissioners,
12 Anno. Cas., 986, note; 29 L. R. A. (N. S.), 656, note. When the time of performance is indefinite, the contract may mean that perform-
anee is to be continued for a reasonable time, or that the time was left indefinite with the expectation that the parties might continue performance as long as they pleased, or that they would subsequently settle that term of the promise. 1 Williston on Contracts, sec. 38. In the last two contingencies the matter would be personal to a. succeeding board. But at any rate, it was manifestly not within the contemplation of the parties that the alleged contract should continue in effect for a long term of years. Our conclusion is that the agreement was not enforceable against the county of Wake, and for this reason that there was no error in sustaining its demurrer.
The demurrer of the Insurance Department presents other questions: Whether the action is against the State and, if so, whether the State has given its consent to be sued.
The Eleventh Amendment of the Federal Constitution provides that the judicial power of the United States shall not extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one State by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. In construing the Amendment the Supreme Court of the United States has said that it did not in terms prohibit suits by individuals against the States, but declared that the Constitution should not be construed to import any power to authorize the bringing of such suits, alrd that a suit against a State by one of its own citizens, the State not having consented to be sued, is unknown to and forbidden by the law, as much so as suits against a State by citizens of another State of the Union, or by citizens or subjects of foreign States.
Hans v. Louisiana,
134 U. S., 1, 11, 33 Law Ed., 842, 846;
Fitts v. McGhee,
172 U. S., 516, 624, 43 Law Ed., 535, 540.
In
Carpenter v. R. R.,
184 N. C., 400, it was said: “The principle is firmly established that a State cannot be sued in its own courts or elsewhere unless it has expressly consented to such suit, except in cases authorized by Article XI of the Constitution of the United States, or by some provision in the State Constitution represented, for example, by Article IV, section 9, of the Constitution of North Carolina. In
Beers v. Arkansas,
20 Howard, 527,
Taney, C.
J., said: ‘It is an established principle of jurisprudence in all civilized nations that the sovereign cannot be sued in its own courts, or in any other, without its consent and permission; but it may, if it thinks proper, waive this privilege and permit itself to be made a defendant in a suit by individuals, or by another State. And as this permission is altogether voluntary on the part of the sovereignty, it follows that it may prescribe the terms and conditions on which it consents to be sued, and the manner in which the suit shall be conducted,- and may withdraw its consent whenever it may suppose that justice to the public requires it.’ ”
Chemical Co. v. Board of Agriculture,
111 N. C., 135;
Moody v. State Prison,
128 N. C., 12.
As tbe plaintiff’s claim against tbe Insurance Department (0. S., 6263) was in effect a claim against tbe State tbe Superior Court bad no jurisdiction unless tbe State bad given its consent to be sued; tbe Supreme Court bas original jurisdiction to bear claims against tbe State and to render recommendatory decisions. Constitution, Art. IV, sec. 9. Had tbe State given its consent to be sued ?
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Adams, J.
The demurrers admit the complaint, but deny its sufficiency in law to constitute a cause of action.
Sandlin v. Wilmington,
185 N. C., 257.
Wake County demurs on the ground that it is sued in its corporate capacity, and that there is no allegation in the complaint of a corporate contract; or, differently expressed, that the cause of action, if a sufficient cause is alleged, is against individuals and not against the county as a corporate entity.
In North Carolina every county is a body politic and corporate; it may exercise the powers which are prescribed by statute and those which are necessarily implied by law, and no others; and these powers can be exercised only by the board of commissioners or in pursuance of a resolution which it adopts. C. S., 1290, 1291, 1297;
Dare v. Currituck,
95
N. C., 189;
Manuel v. Comrs.,
98 N. C., 9. The implied powers are such as are necessarily or reasonably implied from those expressly granted or such as are essential to the exercise of those which are expressly conferred.
A county makes its contracts through the agency of its board of commissioners; but to make a contract which shall be binding upon the county the board must act as a body convened in legal session, regular, adjourned, or special. A contract made by members composing the board when acting in their individual and not in their corporate capacity while assembled in a lawful meeting is not the contract of the county. As a rule authorized meetings are prerequisite to corporate action based upon deliberate conference and intelligent discussion of proposed measures. 7 R. C. L., 941; 15 C. J., 460; 43 C. J., 497;
P. & F. R. Ry. Co. v. Comrs. of Anderson County,
16 Kan., 302;
Kirkland v. State,
86 Fla., 84. The principle applies to corporations generally, and by the express terms of our statute, as stated above, every county is a corporate body. C. S., 1290;
Duke v. Markham,
105 N. C., 131;
Hill v. R. R.,
143 N. C., 539;
Everett v. Staton,
192 N. C., 216.
It is alleged in the complaint that the contract on which the plaintiff relies was made at a, joint meeting of the defendants and, notwithstanding the direction given in C. S., 1309, that no record of the proceedings was kept. Counties exercise only such general supervision and control of county affairs as may be prescribed by law. Const., Art. VII, sec. 2. We find no constitutional or statutory provision which authorizes or empowers a board of county commissioners to enter into a joint meeting with other agencies functioning as entirely separate departments respectively of the county and the State, and thereby to make a binding corporate contract by the adoption of a joint verbal agreement to pledge the faith and credit of the county.
There is another point. The duration of the alleged agreement is indefinite. The proposed remuneration is referred to in the complaint as a salary; and although no time was suggested within which the services should be performed, or for how many years the “salary” should be paid, the plaintiff, after the lapse of six years, says that he is entitled to nine thousand dollars. Whether the board of commissioners had the legal right to make a contract of this kind potentially operating beyond their term of office and into the term of a succeeding board is a question involving serious doubt. The rule as to such contracts is not inflexible, but the prevailing opinion seems to be that the members of the board of county commissioners cannot contract in reference to matters which are personal to their successors.
Picket Pub. Co. v. County Commissioners,
12 Anno. Cas., 986, note; 29 L. R. A. (N. S.), 656, note. When the time of performance is indefinite, the contract may mean that perform-
anee is to be continued for a reasonable time, or that the time was left indefinite with the expectation that the parties might continue performance as long as they pleased, or that they would subsequently settle that term of the promise. 1 Williston on Contracts, sec. 38. In the last two contingencies the matter would be personal to a. succeeding board. But at any rate, it was manifestly not within the contemplation of the parties that the alleged contract should continue in effect for a long term of years. Our conclusion is that the agreement was not enforceable against the county of Wake, and for this reason that there was no error in sustaining its demurrer.
The demurrer of the Insurance Department presents other questions: Whether the action is against the State and, if so, whether the State has given its consent to be sued.
The Eleventh Amendment of the Federal Constitution provides that the judicial power of the United States shall not extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one State by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. In construing the Amendment the Supreme Court of the United States has said that it did not in terms prohibit suits by individuals against the States, but declared that the Constitution should not be construed to import any power to authorize the bringing of such suits, alrd that a suit against a State by one of its own citizens, the State not having consented to be sued, is unknown to and forbidden by the law, as much so as suits against a State by citizens of another State of the Union, or by citizens or subjects of foreign States.
Hans v. Louisiana,
134 U. S., 1, 11, 33 Law Ed., 842, 846;
Fitts v. McGhee,
172 U. S., 516, 624, 43 Law Ed., 535, 540.
In
Carpenter v. R. R.,
184 N. C., 400, it was said: “The principle is firmly established that a State cannot be sued in its own courts or elsewhere unless it has expressly consented to such suit, except in cases authorized by Article XI of the Constitution of the United States, or by some provision in the State Constitution represented, for example, by Article IV, section 9, of the Constitution of North Carolina. In
Beers v. Arkansas,
20 Howard, 527,
Taney, C.
J., said: ‘It is an established principle of jurisprudence in all civilized nations that the sovereign cannot be sued in its own courts, or in any other, without its consent and permission; but it may, if it thinks proper, waive this privilege and permit itself to be made a defendant in a suit by individuals, or by another State. And as this permission is altogether voluntary on the part of the sovereignty, it follows that it may prescribe the terms and conditions on which it consents to be sued, and the manner in which the suit shall be conducted,- and may withdraw its consent whenever it may suppose that justice to the public requires it.’ ”
Chemical Co. v. Board of Agriculture,
111 N. C., 135;
Moody v. State Prison,
128 N. C., 12.
As tbe plaintiff’s claim against tbe Insurance Department (0. S., 6263) was in effect a claim against tbe State tbe Superior Court bad no jurisdiction unless tbe State bad given its consent to be sued; tbe Supreme Court bas original jurisdiction to bear claims against tbe State and to render recommendatory decisions. Constitution, Art. IV, sec. 9. Had tbe State given its consent to be sued ?
At tbe time tbe agreement is said to bave been made tbe Insurance Commissioner was authorized to use tbe license tax imposed upon fire insurance companies for tbe purpose of investigating fires and paying certain expenses, including those of detectives and officers. C. S., 6078. Tbe Revenue Act of 1921 provided that so much of tbe license fees collected from fire insurance companies as were necessary should be used by tbe Insurance Commissioner for tbe prevention of fire waste and accidents. Pub. Laws 1921, cb. 34, see. 67. This section was omitted from tbe Revenue Act of 1927, and in consequence tbe Insurance Commissioner could not thereafter expend the license tax for any purpose. Public Laws 1927, cb. 80, sec. 208. Under C. S., 6268, no sum could be used for tbe purpose indicated without tbe previous approval of tbe Governor. Moreover in 1925 tbe General Assembly established an executive budget system and provided that every State department should operate under an appropriation and that no money should be disbursed from tbe State Treasury except as provided by tbe act. Public Laws 1925, cb. 89, secs. 5, 17. At tbe same session tbe duties of tbe Insurance Commissioner with respect to licenses, taxes, etc., were transferred to tbe Revenue Department (Public Laws 1925, cb. 158, sec. 5), and tbe appropriation made in 1927 for tbe fire prevention bureau of tbe Insurance Department was to be disbursed under the budget system. Public Laws 1927, cb. 79. Tbe plaintiff’s action was instituted on 28 December, 1927, and at that time tbe Insurance Commissioner bad no authority to make payment even if tbe agreement bad been valid, and no fund out of which payment could be made. Tbe action, then, was a suit against tbe State; and if section 6078 should be construed as an implied consent to be sued, tbe consent was afterwards withdrawn before suit was brought; and withdrawal of consent was not objectionable on tbe ground that it impaired tbe obligation of a contract. This is clearly pointed out in
Beers v. Arkansas,
20 Howard, 527, 15 Law Ed., 991, and in
Smith Reeves,
178 U. S., 436, 44 Law Ed., 1140.
Tbe subsequent certification by tbe Insurance Commissioner and by members of tbe board of commissioners and of tbe county board of education did not validate an agreement which could not originally bave been enforced. In sustaining the- demurrer of Insurance Department there was no error. Tbe judgment of .the Superior Court is
Affirmed.