Mr. Justice Shepard
delivered the opinion of the Court:
1. It seems that as this court had just been organized, and there was some doubt as to whether the appeal should be [44] prosecuted from the judgment of the Circuit Court, or from the final decree made thereon in the special term for the Orphans’ Court, the caveatee, out of abundant caution, prosecuted an appeal from each. As the proceeding is in the Orphans’ Court—the reference of issues to the Circuit Court being merely in aid thereof—and the final decree is rendered therein, the appeal should be taken therefrom.
' This brings us to the consideration of the motion to dismiss the appeal No. 334, which is the one taken from the decree in the Orphans’ Court.* The ground of the motion is that this decree was entered by consent of the appellee, on the request of the appellant, and cannot therefore be appealed from.
It is true that the counsel for appellant prepared the decree, the form of which was submitted to the counsel for [45] the appellee and consented to by them, and procured its entry on the minutes of the Orphans’ Court. This action was taken for the purpose of speeding the process of appeal.
The decree has none of the elements of a consent decree in the sense that the appellant thereby loses the benefit of his appeal from it, or, correctly speaking, waives all error therein. Without discussing the facts presented in the affidavits in support of and opposition to the motion, it is sufficient to say that the decree itself recites the notice of appeal and its allowance and the amount fixed as the penalty of the appeal bond, and does not recite that it is a consent decree.
In order to amount to a waiver of error, we think that it should plainly appear that the decree was in fact agreed to be final and conclusive. Morris v. Davies, 5 Cl. & Fin. 163, 224. There is a clear distinction between the ease at bar, as regards the facts involved, and that of United States v. Babbitt, 104 U. S. 768, which takes it out of the rule therein asserted. The motion to dismiss must therefore be overruled, and it is so ordered.
2. We come now to the consideration of the errors assigned on the exceptions taken on the trial of the issues in the Circuit Court. The first is based upon the action of the court in admitting in evidence, on behalf of appellees, certain matters relating to the last illness of Hayward M. Hutchinson, in May, 1883 ; and the execution of a will by him; the conduct of appellant with respect thereto and towards the appellee and her mother ; and certain litigation concerning the administration of said Hutchinson’s estate. The objection to all of this testimony was that it was “ irrelevant, immaterial and incompetent,” and “ called for facts too remote to affect the issues in this case.” The objection was followed up with a motion to strike out and exclude, after it was all in, which was also overruled ; and relates to a great mass of evidence spread upon the record, under the practice heretofore prevailing of copying into the bill of [46] exceptions, verbatim, the notes of the official stenographer. In addition, there is considerable documentary evidence, consisting chiefly of the record in the collateral litigation referred to. We cannot undertake the labor of setting out all of the facts and circumstances contained in this record, but will try to state the leading facts sufficiently to show the point made by the appellant and the grounds of our ruling thereon.
Hayward M. Hutchinson lived for a number of years in the District of Columbia. He was one of the stockholders of the Alaska Commercial Co., the lessee of the privilege of taking fur seals on the islands belonging to the United States in Behring Sea, and chiefly through this acquired a large fortune. He died in the District, May 10, 1883, of Bright’s disease, leaving a widow and two children, Linda and Katie, who were married, the former one to Mr. Ball and the latter to the appellant. During his last illness, Mr. Hutchinson sent to his friend and counsel, Noah L. Jeffries, who was spending the summer at Bidley Park, Pa., to come and prepare his will. Jeffries came, and after an interview went away to prepare it. But having to return home in the afternoon, he called in William P. Mattingly, also an attorney of the Washington bar, and entrusted the will to him to take to the testator, accompanied by an explanatory note. The will so prepared devised all the real estate to the two daughters, subject to the wife’s right to occupy certain property for life, at the same time confirming to her the title to certain realty then in her name. The stock of the Alaska Commercial Co. was bequeathed to a trustee for the use of the wife and daughters, in equal portions; but the wife’s interest to pass to the daughters also upon her death or marriage. All the residue of the personal estate was given to the wife and daughters, share and share alike.
When this will was read by Mr. Mattingly, Mr. Hutchinson said it was not'what he wanted, and directed him to prepare [47] another, which was done. The second will devised and bequeathed the entire estate to the wife for life, with remainder to the daughters, and constituted the wife executrix, though without relieving her from giving bond. This will was signed with proper formality and subsequently probated. Appellant and other members of the family were in constant attendance upon the testator during his last illness. The object of much of the testimony with respect to these matters was to furnish circumstances for the indulgence of an inference that appellant was then engaged in an effort to procure a disposition of testator’s property which would bring his wife’s interest therein into his possession, so that its use and final disposition might be controlled by him. And we may add that this evidence was followed by other testimony tending to show that appellant’s wife was of a weak and gentle character, easily influenced and controlled; and that she was completely under the influence of appellant, who was strong willed, domineering and despotic. There was also proof tending to show that he first tried to induce his mother-in-law to renounce the will and claim her legal rights in the inheritance, and then to induce the appellee to “ break the will,” in order that she and his wife might come into immediate possession, and so forth. Failing in this, it was attempted to be shown that he attempted to estrange his wife from her mother and sister, and that in 1884 he filed a bill against his mother-in-law, charging her with making a false inventory by omitting therefrom some f34,000 in cash w'hich she appropriated to her own use, and with other acts of waste of the estate, and so forth. This bill he procured his wife to make oath to. Appellant’s wife had no child to inherit from her, and it is claimed that the acts of appellant, subsequent to the failure to obtain control of the estate through the will of Hutchinson, or its renunciation, were all in aid of a purpose to procure from her a will for his exclusive benefit. And all this was attempted to be connected with proof, which they submitted, as tending to [48] show by circumstances, that the will in controversy was procured by undue influence from his said wife during the last days of her life. She, too, it seems, had the fatal “ Bright’s disease of the kidneys,” which had carried her father off. She returned from Virginia Beach in the spring of 1889, ill and depressed in spirits. Her physician, Dr. Sowers, said that she was threatened with convulsions before and after June 1, and when “ in that condition was totally unfit for anything, physically or mentally, until relieved by treatment.” She made the will on June 6. On the night of June 15, she was seized with a convulsion, and, though recovering therefrom, never left the house again, and died on August 1. Evidence was also introduced tending to show that, from the time of her serious illness, appellant attempted to keep her mother and sister from seeing her, and never permitted them to be with her without the presence also of himself or his servants. It is but just to add that there was some evidence tending to show that the change from the “ Jeffries Will,” as it is called, to the one actually executed by Mr. Hutchinson was possibly induced by Mrs. Hutchinson by some agreement to make her own will at the same time. And we may also, in the same view, add that the appellant positively denied all the facts testified to as tending to show that he was connected with any attempt to influence either Mr. Hutchinson or his own wife in making their wills, or to annul the will of Mr. Hutchinson after his death. He also denied the exercise of any influence over his wife in her relations with her mother and sister, and all improper motives with respect thereto. He also introduced much evidence tending to show the most affectionate relations between his wife and himself, and to negative any inference that she was under his complete domination or control.
It must be borne in mind, too, that we are not passing upon the weight or credibility of the testimony; that is for the jury alone. Assuming, therefore, that the jury took [49] appellee’s view of the truth of this evidence and of the weight to be attached to it, the question remains: Was it competent? Was it, in the main, so connected, no matter how slender the chain, with the decisive point of this controversy as that it was more likely to aid the jury in coming to a just and reasonable conclusion thereon than to confuse and mislead them ? Undoubtedly there are some facts and circumstances which, considered by themselves, were calculated to create a prejudice against the appellant and his cause in the minds of the jury which might have had undue influence upon the general verdict. But, at the same time, they constitute a part of the history of the entire transaction, and we cannot say that they may not have tended in some slight degree to illustrate certain other circumstances therein proper to be considered in arriving at the motives which may have prompted the conduct of the appellant throughout.
As a general rule, remote and collateral facts are inadmissible, and we confess some doubt as to whether the evidence objected to here constitutes an exception to the rule. The remoteness in point of time is of little consequence compared with remoteness in point of causation, or relation to the question at issue. But some cases admit of and seem to require a wider range of evidence than others. Undue influence, coercion, fraud, and the like, naturally and ordinarily, are not susceptible of direct proof, but must be inferred from circumstances. Consequently, as has been well said: “Any fact, no matter how slight, bearing at all on the point at issue, and not wholly irrelevant, may be admitted. But the circumstances, when combined and considered by the jury, should be so strong as to satisfy them of the existence of the fact they are offered to establish.” Davis v. Calvert, 5 G. & J. 269, 304. In a later case, wherein this doctrine is affirmed, the same court said: “ Undue influence is generally proved by a number of facts, each of which, standing alone, may be of little weight, but taken collectively may satisfy a rational mind of its existence.” Moore v. McDonald, 68 Md. 321, 329. [50] In such a case, too, much must be left to the sound discretion of the trial judge, who is called upon “to discriminate between such facts as are merely collateral and foreign to the issue, and such as are connected with it.” Davis v. Calvert, supra.
After careful consideration, we do not feel justified in saying that, in this instance, the discretion of the court was not properly exercised.
3. The next question to be considered arises on the exclusion of the evidence of Noah L. Jeffries when offered by appellant to show that the will drawn by him for Hayward M. Hutchinson was in accordance with the instructions given him by said Hutchinson. Under the next preceding error we have referred to the evidence tending to show that when this will was read to Hutchinson he declared it was nothing like his will, and then and there refused to execute it. Jeffries had been the attorney of the Alaska Commercial Co. at Washington, and he and Hutchinson, who was manager, occupied the same office and were on intimate terms. Some effort had been made to show that Jeffries was also an intimate friend of appellant, and had acted as his attorney in certain matters, and an attempt was made to create the inference that he prepared this will in the interest of appellant and in furtherance of his scheme to acquire his wife’s part of the Hutchinson estate. An attempt was also made to connect him with the alleged scheme by his sending the will to the house by Wm. F. Mattingly, who had been appellant’s attorney, and whose motives and conduct were also impugned, as we shall see later when we come to consider the exclusion of his testimony. The appellant called Jeffries, and offered to prove by him that he received his instructions from Hutchinson, and no one else, and that the will which he drew was in exact conformity therewith. The court refused to hear the evidence on the objection of appellee, that it was a privileged communication between client and attorney.
[51] We think this was error. It is not necessary to discuss, much less to question, the old, well settled and salutary rule with respect to the exclusion of evidence of communications by client to attorney. It does not apply to the point as here presented. In England it was early held that the rule does not ordinarily apply to instructions given by a testator to his attorney in the preparation of his will, when the same subsequently came into controversy. Russell v. Jackson, 9 Hare, 387. In that case the Vice Chancellor said: “ In the case, then, of a testamentary disposition, the very foundations on which the rule proceeds seem to be wanting; and in the absence of any illegal purpose entertained by the testator, there does not seem to be any ground for applying the rule in such a case.” See also Duke of Bedford v. Abercorn, 1 My. & Cr. 312; Nourse v. Finch, 1 Ves. Jr. 344. The case of Russell v. Jackson was cited with approval and liberally quoted from by the Supreme Court of the United States in a case which must control us: Blackburn v. Crawfords, 3 Wall. 175, 193. The court, it is true, said that it preferred to place its decision of the case before it upon the implied waiver of the client. The doctrine of Russell v. Jackson has been upheld also by other courts of high authority. Scott v. Harris, 113 Ill. 447, 454; Graham v. O’Fallon, 4 Mo. 338; 42 Hun, 516.
There is another ground also upon which the admissibility of this testimony may be sustained. The evidence of the appellee involved a charge of shameful misconduct and attempted treachery upon the part of Jeffries, which, if undenied, would also tend to greatly prejudice the case of appellant. If, therefore, the appellee and her mother stand in the right of Hayward M. Hutchinson, deceased, and may claim the privilege, they may also by their conduct waive it. The object of the rule ceases, and the attorney is no longer bound by his obligation, when the client or his representatives charge him, either directly or indirectly, with fraud or other improper or unprofessional conduct.
[52] 4. In the examination of Dr. Sowers, who was the physician of Mr. Hutchinson, he was permitted to say: “ On the 21st, three days before the will was executed, Mr. Hutchinson talked to me about the making of a will generally. He said he had always intended to make a will; some of his friends that he had talked to thought differently. Every time he had arranged to make his will something happened to prevent it, but he always intended to make one, and now he was fully determined to. He said, in the first place : £ I want to leave all I have to my wife, and I want to have every possible means afforded her of enjoying the life she is now leading, unmolested by anybody.’ He said also: £I formerly had a very high regard for Mr. Olmstead; such a regard as a man ought to have to allow a man to marry his daughter, but during my sickness I have had occasion to watch him very closely; I have watched him very closely, and as a result of that observation I believe Mr. Olmstead to be a damned rascal, and one who would give my wife, unprotected, no end of trouble; and for those reasons I propose to make my will.’ I believe that is exactly what he said, literally.” These facts were intimately connected with the other testimony which we have heretofore held to have been admissible, and form part of the chain of circumstances therein, and for the reasons given we cannot say that the court erred in its admission.
5. To rebut any injurious inference from this evidence, the appellant was asked by his counsel: “ What were you doing about the house of Mr. Hutchinson that he could observe during that time ? ” The court refused to permit the question to be answered, and we do not think that he erred in so ruling. The witness had, upon direct and cross-examination, testified very fully to all that he saw, heard and did at the house of Mr. Hutchinson during his last illness. An answer to that question would have involved a mere general denial of any conduct which might have afforded occasion for the opinion expressed concerning him by [53] deceased, or a repetition of his former evidence, neither of which would have been proper. Besides, he was permitted to relate a circumstance, not brought out before, tending to show that deceased, on one occasion, at least, about that time, was not in his right mind.
6. In addition to the offer made of his own testimony on this point, appellant offered to prove by Dr. N. S. Lincoln that a person suffering from Bright’s disease of the kidneys, as Mr. Hutchinson then was, was likely, at times, to lose his mind. The statement was made that the witness would so testify, and it was offered not only to weaken the probable effect of the expression of opinion by deceased concerning appellant, but also, in some degree, to contradict Dr. Sowers, who, on cross-examination and in answer to the direct question, had said that it was not “ characteristic of that disease ” for one suffering therefrom to become “ flighty and turn upon his best friend.” The witness had been called in during the last days of Mr. Hutchinson’s sickness and knew that he was suffering from uremic poisoning. On the first call he found the patient unconscious, and he saw him on several days thereafter. The witness was not permitted to answer, and therein we think the learned judge erred. The testimony was competent; its weight was for the jury to determine.
7. The next error which we shall consider in the rejection of evidence offered by appellant arose in this manner. It will be remembered that William F. Mattingly, Esq., drew the will which Hayward M. Hutchinson finally executed, and was a witness thereto. He also at the same time drew a will for Mrs. Hutchinson. He had been the attorney of appellant in some litigation prior to that time, and had continued to represent him. It must also be remembered that the relations of appellant and his father in law had always been close, confidential and affectionate. Mr. Mattingly subsequently, as counsel, represented appellant in the bill which his wife filed against her mother as executrix of the [54] estate. He drew the will of appellant’s wife, now in controversy, and was a subscribing witness thereto. He was naturally and properly called as a witness to prove the will, and testified strongly in support thereof. Mrs. Hutchinson, who exhibited much interest and some feeling in the case, was examined at length on behalf of the appellee. She was permitted to testify that, a few days after the funeral of her husband, her “ suspicions were aroused by Mr. Mattingly.” This she undertook to explain as follows: “ I sent for Mr. Mattingly and told him that I knew the will had to be probated, and I asked him what had to be done. I had talked with him three or four minutes, when Mr. Olmstead walked into the house. I could not say another word to Mr. Mat-tingly ; there was a feeling came over me that I could not describe, and all I said to Mr. Mattingly after that was, ‘ Mr. Mattingly, it is not possible for you to be my attorney and Mr. Olmstead’s also.’ I felt then that there was something wrong; that I mistrusted Mr. Olmstead and mistrusted Mr. Mattingly.” The witness further said that Mr. Mat-tingly had always been Mr. Olmstead’s attorney “ to the best of her knowledge.” The testimony was not only calculated to injure the reputation of Mr. Mattingly, if undenied, but also to injure the cause of appellant, both because Mr. Mattingly was an important and material witness on his behalf, and he himself had been implicated in the act which aroused Mrs. Hutchinson’s suspicions. It is not easy to perceive the relevancy of this particular piece of evidence to the matter in controversy here; but, having been admitted, the appellant had the clear right to rebut it with the testimony of Mr. Mattingly. He was offered as a witness by appellant, and Mrs. Hutchinson’s statement was read to him. After saying that he remembered calling on her, he was asked, “ Was anything then said about probating the will ? ” The witness suggested that the communication was privileged, and that he ought not to answer without the consent of Mrs. Hutchinson. No such consent was given. The [55] question was then withdrawn, and the following propounded: “ Mrs. Hutchinson testifies that the interview she had with you on the occasion just referred to, was terminated by her saying: ‘ Mr. Mattingly, it is not possible for you to be my attorney and Mr. Olmstead’s also.’ Did she say that to you, and was the interview so terminated?” The appellee objected to the witness answering, whereupon appellant stated that it was his purpose to prove by the witness that Mrs. Hutchinson did not close the interview in that way: “ but that on the contrary, Mr. Mattingly himself, upon the revelation of a certain disposition on the part of Mrs. Hutchinson, said to her that as he had been Mr. Olmstead’s lawyer for so long, and still was, he could not accept her employment.” The court, however, refused to admit the evidence, and appellant excepted.
It is contended on behalf of the appellee that the witness himself declined to answer because of the relation of attorney and client which prevailed when the matter occurred. This is true as regards the first question asked, which went much farther than the one substituted therefor. We think it clear that Mrs. Hutchinson, by her attack upon the credit of the attorney, waived her right to command his silence to the extent of the inquiry made in the question which the court refused to permit him to answer. The testimony was material to the cause of appellant, and its exclusion constitutes reversible error.
8. There is another objection to evidence introduced on behalf of appellee which, though of little consequence, it may be well to consider, as the case will have to be tried again. This is the evidence of It. J. Meigs respecting the withdrawal of certain papers from the files by appellant in the suit instituted by him and his wife against Mrs. Hutchinson, which has been several times referred to. We think this evidence was irrelevant, and that it should have been excluded.
9. The court did not err in refusing, after the evidence [56] was all in, to instruct the jury, as prayed by the caveatee, to return a verdict for him. It would serve no useful purpose, especially as the case must be retried by the jury, for us to review the evidence and give, in detail the grounds upon which our conclusion is founded. Suffice it to say that the failure of evidence was not so complete as that the court was bound to take the case from the jury; nor can it be said that the evidence, and all proper inferences therefrom, make so plain a case that all reasonable men would be driven to one and the same conclusion thereon. Gardner v. Mich. G. RR., 150 U. S. 349; Wash. Gas L. Co. v. Poore, 3 App. D. C. 127.
We may say, however, that the evidence as regards the incapacity of the testatrix to make a will, considered by itself and with reference to that issue alone, is,' to say the least, meagre and unsatisfactory, and were that the only issue in the cause, or even the main one, we would hardly deem it sufficient to sustain the verdict. The substantial and controlling issue of the case is, whether the will is in fact the free act of the testatrix, or the result of undue influence exercised upon her by her husband when she was feeble both in body and mind, and incapable of resistance.
The mental and physical condition of the testatrix, though they may not be such as, of themselves, to render her incompetent to make a will, are, nevertheless, circumstances to be considered in determining the question whether she was the subject of coercion or undue influence exerted in any form. Care should be taken, as seems to have been done in the charge that was given on the trial, to prevent the confusion of these two issues by the jury.
For the errors which we have pointed out, the judgment and decree appealed from must be reversed, with costs to the appellant, and the cause remanded for a new trial. It is so ordered.