MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions Decision: 2017 ME 40 Docket: Sag-16-5 Argued: February 6, 2017 Decided: March 7, 2017
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.
OLLAND REESE
v.
STATE OF MAINE
MEAD, J.
[¶1] Olland Reese appeals from a judgment of the trial court
(Sagadahoc County, Warren, J.) dismissing Grounds 1-5 of his second petition
for post-conviction review prior to the evidentiary hearing on the petition.
Those grounds asserted that Reese’s counsel in his first petition for
post-conviction review, which was denied in 2009, was ineffective. The court
concluded that Maine law does not permit a second petition to challenge the
effectiveness of counsel who represented a petitioner in a prior petition, and
that the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1
(2012), whatever its impact on that point of law may be, was not retroactive
and therefore had no effect on Reese’s first petition, which was denied more
than two years before Martinez was decided. 2
[¶2] Pursuant to M.R. App. P. 19, we granted a certificate of probable
cause “limited to the issue” of “whether Martinez v. Ryan . . . provides [Reese]
with the right to challenge the effectiveness of counsel in a post-conviction
review proceeding.” Having considered that limited question, we affirm the
judgment.1
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURE
[¶3] This is the fourth time that Reese’s case has been before us. In 2005,
we affirmed Reese’s 2003 conviction for murdering a sixteen-year-old girl.
State v. Reese, 2005 ME 87, ¶ 1, 877 A.2d 1090; see State v. Reese, 2013 ME 10,
¶ 1, 60 A.3d 1277. In July 2009, we denied Reese’s request for a certificate of
probable cause after the trial court denied his first petition for post-conviction
review. See Reese v. State, No. CR-06-125, 2009 Me. Super. LEXIS 117
(Feb. 27, 2009). In 2013, we affirmed the trial court’s denial of Reese’s motion
for a new trial based on DNA evidence. Reese, 2013 ME 10, ¶ 32, 60 A.3d 1277;
see State v. Reese, No. CR-02-73, 2012 Me. Super. LEXIS 55 (March 14, 2012).
[¶4] The case at bar began in January 2013 when Reese filed a second
petition for post-conviction review, which, as later amended, asserted sixteen
1 Reese urges us to go beyond the effect of Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012), and find such a right in the Maine Constitution. That issue is not encompassed by the certificate of probable cause authorizing an appeal concerning a single discrete question, and we do not address it. 3
grounds, some related to the first petition and others to the motion for a new
trial. Grounds 1-5 asserted that the attorney who represented Reese in his first
petition was ineffective in several respects. The court dismissed those grounds
after concluding that Martinez was not retroactive even if, arguendo, it
announced a rule favorable to Reese. The court held an evidentiary hearing
concerning four grounds that remained following the dismissal of Grounds 1-5
and other prehearing proceedings that are not at issue here. It denied the
petition in a detailed order dated December 10, 2015. We granted Reese’s
request for a certificate of probable cause, subject to the single-issue limitation
stated in the certificate.
II. DISCUSSION
[¶5] By statute, subject to specified limitations,2 post-conviction review
is available for “review of a criminal judgment of this State or of a
post-sentencing proceeding following the criminal judgment.” 15 M.R.S. § 2124
(2016). Although an assertion of ineffective assistance of trial counsel is
cognizable in a first petition for post-conviction review as a challenge to the
2 See 15 M.R.S. §§ 2124, 2126, 2128, 2128-B (2016).
underlying criminal conviction,3 we have long held that a claim of ineffective
assistance of post-conviction counsel is not cognizable in a subsequent petition
because “post-conviction review is not included within the definition of a
post-sentencing proceeding.” McEachern v. State, 456 A.2d 886, 890
(Me. 1983); see 15 M.R.S. § 2121(2) (2016). Accordingly, the trial court
properly dismissed Grounds 1-5 of Reese’s petition unless Reese persuades us
that Martinez announced a new rule requiring a contrary result and that the
rule applies retroactively to Reese’s petition. He fails in that task because the
Supreme Court declared explicitly that Martinez did not announce a new
constitutional rule, but rather only narrowly qualified a doctrine of federal
procedure as a matter of equity, and because the Martinez holding is not
retroactive in any event.
[¶6] A new rule of constitutional criminal procedure is retroactively
applied only if it “alters the range of conduct or the class of persons that the law
punishes,” or is “a watershed rule of criminal procedure.” Carmichael v. State,
2007 ME 86, ¶ 18, 927 A.2d 1172 (quotation marks omitted). In Martinez, the
Supreme Court noted that its decision in Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722
3 See 15 M.R.S. §§ 2122, 2124 (2016); State v. Ali, 2011 ME 122, ¶ 20, 32 A.3d 1019; cf. McEachern v. State, 456 A.2d 886, 890 (Me. 1983) (noting that in that case, “Petitioner does not argue, nor could he argue, that he is challenging the underlying criminal conviction.”).
(1991), “left open . . . a question of constitutional law: whether a prisoner has a
right to effective counsel in collateral proceedings which provide the first
occasion to raise a claim of ineffective assistance at trial.” Martinez,
566 U.S. at 8. The Court said that when an appellate system—such as Maine’s—
“makes the initial-review collateral proceeding a prisoner’s one and only
appeal as to an ineffective-assistance claim,”4 id. (quotation marks omitted),
that circumstance “may justify an exception to the constitutional rule that there
is no right to counsel in collateral proceedings,” id. at 9.5
[¶7] However, contrary to Reese’s assertion that “[i]n light of Martinez,
McEachern must be reinterpreted to comport with due process and allow for
the state review of ineffective post-conviction counsel,” the Martinez Court was
careful to explain that
[t]his is not the case . . . to resolve whether that exception exists as a constitutional matter. The precise question here is whether ineffective assistance in an initial-review collateral proceeding on a claim of ineffective assistance at trial may provide cause for a
4 Our precedent establishes that “[w]e do not consider claims of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal; such claims will only be considered after a certificate of probable cause has been issued following a hearing on a post-conviction petition.” Ali, 2011 ME 122, ¶ 20, 32 A.3d 1019.
5 In Maine, a petitioner who wishes to be represented in a post-conviction proceeding may retain counsel, or may have counsel appointed by establishing that he or she is indigent. 15 M.R.S. § 2129(1)(B) (2016); M.R.U. Crim. P. 69.
procedural default6 in a federal habeas proceeding. . . .
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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions Decision: 2017 ME 40 Docket: Sag-16-5 Argued: February 6, 2017 Decided: March 7, 2017
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.
OLLAND REESE
v.
STATE OF MAINE
MEAD, J.
[¶1] Olland Reese appeals from a judgment of the trial court
(Sagadahoc County, Warren, J.) dismissing Grounds 1-5 of his second petition
for post-conviction review prior to the evidentiary hearing on the petition.
Those grounds asserted that Reese’s counsel in his first petition for
post-conviction review, which was denied in 2009, was ineffective. The court
concluded that Maine law does not permit a second petition to challenge the
effectiveness of counsel who represented a petitioner in a prior petition, and
that the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1
(2012), whatever its impact on that point of law may be, was not retroactive
and therefore had no effect on Reese’s first petition, which was denied more
than two years before Martinez was decided. 2
[¶2] Pursuant to M.R. App. P. 19, we granted a certificate of probable
cause “limited to the issue” of “whether Martinez v. Ryan . . . provides [Reese]
with the right to challenge the effectiveness of counsel in a post-conviction
review proceeding.” Having considered that limited question, we affirm the
judgment.1
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURE
[¶3] This is the fourth time that Reese’s case has been before us. In 2005,
we affirmed Reese’s 2003 conviction for murdering a sixteen-year-old girl.
State v. Reese, 2005 ME 87, ¶ 1, 877 A.2d 1090; see State v. Reese, 2013 ME 10,
¶ 1, 60 A.3d 1277. In July 2009, we denied Reese’s request for a certificate of
probable cause after the trial court denied his first petition for post-conviction
review. See Reese v. State, No. CR-06-125, 2009 Me. Super. LEXIS 117
(Feb. 27, 2009). In 2013, we affirmed the trial court’s denial of Reese’s motion
for a new trial based on DNA evidence. Reese, 2013 ME 10, ¶ 32, 60 A.3d 1277;
see State v. Reese, No. CR-02-73, 2012 Me. Super. LEXIS 55 (March 14, 2012).
[¶4] The case at bar began in January 2013 when Reese filed a second
petition for post-conviction review, which, as later amended, asserted sixteen
1 Reese urges us to go beyond the effect of Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012), and find such a right in the Maine Constitution. That issue is not encompassed by the certificate of probable cause authorizing an appeal concerning a single discrete question, and we do not address it. 3
grounds, some related to the first petition and others to the motion for a new
trial. Grounds 1-5 asserted that the attorney who represented Reese in his first
petition was ineffective in several respects. The court dismissed those grounds
after concluding that Martinez was not retroactive even if, arguendo, it
announced a rule favorable to Reese. The court held an evidentiary hearing
concerning four grounds that remained following the dismissal of Grounds 1-5
and other prehearing proceedings that are not at issue here. It denied the
petition in a detailed order dated December 10, 2015. We granted Reese’s
request for a certificate of probable cause, subject to the single-issue limitation
stated in the certificate.
II. DISCUSSION
[¶5] By statute, subject to specified limitations,2 post-conviction review
is available for “review of a criminal judgment of this State or of a
post-sentencing proceeding following the criminal judgment.” 15 M.R.S. § 2124
(2016). Although an assertion of ineffective assistance of trial counsel is
cognizable in a first petition for post-conviction review as a challenge to the
2 See 15 M.R.S. §§ 2124, 2126, 2128, 2128-B (2016).
underlying criminal conviction,3 we have long held that a claim of ineffective
assistance of post-conviction counsel is not cognizable in a subsequent petition
because “post-conviction review is not included within the definition of a
post-sentencing proceeding.” McEachern v. State, 456 A.2d 886, 890
(Me. 1983); see 15 M.R.S. § 2121(2) (2016). Accordingly, the trial court
properly dismissed Grounds 1-5 of Reese’s petition unless Reese persuades us
that Martinez announced a new rule requiring a contrary result and that the
rule applies retroactively to Reese’s petition. He fails in that task because the
Supreme Court declared explicitly that Martinez did not announce a new
constitutional rule, but rather only narrowly qualified a doctrine of federal
procedure as a matter of equity, and because the Martinez holding is not
retroactive in any event.
[¶6] A new rule of constitutional criminal procedure is retroactively
applied only if it “alters the range of conduct or the class of persons that the law
punishes,” or is “a watershed rule of criminal procedure.” Carmichael v. State,
2007 ME 86, ¶ 18, 927 A.2d 1172 (quotation marks omitted). In Martinez, the
Supreme Court noted that its decision in Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722
3 See 15 M.R.S. §§ 2122, 2124 (2016); State v. Ali, 2011 ME 122, ¶ 20, 32 A.3d 1019; cf. McEachern v. State, 456 A.2d 886, 890 (Me. 1983) (noting that in that case, “Petitioner does not argue, nor could he argue, that he is challenging the underlying criminal conviction.”).
(1991), “left open . . . a question of constitutional law: whether a prisoner has a
right to effective counsel in collateral proceedings which provide the first
occasion to raise a claim of ineffective assistance at trial.” Martinez,
566 U.S. at 8. The Court said that when an appellate system—such as Maine’s—
“makes the initial-review collateral proceeding a prisoner’s one and only
appeal as to an ineffective-assistance claim,”4 id. (quotation marks omitted),
that circumstance “may justify an exception to the constitutional rule that there
is no right to counsel in collateral proceedings,” id. at 9.5
[¶7] However, contrary to Reese’s assertion that “[i]n light of Martinez,
McEachern must be reinterpreted to comport with due process and allow for
the state review of ineffective post-conviction counsel,” the Martinez Court was
careful to explain that
[t]his is not the case . . . to resolve whether that exception exists as a constitutional matter. The precise question here is whether ineffective assistance in an initial-review collateral proceeding on a claim of ineffective assistance at trial may provide cause for a
4 Our precedent establishes that “[w]e do not consider claims of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal; such claims will only be considered after a certificate of probable cause has been issued following a hearing on a post-conviction petition.” Ali, 2011 ME 122, ¶ 20, 32 A.3d 1019.
5 In Maine, a petitioner who wishes to be represented in a post-conviction proceeding may retain counsel, or may have counsel appointed by establishing that he or she is indigent. 15 M.R.S. § 2129(1)(B) (2016); M.R.U. Crim. P. 69.
procedural default6 in a federal habeas proceeding. . . . This opinion qualifies Coleman by recognizing a narrow exception: Inadequate assistance of counsel at initial-review collateral proceedings may establish cause for a prisoner’s procedural default of a claim of ineffective assistance at trial.
. . . .
Where, under state law, claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel must be raised in an initial-review collateral proceeding, a procedural default will not bar a federal habeas court from hearing a substantial claim of ineffective assistance at trial if, in the initial- review collateral proceeding, there was no counsel or counsel in that proceeding was ineffective.
Id. at 9, 17.
[¶8] In reaching that holding, the Court took note of “the differences
between a constitutional ruling and the equitable ruling of this case.” Id. at 16.
Not surprisingly, the Circuit Courts of Appeal that have considered Martinez
have uniformly held that it did not announce a new, retroactive rule of
constitutional law.7
6 A federal habeas court is guided by “the doctrine of procedural default, under which a federal court will not review the merits of claims, including constitutional claims, that a state court declined to hear because the prisoner failed to abide by a state procedural rule.” Martinez, 566 U.S. at 9.
7 See In re Hensley, 836 F.3d 504, 507 (5th Cir. 2016) (“Martinez recognized a narrow, equitable exception to the procedural default doctrine . . . . That decision did not establish a new rule of constitutional law.” (quotation marks omitted)); In re Evans, No. 15-1726, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 21525, at *1 (3d Cir. Apr. 30, 2015) (“[Petitioner’s] reliance on Martinez . . . is unavailing because that case does not set forth a new rule of constitutional law.”); Griffin v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 787 F.3d 1086, 1094 (11th Cir. 2015) (“Martinez . . . is not retroactively applicable.”); Bluemel v. Bigelow, 613 F. App’x 698, 699 (10th Cir. 2015) (“Martinez . . . did not newly recognize a constitutional right.”); In re Paredes, 587 F. App’x 805, 813 (5th Cir. 2014) (“[T]he Supreme Court has not made . . . Martinez . . . retroactive to cases on collateral review . . . .”); Chavez v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 7
[¶9] Given the Supreme Court’s clear statement that Martinez announced
a narrow equitable exception to a doctrine of federal procedure, not a new
constitutional rule, and given the weight of authority holding that the Martinez
exception is not retroactive in any event, we conclude that, although Reese will
not be precluded from seeking habeas corpus review in the federal court,
Martinez did not give Reese the right to challenge the effectiveness of
post-conviction counsel in a subsequent post-conviction review petition.
Accordingly, the trial court properly dismissed the grounds of Reese’s second
petition that attempted to mount such a challenge.
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
742 F.3d 940, 945 (11th Cir. 2014) (noting the “narrow scope” of the Martinez decision in creating an “equitable exception” to a rule of federal procedure); Pagan-San Miguel v. United States, 736 F.3d 44, 45 (1st Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (“We . . . join the circuits that have considered the question in holding that Martinez did not announce a new rule of constitutional law.”); Jones v. Ryan, 733 F.3d 825, 843 & n.6 (9th Cir. 2013), cert. denied, --- U.S. ---, 134 S. Ct. 503 (2013) (declining to reach the question of whether Martinez is retroactive in stating that, “[T]he rule of Martinez, while new, is not a rule of constitutional law. Further, we have consistently recognized that Martinez was not a constitutional decision.”); Hodges v. Colson, 727 F.3d 517, 531 (6th Cir. 2013) (stating that Martinez created an “equitable—as opposed to constitutional—exception” (quotation marks omitted)). 8
Christopher Northrop, Esq., and McKenzie Smith, Stud. Atty. (orally), Cumberland Legal Aid Clinic, Portland, for appellant Olland Reese
Janet T. Mills, Attorney General, and Donald W. Macomber, Asst. Atty. Gen. (orally) Office of the Attorney General, Augusta, for appellee State of Maine
Sagadahoc County Superior Court docket number CR-2013-21 FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY