Simmons, C. J.
The record discloses that Oliveros was put upon trial under an indictment charging him with embezzlement. He pleaded not guilty. The jury had been impaneled and sworn to try this issue between the State and the accused. Oliveros appears to have been the cashier of a railroad company. In order to prove that he had received the money charged to have •been embezzled, a receipt signed by him was tendered in evidence. This receipt acknowledged the reception by him of a certain package of money from an express company. One of the objections urged by the accused to the admission of this receipt was that it was not the highest'and best evidence. The trial judge overruled the objections, and said, in announcing his opinion as to the admissibility of the evidence: “ A receipt showing the delivery of a package is about as high evidence as you can get. * It is about as high evidence as one can get1 that a man has' received anything, when he acknowledges it in writing.” Counsel for the accused called the attention of the judge to his remarks upon the effect and weight of the receipt, and the judge then said: “ What I mean to say and what I did say is this: When a man acknowledges the receipt of money, it is about as high evidence as a man can have. I didn’t speak of the receipt at all. The acknowledgment of the receipt of money by a party is about as high evidence as you can produce that he received it. [239]*239All receipts are open to attack. The receipt of a deed is open to attack. It is prima facie evidence of the receipt of money. It is not conclusive.” The trial then proceeded for the rest of the day. At night a recess was taken. The following morning the judge, over the protest of the accused, discharged the jury and declared a-mistrial because of the remarks set out above, deeming them so erroneous as to vitiate any verdict that might be found against the accused. At the following term of the court the accused was again arraigned and put upon trial before another jury upon the same indictment. He pleaded former jeopardy. The plea was overruled, and he excepted.
Was the trial judge right, under the above-stated facts, in discharging the jury and declaring a mistrial over the protest of the accused? We think not. To justify the grant of a mistrial without the consent of the accused there must be either a moral or a physical necessity. See Nolan v. State, 55 Ga. 521. The facts in the present case do not show either a moral or a physical necessity. This being true, the sole question then for decision is whether the trial judge may declare a mistrial for an error of law committed by him during the progress of the case in admitting or excluding evidence, or some other erroneous ruling. While many exceptions have been made by the courts to the rule that in no case could a mistrial be declared after the jury had been sworn and impaneled and put upon the prisoner, we have sought diligently to ascertain if any court has ever held, as a new exception, that a judge might declare a mistrial because of an error committed by himself, and have been unable to find such a case. The only one cited in the briefs of counsel and the only one we have been able to find which deals with such a point is Hilands v. Com., 111 Pa. St. 1, 56 Am. R. 235. That case holds, in substance, that the judge has no authority or power to grant a mistrial for an error committed by himelf. The constitution of this State declares that “ No person shall be put in jeopardy of life, or liberty, more than once for the same offense, save on his or her own motion for a new trial after conviction, or in case of mistrial.” When,, therefore, a person accused of crime has been put upon his trial, and a jury, selected by him and the State, charged with the case, there must be a verdict either for him or against him, unless there is an absolute moral or physical necessity for a mis[240]*240trial or he consents to the same. Consequently, if a judge capriciously or erroneously declares a mistrial and the accused is again put upon trial, he will be placed in jeopardy a second time for the same offense. It may be argued, however, that this same section of the constitution provides that this rule as to jeopardy shall not obtain in case of mistrial That is doubtless 'true if the mistrial arises from absolute moral or physical necessity. This was the rule of a large majority of the courts before these words were put in our organic law, and of course they were placed there with knowledge on the part .of the makers of the constitution of what the courts had held to be a legal mistrial. They were also placed there, we presume, to settle what was a disputed .question among some of the courts as to' whether a person could again be placed upon trial for the same offense and under the same indictment after a mistrial for any cause. The constitution and laws of this State safeguard the lives and liberties of the people, and the courts have established procedure with this view and purpose. They have established, as before remarked, exceptions to the old iron-clad rule that there must be a verdict, as pointed out by the writer in Stocks v. State, 91 Ga. 831; but they have not made and we apprehend will never make, the exception that a mistrial may be declared in a criminal case on the judge’s own motion when he thinks that he has committed error. It would not do to hold that whenever a judge copies to the conclusion that he has committed error in the trial of a criminal case he can declare a mistrial and put the accused upon trial before another jury. No one could tell where such a ruling would lead. If the judge could do this in one trial, he could do it in the second or third or even fourth. The law does not intend that one accused of crime shall be harassed in this way. But it is argued that the judge expressed an opinion in the present case in the presence of the jury, and that, under our Civil Code, § 4334, it became an imperious necessity for him to grant a mistrial. That section reads as follows: “ It is error for any or either of the judges of the superior courts of this State, in any case, whether civil or criminal, or in equity, during its progress, or in his charge to the jury, to express or intimate his opinion as to what has or has not been proved, or as to the guilt of the accused; and should any judge of said court violate the pro[241]*241visions of this section, such violation shall be held by the Supreme Court to be error, and the decision in such case reversed, and a new trial granted in the court below, with such directions as the said Supreme Court may lawfully giv.e.” It is claimed that when the judge said in the present case, in the presence of the jury, that a receipt signed by a, person acknowledging the reception of money was the highest evidence, he expressed an opinion as to what had heen proved, and, as this section declares that the Supreme Court shall in every such case grant a new trial and such an error is incurable, the judge was justified in granting a mistrial. In the first place, the code does not in this section deal with mistrials. It provides that when a judge violates its provisions the Supreme Court shall grant a new trial. That is the remedy and the relief provided in this section. We apprehend that the legislature which passed this act had too much regard for the rights of accused persons to put it in the power of a trial judge on his own motion to grant a mistrial for its violation and again place the accused in jeopardy.
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Simmons, C. J.
The record discloses that Oliveros was put upon trial under an indictment charging him with embezzlement. He pleaded not guilty. The jury had been impaneled and sworn to try this issue between the State and the accused. Oliveros appears to have been the cashier of a railroad company. In order to prove that he had received the money charged to have •been embezzled, a receipt signed by him was tendered in evidence. This receipt acknowledged the reception by him of a certain package of money from an express company. One of the objections urged by the accused to the admission of this receipt was that it was not the highest'and best evidence. The trial judge overruled the objections, and said, in announcing his opinion as to the admissibility of the evidence: “ A receipt showing the delivery of a package is about as high evidence as you can get. * It is about as high evidence as one can get1 that a man has' received anything, when he acknowledges it in writing.” Counsel for the accused called the attention of the judge to his remarks upon the effect and weight of the receipt, and the judge then said: “ What I mean to say and what I did say is this: When a man acknowledges the receipt of money, it is about as high evidence as a man can have. I didn’t speak of the receipt at all. The acknowledgment of the receipt of money by a party is about as high evidence as you can produce that he received it. [239]*239All receipts are open to attack. The receipt of a deed is open to attack. It is prima facie evidence of the receipt of money. It is not conclusive.” The trial then proceeded for the rest of the day. At night a recess was taken. The following morning the judge, over the protest of the accused, discharged the jury and declared a-mistrial because of the remarks set out above, deeming them so erroneous as to vitiate any verdict that might be found against the accused. At the following term of the court the accused was again arraigned and put upon trial before another jury upon the same indictment. He pleaded former jeopardy. The plea was overruled, and he excepted.
Was the trial judge right, under the above-stated facts, in discharging the jury and declaring a mistrial over the protest of the accused? We think not. To justify the grant of a mistrial without the consent of the accused there must be either a moral or a physical necessity. See Nolan v. State, 55 Ga. 521. The facts in the present case do not show either a moral or a physical necessity. This being true, the sole question then for decision is whether the trial judge may declare a mistrial for an error of law committed by him during the progress of the case in admitting or excluding evidence, or some other erroneous ruling. While many exceptions have been made by the courts to the rule that in no case could a mistrial be declared after the jury had been sworn and impaneled and put upon the prisoner, we have sought diligently to ascertain if any court has ever held, as a new exception, that a judge might declare a mistrial because of an error committed by himself, and have been unable to find such a case. The only one cited in the briefs of counsel and the only one we have been able to find which deals with such a point is Hilands v. Com., 111 Pa. St. 1, 56 Am. R. 235. That case holds, in substance, that the judge has no authority or power to grant a mistrial for an error committed by himelf. The constitution of this State declares that “ No person shall be put in jeopardy of life, or liberty, more than once for the same offense, save on his or her own motion for a new trial after conviction, or in case of mistrial.” When,, therefore, a person accused of crime has been put upon his trial, and a jury, selected by him and the State, charged with the case, there must be a verdict either for him or against him, unless there is an absolute moral or physical necessity for a mis[240]*240trial or he consents to the same. Consequently, if a judge capriciously or erroneously declares a mistrial and the accused is again put upon trial, he will be placed in jeopardy a second time for the same offense. It may be argued, however, that this same section of the constitution provides that this rule as to jeopardy shall not obtain in case of mistrial That is doubtless 'true if the mistrial arises from absolute moral or physical necessity. This was the rule of a large majority of the courts before these words were put in our organic law, and of course they were placed there with knowledge on the part .of the makers of the constitution of what the courts had held to be a legal mistrial. They were also placed there, we presume, to settle what was a disputed .question among some of the courts as to' whether a person could again be placed upon trial for the same offense and under the same indictment after a mistrial for any cause. The constitution and laws of this State safeguard the lives and liberties of the people, and the courts have established procedure with this view and purpose. They have established, as before remarked, exceptions to the old iron-clad rule that there must be a verdict, as pointed out by the writer in Stocks v. State, 91 Ga. 831; but they have not made and we apprehend will never make, the exception that a mistrial may be declared in a criminal case on the judge’s own motion when he thinks that he has committed error. It would not do to hold that whenever a judge copies to the conclusion that he has committed error in the trial of a criminal case he can declare a mistrial and put the accused upon trial before another jury. No one could tell where such a ruling would lead. If the judge could do this in one trial, he could do it in the second or third or even fourth. The law does not intend that one accused of crime shall be harassed in this way. But it is argued that the judge expressed an opinion in the present case in the presence of the jury, and that, under our Civil Code, § 4334, it became an imperious necessity for him to grant a mistrial. That section reads as follows: “ It is error for any or either of the judges of the superior courts of this State, in any case, whether civil or criminal, or in equity, during its progress, or in his charge to the jury, to express or intimate his opinion as to what has or has not been proved, or as to the guilt of the accused; and should any judge of said court violate the pro[241]*241visions of this section, such violation shall be held by the Supreme Court to be error, and the decision in such case reversed, and a new trial granted in the court below, with such directions as the said Supreme Court may lawfully giv.e.” It is claimed that when the judge said in the present case, in the presence of the jury, that a receipt signed by a, person acknowledging the reception of money was the highest evidence, he expressed an opinion as to what had heen proved, and, as this section declares that the Supreme Court shall in every such case grant a new trial and such an error is incurable, the judge was justified in granting a mistrial. In the first place, the code does not in this section deal with mistrials. It provides that when a judge violates its provisions the Supreme Court shall grant a new trial. That is the remedy and the relief provided in this section. We apprehend that the legislature which passed this act had too much regard for the rights of accused persons to put it in the power of a trial judge on his own motion to grant a mistrial for its violation and again place the accused in jeopardy. But it is said also that it would have been a farce for the judge to have continued the trial after this expression of opinion and consumed the time of the court and country in going on with a trial when he knew that he would have to grant a new trial in ease of conviction. That is a commercial argument which amounts to nothing in the administration of law, especially when the life or liberty of a citizen is in danger. A further reply is that the accused, under the' law and the constitution, was entitled to a verdict at the hands of that particular jury. It was not certain, even with this expression of opinion, if it be one, that the accused would have been convicted. If convicted, his remedy was an application for a new trial, and, if his exceptions to the judge’s remarks were well taken, this court under the code would have been compelled to grant the new trial.
The case has been dealt with thus far upon the assumption that the judge had really violated the provisions of the code section above cited; but comparing the remarks of the judge and the words of this section, I, speaking for myself, can not see how it wras a violation of this section, especially when I consider the circumstances under which the remarks were made. A receipt signed by the accused was offered in evidence. Objection was [242]*242.raised by the accused, one of the grounds being that the receipt was not the highest evidence. After counsel had stated these objections the judge, in announcing his decision as to the admissibility of'the evidence, used the words set out in the first portion of this opinion. In my opinion there was not a word or a sentence used by the judge which constituted an expression or intimation to the jury as to what had been proved in the case. Technically there is a difference between evidence and proof. Evidence tends to establish or disprove an alleged matter of fact in issue. Proof is the effect of evidence, while evidence is merely the means of making proof. A fact is nob proved unless it is established. The remarks of the judge did not express or intimate an opinion that any fact had or had nob been proved or established Indeed the remarks were made about an instrument which had been offered in evidence, but which had not prior to the judge’s remarks been admitted. If subject to any criticism, it was that the judge expressed an opinion as to the weight of the evidence and nob as to what had been proved. Expression of opinion as to the weight of evidence may or may not be error, according to the circumstances under which the opinion is expressed; but even where error, it need not be a violation of the Civil Code, §4334. Again' speaking for myself, I think this court has given this section too broad and liberal a construction. It was doubtless enacted to correct a custom of the judges which had descended to them from the common-law courts of England and this country, but which the legislature thought was a usurpation of the functions of the jury. Whether this be true or nob, we all think that when an objection is made to evidence offered, the judge has a right, if he deems proper, to give the reasons for his decision on the objections ; and' such reasons so given, if pertinent to the objections made, do not constitute such an expression of opinion as to violate the code section above cited. This construction of the act of 1850 (now Civil Code, §4334) was adopted soon after the passage of the act in the cases of Wyley v. Stanford, 22 Ga. 397, and Reinhart v. Miller, Ib. 403 (10). See also Scarborough v. State, 46 Ga. 33; Claflin v. Continental Jersey Works, 85 Ga. 28. In Croom v. State, 90 Ga. 430, this court held, through Bleckley, 0. J., that “Generally what the court says in stating to counsel the reason for denying a motion to exclude or rule [243]*243out evidence is, if pertinent to the question raised by counsel, not error, although the reason given involve a statement as to certain testimony which is already in, or as to there being nothing in evidence showing that the circumstances are as counsel claim.” In Scarborough v. State, supra, McCay, J., said: “ It would be impossible to carry on a trial if this section of the code, prohibiting a judge from expressing any opinion as to what is proven, is to be construed as is contended for. A judge, in deciding as to admissibility of testimony, must always, to some extent, decide as to its weight, since often its admissibility depends on that; so he must often determine what has been proven, so as to say whether certain other things may be proven. To decide a nonsuit, he must decide if there be enough proven to justify a verdict, etc. The only practicable rule is to treat the jury as possessed of common sense and as capable of understanding what is addressed by the judge to them and what is not. He may not express to the jury any opinion; but if in the decision of-any legal question, as it arises, he must pass upon facts, the statute does not apply. It must be reasonably construed. In this view of the law, we see no error in the remark of the judge. He only said to the counsel what was his view of the law, and- this he had a .right to do.” From these authorities it would seem that the judge in the present ease expressed no such opinion of what had been proved as would violate section 4334, and his remarks, therefore, could not be such misconduct on his part, as was argued by counsel for the State, as to compel him to grant a mistrial, even if misconduct on the part of the judge would authorize such a proceeding. This much has been said in reply to the argument of counsel that the judge had committed an incurable error and was therefore justified in granting a mistrial; hut we put our decision upon higher .ground, that is, that after one accused of crime has been put upon trial and the jury charged with his case, a mistrial can not be declared by the judge, over the protest of the accused, except for absolute moral or physical necessity, and that an error of law committed by the judge will not authorize him, without the consent of the accused, to discharge the jury and order a mistrial.
Judgment reversed.
All the Justices concur.