OVERTON, J.
Amos Oliphant was employed by defendant to assist in loading logs on its trains, and, while engaged in the discharge of his duties, was accidentally killed.
Plaintiff claims to' be Amos Oliphant’s widow. She has brought this suit to recover compensation from defendant, under the Employers’ Liability Act (Act No. 20 of 1914), for Oliphant’s death. Defendant denies that plaintiff was ever legally married to Oliphant, and avers substantially that she could not have married him legally, because he was already married to one Bertha Johnson.
During the course of the trial, defendant, with the end in view of laying a foundation to offer parol evidence of the alleged marriage of Amos Oliphant and Bertha Johnson, offered a certificate, signed by the clerk of court of the parish of Natchitoches, for the purpose of showing that he had examined the indices to the marriage records of his parish from 1900 to 1919, which period includes the date at which it is said that Amos Oliphant married Bertha Johnson, and that he failed to find a certificate showing that the marriage had been celebrated, and further certifying that the marriage records during that period were incomplete. The certificate was objected to by plaintiff on the ground that it was only an ex parte
statement of the clerk and was inadmissible. The trial court sustained the objection. Defendant then placed one of its attorneys on the stand, who stated that he, together with the clerk, examined the indices of the marriage records, and failed to find a certificate showing the marriage of Amos Oliphant and Bertha Johnson, and that the marriage records appeared incomplete. Defendant then placed on the stand John Lynch, a brother-in-law of Amos Oliphant, and also Amanda Lynch, who was the latter’s sister, and propounded to them questions for the purpose of showing that they were present at the marriage of Oliphant and Bertha Johnson, and knew that they were married, and also to show whether or not they had ever seen a marriage license issued by the clerk of court of Natchitoches parish authorizing the marriage of Oliphant and Bertha Johnson. A question was also propounded to Amanda Lynch for the purpose of showing that prior to the time plaintiff was said to have married Oliphant, the witness told plaintiff that Oliphant was married and had not obtained a divorce. These questions, except the last one, were objected to on the ground that parol evidence to show the marriage was inadmissible, until it was first shown that a license was issued authorizing the marriage and a procSs verbal of the marriage made, and that the license and proces verbal had been lost or destroyed. The last question was objected to on the ground that defendant must first show by competent evidence a prior marriage of Amos Oliphant with another before it could show' a lack of good faith on the part of plaintiff in marrying Oliphant. These objections were sustained by the trial court, and a judgment rendered against defendant. On appeal, the Court of Appeal approved the rulings of the district court, as to the inadmissibility of the foregoing evidence, and, on the merits, affirmed the judgment of that court.
The Court of Appeal, in passing on the admissibility of the parol evidence offered to show the marriage, after reviewing the cases cited for its consideration, said:
“We conclude that the best evidence of a marriage is the record of a license and procés. verbal of the marriage, required by law to be made, and that until there is preliminary proof offered to show that such record has been lost, destroyed or not made, or circumstances shown-indicating that the marriage was celebrated' without a license, parol proof of the marriage is not admissible, over objection timely made. * * *»
In our opinion the Court of Appeal erred in not holding that the parol evidence-offered to show the prior marriage was admissible, and in not remanding the case for-the admission of the evidence. In Holmes v. Holmes, 6 La. 463, 470 (26 Am. Dec. 482). it appears that:
“On the trial, the plaintiff offered witnesses, to prove that the plaintiff and Mrs. Holmes, who were then in court, had lived in New Orleans a length of time and had a family, and: were reputed husband and wife.”
In passing upon a bill of exceptions, taken to the ruling of the trial judge excluding-this evidence, our predecessors said :
“It is contended on the part of the appellee, that as the Code requires marriages to he celebrated in the presence of three witnesses, and an act to be drawn up and signed by the parties, the witnesses, and the person performing the-ceremony, parol evidence is inadmissible to prove a marriage in this state.
“Marriage is regarded by our law in no other light than as a civil contract, highly favored, and depending essentially on the free consent of the parties capable by law of contracting. Our Code does not declare null a marriage not preceded by a license, and not evidenced by an act signed by a certain number of witnesses and the parties;
nor does it make such an act exclusive evidence of a marriage.
These laws relating to forms and ceremonies, here regarded as directory to those alone who are authorized to-celebrate marriages, are intended to guard against hasty and inconsiderate marriages in defiance of parental authority. Like all otlier. contracts, it may be proved by any species of
evidence not prohibited by law; which does not-presuppose a-higher species of evidence within the power of the party. * * * ” (Italics ours.)
.In Succession of Hubee, 20 La. Ann. 97, in passing upon the admissibility of parol evidence to establish a marriage, it was said:
“It has been repeatedly held that the law' does not declare null marriages in which the laws relating to forms and ceremonies have not been observed; that marriage may be proved by any species of evidence not prohibited by law, which does not presuppose a higher species of evidence within the power of the party. Taylor v. Sweet, 3 La. 33, 22 Am. Dec. 156; Hobdy v. Jones, 2 La. Ann. 944; Hubbell v. Inkstein, 7
A.
253; Succession of Taylor v. Taylor, 15 La. Ann. 313.
“A registered act of marriage would be conclusive evidence of the fact of marriage, and if such an act were extant upon the public records, it would be difficult to impute to the party on whom the proof devolved a sinister motive for not producing it. The failure to produce evidence, which would be so conclusive, candes rather with it the presumption that it does not exist.”
In Albinest v. Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Co., 107 La. 133, 31 So. 675, which was a suit in which the -plaintiff' sued for damages for the accidental killing of one whom she alleged to be her husband, in which one of the defenses was that the deceased was married at the time plaintiff claimed to have married him, and in which parol evidence, offered to show the first marriage, under objection made, was excluded by the trial judge, this court, in passing upon the admissibility of the parol evidence offered, said:
“The law does not require marriage, like title to real estate, to be proved by documentary evidence. It may be proven by parol.
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OVERTON, J.
Amos Oliphant was employed by defendant to assist in loading logs on its trains, and, while engaged in the discharge of his duties, was accidentally killed.
Plaintiff claims to' be Amos Oliphant’s widow. She has brought this suit to recover compensation from defendant, under the Employers’ Liability Act (Act No. 20 of 1914), for Oliphant’s death. Defendant denies that plaintiff was ever legally married to Oliphant, and avers substantially that she could not have married him legally, because he was already married to one Bertha Johnson.
During the course of the trial, defendant, with the end in view of laying a foundation to offer parol evidence of the alleged marriage of Amos Oliphant and Bertha Johnson, offered a certificate, signed by the clerk of court of the parish of Natchitoches, for the purpose of showing that he had examined the indices to the marriage records of his parish from 1900 to 1919, which period includes the date at which it is said that Amos Oliphant married Bertha Johnson, and that he failed to find a certificate showing that the marriage had been celebrated, and further certifying that the marriage records during that period were incomplete. The certificate was objected to by plaintiff on the ground that it was only an ex parte
statement of the clerk and was inadmissible. The trial court sustained the objection. Defendant then placed one of its attorneys on the stand, who stated that he, together with the clerk, examined the indices of the marriage records, and failed to find a certificate showing the marriage of Amos Oliphant and Bertha Johnson, and that the marriage records appeared incomplete. Defendant then placed on the stand John Lynch, a brother-in-law of Amos Oliphant, and also Amanda Lynch, who was the latter’s sister, and propounded to them questions for the purpose of showing that they were present at the marriage of Oliphant and Bertha Johnson, and knew that they were married, and also to show whether or not they had ever seen a marriage license issued by the clerk of court of Natchitoches parish authorizing the marriage of Oliphant and Bertha Johnson. A question was also propounded to Amanda Lynch for the purpose of showing that prior to the time plaintiff was said to have married Oliphant, the witness told plaintiff that Oliphant was married and had not obtained a divorce. These questions, except the last one, were objected to on the ground that parol evidence to show the marriage was inadmissible, until it was first shown that a license was issued authorizing the marriage and a procSs verbal of the marriage made, and that the license and proces verbal had been lost or destroyed. The last question was objected to on the ground that defendant must first show by competent evidence a prior marriage of Amos Oliphant with another before it could show' a lack of good faith on the part of plaintiff in marrying Oliphant. These objections were sustained by the trial court, and a judgment rendered against defendant. On appeal, the Court of Appeal approved the rulings of the district court, as to the inadmissibility of the foregoing evidence, and, on the merits, affirmed the judgment of that court.
The Court of Appeal, in passing on the admissibility of the parol evidence offered to show the marriage, after reviewing the cases cited for its consideration, said:
“We conclude that the best evidence of a marriage is the record of a license and procés. verbal of the marriage, required by law to be made, and that until there is preliminary proof offered to show that such record has been lost, destroyed or not made, or circumstances shown-indicating that the marriage was celebrated' without a license, parol proof of the marriage is not admissible, over objection timely made. * * *»
In our opinion the Court of Appeal erred in not holding that the parol evidence-offered to show the prior marriage was admissible, and in not remanding the case for-the admission of the evidence. In Holmes v. Holmes, 6 La. 463, 470 (26 Am. Dec. 482). it appears that:
“On the trial, the plaintiff offered witnesses, to prove that the plaintiff and Mrs. Holmes, who were then in court, had lived in New Orleans a length of time and had a family, and: were reputed husband and wife.”
In passing upon a bill of exceptions, taken to the ruling of the trial judge excluding-this evidence, our predecessors said :
“It is contended on the part of the appellee, that as the Code requires marriages to he celebrated in the presence of three witnesses, and an act to be drawn up and signed by the parties, the witnesses, and the person performing the-ceremony, parol evidence is inadmissible to prove a marriage in this state.
“Marriage is regarded by our law in no other light than as a civil contract, highly favored, and depending essentially on the free consent of the parties capable by law of contracting. Our Code does not declare null a marriage not preceded by a license, and not evidenced by an act signed by a certain number of witnesses and the parties;
nor does it make such an act exclusive evidence of a marriage.
These laws relating to forms and ceremonies, here regarded as directory to those alone who are authorized to-celebrate marriages, are intended to guard against hasty and inconsiderate marriages in defiance of parental authority. Like all otlier. contracts, it may be proved by any species of
evidence not prohibited by law; which does not-presuppose a-higher species of evidence within the power of the party. * * * ” (Italics ours.)
.In Succession of Hubee, 20 La. Ann. 97, in passing upon the admissibility of parol evidence to establish a marriage, it was said:
“It has been repeatedly held that the law' does not declare null marriages in which the laws relating to forms and ceremonies have not been observed; that marriage may be proved by any species of evidence not prohibited by law, which does not presuppose a higher species of evidence within the power of the party. Taylor v. Sweet, 3 La. 33, 22 Am. Dec. 156; Hobdy v. Jones, 2 La. Ann. 944; Hubbell v. Inkstein, 7
A.
253; Succession of Taylor v. Taylor, 15 La. Ann. 313.
“A registered act of marriage would be conclusive evidence of the fact of marriage, and if such an act were extant upon the public records, it would be difficult to impute to the party on whom the proof devolved a sinister motive for not producing it. The failure to produce evidence, which would be so conclusive, candes rather with it the presumption that it does not exist.”
In Albinest v. Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Co., 107 La. 133, 31 So. 675, which was a suit in which the -plaintiff' sued for damages for the accidental killing of one whom she alleged to be her husband, in which one of the defenses was that the deceased was married at the time plaintiff claimed to have married him, and in which parol evidence, offered to show the first marriage, under objection made, was excluded by the trial judge, this court, in passing upon the admissibility of the parol evidence offered, said:
“The law does not require marriage, like title to real estate, to be proved by documentary evidence. It may be proven by parol. Like other contracts, it may be proved by any species of evidence not prohibited by law, which does not presuppose a higher species of evidence within the power of the party. Holmes v. Holmes, 6 La. 470, 26 Am. Dec. 482.”
In Watson v. Lawrence, 134 La. 194, 63 So. 873, L. R. A. 1915E, 121, Ann. Cas. 1916A, 651; where, apparently, there was written-evidence of the marriage in existence in Germany, which, we take it, might have been obtained in proper form, it was held, in passing upon an objection to the admissibility of parol evidence to establish the marriage, that a marriage may be proved by the testi-. mony of persons who were present when the ceremony was performed, and in so holding, the court cited Wigmore on Evidence, § 1336, to the effect that it has long been settled that the register or certificate of marriage is not preferred to the testimony of eyewitnesses.
See, also, as supporting the admissibility of parol evidence, Succession of Fortier, 51 La. Ann. 1563, 1597, 26 So. 554; Landry v. Bellanger, 120 La. 965, 45 So. 956, 16 L. R. A. (N. S.) 463, 14 Ann. Cas. 952; Succession of St. Ange, 161 La. 1085, 109 So. 909.
The Court of Appeal, in holding that the evidence offered was inadmissible, cite» Green v. New Orleans S. & G. I. R. Co., 141 La. 120, 74 So. 717, and quotes from the syllabus thereof as follows: '
“It would seem to be an elementary proposition under the law as it now stands (since the amendment, in 1855, of Giv. Code, art. 107 [now article 105], whereby the duplicate act of marriage, for which the article provides, is required to be returned, with the duplicate license, to the officer issuing the license, and by him recorded), that, in any case in which it is sought to prove a contract of marriage, the proponent should be required to produce a certified copy of the public record, which the law declares shall be made, of the contract, and that, until it be shown that the record has been lost or destroyed, no secondary, or inferior, evidence thereof, offered to create a presumption that such contract had been entered into, should be received.”
Article 105 of the present Civil Oode (Revised Civil Oode of 1870), reads as follows:-
“The marriage must be celebrated in' the presence of three witnesses of full age, and an act must be made of the celebration, signed by the person who celebrates the marriage, by the parties and the witnesses.
“This act must be made in duplicate and ap
pended to the license issued in duplicate; one of these acts, appended to the license, must be returned within thirty days from the date of celebration by the person celebrating the marriage to the person who granted the license, who shall file and record the same in his office.”
Prior to the amendment of 1S55 the article, which was then article 107 of the Code of 1S25, read word for word as does the first paragraph of the present article. By the amendment of 1855, what is now the second paragraph of the present article was added.
In our opinion it was not the intention of 'the Legislature by requiring the license to be issued in duplicate, and that the act evidencing the celebration of the márriage he thus made, and that one of the duplicate acts, attached to one of the duplicate licenses; be returned, for recordation, to the officer issuing the license, to exclude parol evidence of the celebration of the marriage, especially to exclude the testimony of eyewitnesses. The intention of the Legislature in requiring that these things be done was to make it easier to establish a marriage by increasing the means and facilities of proof, and not to limit the means thereof by excluding parol evidence of the celebration, especially the evidence of eyewitnesses.
Marriage lies at the very foundation of our social fabric. It ought not to be held that a marriage cannot be proved without first proving that a license issued, that an act showing the celebration was prepared and returned, and that all evidence thereof has been lost or destroyed, or that the celebrant thereof failed to make a return, before parol evidence becomes admissible to establish the fact of marriage, without positive legislation to that effect. See note to Grigsby v. Reib, L. R. A. 1915E, on page 47. While those authorized to celebrate marriages are presumed to discharge their duty and make return, and those required to record the return are presumed to do so, yet these are only presumptions, which may be overcome by showing that the marriage was- in fact celebrated; and hence it is not necessary to lay the foundation demanded by plaintiff.
The
ruling in the Green Case, so far as it may conflict with the views here ex- ! pressed, must be considered as overruled. ■ Of course, the fact that one seeking to es- ; tablish a marriage does not produce writ-
[
ten evidence showing its celebration is a cir- ! cumstance to be considered in connection with other circumstances in the case in de- | ciding whether or not the marriage was in ' fact celebrated, and such seems to be the trend of many of the eases cited by plain-
’
tiff, as, for instance, the cases of McConnell v. City of New Orleans, 15 La. Ann. 410; Farley v. Frost-Johnson Lumber Co., 133 La. 497, 63 So. 122, L. R. A. 1915A, 200, Ann. Cas. 1915C, 717, but these eases are not au- thority for the contention that parol evi- ! dence is inadmissible.
| The evidence of the prior marriage offered, " including the evidence of plaintiff’s knowi-
'
edge of that marriage, should have been re- " ceived.
Eo? these reasons, the judgment of the trial court and of the Court of Appeal are annulled and set aside, and this case is remanded to the district court to be proceeded with in accordance with the views here expressed, plaintiff to pay the costs of this writ and of the appeal, the costs of the trial court to remain in abeyance until the final determination of the'case.