Opinion by
PINKHAM. C.
Tbe defendant in error. J. C. Tucker, instituted this action as plaintiff in tbe district court of Ottawa county against the Oklahoma Publishing Company by the filing of his petition wherein the plaintiff alleges, in substance, that he is a resident and citizen of tbe town of Afton. Okla., and that the defendant is a corporation and doing business under the laws of the state of Oklahoma and engaged in composing, publishing, and circulating a certain newspaper called the Daily Oklahoman, which newspaper is and was of general circulation in the town of Afton and throughout Ottawa county: that on Sunday, Juno 29. 1924. the defendant corporation, published in the issue of the Daily .Oklahoman of that date a certain article composed by one T. G. Reardon, which said article is set out in full in plaintiff’s petition.
The article referred to and as pleaded by plaintiff in his petition is in part as follows;
“During the latter part of my trip I drove into Afton and was immediately arrested for a small traffic offense. Upon presenting my ease before the municipal judge I was given-no consideration whatever. As a matter of fact I was treated rather discourteous, and you may be assured that I was fined.- In the ‘court, before us, the city marshal and judge put their part of the fee into th-'ir pockets and the marshal immediately departed to catch another tourist. In this town I investigated the situation very closely and ascertained that tourists are wateh'ed very closely, but the local and neighboring citizens are in no way molested.
“Upon making this investigation I learned that only a few days before a man with his wife and children Were driving through to some point in Missouri and he was arrested by the same city marshal for some small offense. The municipal judge found him guilty and assessed him a fine. This man was poor, his car was nearly worn out Ford, and he was trying to get to a point where he could get work. He did not have enough money to pay his fine and the judge then imposed a jail sentence. The citiz'ens, however, would not stand for this rank injustice and the victim was eventually turned loose.”
The petition further alleges that each and all of the allegations made and contained in the for'egoing portion of said article were and are false and untrue, and were to the composer and publisher thereof known to be -untrue and false, and were published out of malice with th'e intention on the parr of said defendant to injure the good name, fame', and reputation of the plaintiff.
The plaintiff further alleges that said portion of said article and the words and statements therein, when taken in their usual and ordinary meaning, constitute a libel per se, in that the same charged the plaintiff. J. O. Tucker, with gross partiality in office, oppression in office, and corruption in office, and would, if true, subject th'e plaintiff to removal from office under the provisions of the statutes of this state, and that said allegations in said article contained, by their usual and ordinary meaning, further charge the plaintiff with a criminal offens'e. in that they allege that the plaintiff pocketed, or retained, the fee at said time and place in question, collected from th'e said T. G. Rear-don, instead of • accounting for and paying the same over to the proper officials of the town of Afton: and for the further reason that said allegations charge the plaintiff with willful maladministration and malfeasance in office: that by reason of the matters and things pleaded and stated by plaintiff in his petition he has been damaged in the sum of $10,000, for which he prays judgment.
To this petition of the plaintiff, the defendant, Oklahoma Publishing Company, filed its answer, admitting its corporate existence, and after so doing denies all of the other allegations in plaintiff’s petition alleged, except such as are by said defendant specifically admitted. The defendant admits that on the 29th day of June, .1924, it printed and published the article in words and' figures as set out in plaintiff’s petition. The defendant, denies that such article was published with any malice upon the part of said defendant or anyone in its behalf, and denies that such article is false, hut asserts the same to be true as said' defendant at said time verily believed and was informed. Defendant alleges that said article so published was and is a truthful publication, in that
it is a fair and true report of a judicial proceeding authorized by law, and is a fair and true r'eport of tbe proceedings before tbe courts of Oklaboma; that said information contained in said article was obtained by it, tbe said defendant, from T. G. Reardon, in tbe mail in tbe due course of ordinary business, and purported to be a true and correct statement of facts which it purported to represent. Tbe defendant therefore prays that plaintiff by bis suit take nothing.
Tbe plaintiff. filed his reply, wherein he denied tbe allegations contained in defendant’s answer that are inconsistent or contradictory to tbe allegations of plaintiff's petition.
Tbe cause was tried to a jury, and at tbe close of all tbe evidence tbe defendant, Ok-laboma Publishing Company, moved tbe court to instruct the jury to return a verdict in favor of tbe said defendant, which motion was by tbe court overruled and exception reserved.
Tbe jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff and against tbe Oklaboma Publishing Company for $1,000. Defendant’s motion for n'ew trial was overruled and exceptions saved'. Judgment was rendered by tbe oo<urt in accordance with tbe jury’s verdict, and tbe case comes regularly on tbe appeal of tbe defendant, the Oklahoma Publishing Company, to this court by petition in error and ease-made attached.
Por reversal of the judgment tbe Ok-laboma Publishing Company, defendant, presents tbe following propositions in its brief: First, that tbe trial court erred in overruling defendant’s motion for a directed verdict; second, that tbe court erred in its instructions to tbe jury; and third, that tbe verdict and judgment rendered in the trial court is not supported by tbe evidence and is excessive.
Under tbe first proposition, it is argued that it is apparent that the article complained of was not libelous per se; that there is no allegation of special damages contained in plaintiff’s petition; and,, further, that tbe said article is a fair criticism of a judicial proceeding, made in good faith.
A number of decisions of this court are cited in support of tbe well-settled rule that, where no special damages are alleged in th'e petition, if the publication complained of is not libelous per se. a demurrer interposed to tbe petition should b'e sustained. McKenney v. Carpenter, 42 Okla. 410, 141 Pac. 779; Nunnery v. Bailey, 65 Okla. 260, 166 Pac. 82; Matthews v. Oklahoma Publishing Co., 103 Okla. 40, 219 Pac. 947.
It is a well-settled rule that, when tbe words used are libelous per se, it is not n'ec-essary to allege or prove special damages (Kelly v. Roetzel. 64 Okla. 36, 105 Pac. 1150), for malice and damage are implied; but when tbe words are not libelous per se, special damages must be alleged and proven to warrant recovery.
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Opinion by
PINKHAM. C.
Tbe defendant in error. J. C. Tucker, instituted this action as plaintiff in tbe district court of Ottawa county against the Oklahoma Publishing Company by the filing of his petition wherein the plaintiff alleges, in substance, that he is a resident and citizen of tbe town of Afton. Okla., and that the defendant is a corporation and doing business under the laws of the state of Oklahoma and engaged in composing, publishing, and circulating a certain newspaper called the Daily Oklahoman, which newspaper is and was of general circulation in the town of Afton and throughout Ottawa county: that on Sunday, Juno 29. 1924. the defendant corporation, published in the issue of the Daily .Oklahoman of that date a certain article composed by one T. G. Reardon, which said article is set out in full in plaintiff’s petition.
The article referred to and as pleaded by plaintiff in his petition is in part as follows;
“During the latter part of my trip I drove into Afton and was immediately arrested for a small traffic offense. Upon presenting my ease before the municipal judge I was given-no consideration whatever. As a matter of fact I was treated rather discourteous, and you may be assured that I was fined.- In the ‘court, before us, the city marshal and judge put their part of the fee into th-'ir pockets and the marshal immediately departed to catch another tourist. In this town I investigated the situation very closely and ascertained that tourists are wateh'ed very closely, but the local and neighboring citizens are in no way molested.
“Upon making this investigation I learned that only a few days before a man with his wife and children Were driving through to some point in Missouri and he was arrested by the same city marshal for some small offense. The municipal judge found him guilty and assessed him a fine. This man was poor, his car was nearly worn out Ford, and he was trying to get to a point where he could get work. He did not have enough money to pay his fine and the judge then imposed a jail sentence. The citiz'ens, however, would not stand for this rank injustice and the victim was eventually turned loose.”
The petition further alleges that each and all of the allegations made and contained in the for'egoing portion of said article were and are false and untrue, and were to the composer and publisher thereof known to be -untrue and false, and were published out of malice with th'e intention on the parr of said defendant to injure the good name, fame', and reputation of the plaintiff.
The plaintiff further alleges that said portion of said article and the words and statements therein, when taken in their usual and ordinary meaning, constitute a libel per se, in that the same charged the plaintiff. J. O. Tucker, with gross partiality in office, oppression in office, and corruption in office, and would, if true, subject th'e plaintiff to removal from office under the provisions of the statutes of this state, and that said allegations in said article contained, by their usual and ordinary meaning, further charge the plaintiff with a criminal offens'e. in that they allege that the plaintiff pocketed, or retained, the fee at said time and place in question, collected from th'e said T. G. Rear-don, instead of • accounting for and paying the same over to the proper officials of the town of Afton: and for the further reason that said allegations charge the plaintiff with willful maladministration and malfeasance in office: that by reason of the matters and things pleaded and stated by plaintiff in his petition he has been damaged in the sum of $10,000, for which he prays judgment.
To this petition of the plaintiff, the defendant, Oklahoma Publishing Company, filed its answer, admitting its corporate existence, and after so doing denies all of the other allegations in plaintiff’s petition alleged, except such as are by said defendant specifically admitted. The defendant admits that on the 29th day of June, .1924, it printed and published the article in words and' figures as set out in plaintiff’s petition. The defendant, denies that such article was published with any malice upon the part of said defendant or anyone in its behalf, and denies that such article is false, hut asserts the same to be true as said' defendant at said time verily believed and was informed. Defendant alleges that said article so published was and is a truthful publication, in that
it is a fair and true report of a judicial proceeding authorized by law, and is a fair and true r'eport of tbe proceedings before tbe courts of Oklaboma; that said information contained in said article was obtained by it, tbe said defendant, from T. G. Reardon, in tbe mail in tbe due course of ordinary business, and purported to be a true and correct statement of facts which it purported to represent. Tbe defendant therefore prays that plaintiff by bis suit take nothing.
Tbe plaintiff. filed his reply, wherein he denied tbe allegations contained in defendant’s answer that are inconsistent or contradictory to tbe allegations of plaintiff's petition.
Tbe cause was tried to a jury, and at tbe close of all tbe evidence tbe defendant, Ok-laboma Publishing Company, moved tbe court to instruct the jury to return a verdict in favor of tbe said defendant, which motion was by tbe court overruled and exception reserved.
Tbe jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff and against tbe Oklaboma Publishing Company for $1,000. Defendant’s motion for n'ew trial was overruled and exceptions saved'. Judgment was rendered by tbe oo<urt in accordance with tbe jury’s verdict, and tbe case comes regularly on tbe appeal of tbe defendant, the Oklahoma Publishing Company, to this court by petition in error and ease-made attached.
Por reversal of the judgment tbe Ok-laboma Publishing Company, defendant, presents tbe following propositions in its brief: First, that tbe trial court erred in overruling defendant’s motion for a directed verdict; second, that tbe court erred in its instructions to tbe jury; and third, that tbe verdict and judgment rendered in the trial court is not supported by tbe evidence and is excessive.
Under tbe first proposition, it is argued that it is apparent that the article complained of was not libelous per se; that there is no allegation of special damages contained in plaintiff’s petition; and,, further, that tbe said article is a fair criticism of a judicial proceeding, made in good faith.
A number of decisions of this court are cited in support of tbe well-settled rule that, where no special damages are alleged in th'e petition, if the publication complained of is not libelous per se. a demurrer interposed to tbe petition should b'e sustained. McKenney v. Carpenter, 42 Okla. 410, 141 Pac. 779; Nunnery v. Bailey, 65 Okla. 260, 166 Pac. 82; Matthews v. Oklahoma Publishing Co., 103 Okla. 40, 219 Pac. 947.
It is a well-settled rule that, when tbe words used are libelous per se, it is not n'ec-essary to allege or prove special damages (Kelly v. Roetzel. 64 Okla. 36, 105 Pac. 1150), for malice and damage are implied; but when tbe words are not libelous per se, special damages must be alleged and proven to warrant recovery.
It is conceded that tbe petition in tbe instant case pleads no special damages, and that tbe proof adduced by tbe plaintiff disclosed no special damages, and_ if the article in question is not a libel per se, the cases cited by defendant would be applicable and the judgment therefore erroneous.
Tbe vital question for determination on this phase of tbe case is whether the article in question is or is not libelous per se.
Words used in a libelous article ar'e to be construed by their most natural and obvious meaning, and in tbe sense they would be understood by those reading the article. Phoenix Printing Co. v. Robertson, 80 Okla. 191, 195 Pac. 487; Matthews v. Oklahoma Publishing Co., supra.
It will be observed that tbe article in question does not state that tbe writer thereof pleaded guilty to a violation of the- traffic ordinance of tbe town and was given no consideration by tbe magistrate, but tbe writer states that he was arrested for a small 'traffic offense by the marshal, taken before tbe justice of tbe peace, and was given no consideration whatever, thereby leaving the reader of tbe article to infer that be was given no opportunity to present bis side of tbe ease in bis defense; that be was fined, and that th'e plaintiff, sitting as a magistrate, and tbe marshal divided tbe fees in bis presence and put tbe same in their pockets. and that “tbe marshal immediately departed to catch another tourist; * * * that tourists ar’e watched very closely, but that local and neighboring citizens are in no way molested.”
Tbe article further charges that tbe writer thereof learned, after an investigation,, that only a few days before be was arrested, a map and bis wife and children, driving through tbe town of Afton, were arrested; that the municipal judge, plaintiff herein,, found him guilty and assessed him a fine; that this man was poor, bis car nearly worn' out. and be was trying to get to a point where be could get work; that tbe man did not have money enough to pay bis fine and tbe plaintiff then imposed a jail sentence,.
and tliat the citizens “would not stand for this rank injustice and the victim was eventually turned loose.”
“Libel is a false or malicious unprivileged publication by writing, printing, * * * which exposes any person to public hatred, con-j tempt, ridicule, or obloquy, or which tends to deprive- him of public confidence or to> injure him in his occupation. * * *” Section 495, O. S. 1921.
If these charges were true, as defendant’s answer alleged they were true- the plaintiff was guilty of gross partiality in office and of oppression in office, and he would be liable to removal from office. Section 2394, C. S.. 1921. Furthermore, if would be idle to say that the publication of such accusations in a daily newspaper of general circulation in the county where the plaintiff resided and exercised the functions of his office would not tend to deprive him of public confidence.
“ Judges are unquestionably entitled to protection against libelous or slanderous imputations of misconduct in office, as are also justices of the peace.” 17 R. O. L.. 303.
The general rule covering eases of this character is stated in 25 Cyc. 351, as follows :
“Any words, oral or written, imputing want of integrity or incapacity to a judge are actionable per se. So it is actionable to publish that a judge has done that which would warrant removing him or depriving him of his office.”
This general rule has been followed in this state in the case of Oklahoma Publishing Co. v. Kendall, 96 Okla. 194; 221 Pac. 702, in which case it is held in the eighth paragraph of the syllabus that:
“The general rule is that a publication which charges a public official with n'eglect of official duty, or incompetency in his office, or malfeasance in his office, is libelous per se.” .
It is contended that a justice of the peace under our law receives no salary, but does receive fees allowed by law, and that the words in relation to putting the fees in his pocket are clearly not defamatory on th’e-ir face. These words, however, must be read in connection with the entire article, and, measured by th'e rule that the scope, spirit, and motive of the publication, taken in its entirety, must be considered (Wiley v. Oklahoma Press Publishing Co., 106 Okla. 52, 233 Pac. 224), it appears clear that the article in question conveys the obvious meaning that the marshal and justice were engaged in a practice or conspiracy of causing tourists only, violating the traffic ordinahce, to be ■ brought before the plaintiff for the purpose of obtaining and dividing fees be-¡ tween them.
Holding, as we, do, that the article in the instant case, considered in its entirety, was libelous per se, it follows that the plaintiff was not requited to either plead or prove special damages, and there was therefore no error committed by the trial court in overruling defendant’s motion for an instructed, verdict .
The record discloses that there was no evidence that even tended to establish the truth of the charges contained in the article in¡ question.
The plaintiff testified that he had. never imposed a fine on any man traveling through the town with his wife and children and'imposed a jail sentence on the husband on account of lack of funds to pay the fine, as stated in the article, and that the first time that he ever heard of such an occurrence was when he read the article in question in the defendant’s newspaper.
The evidence shows that instead of the writer of the article, Reardon, presenting his case to the justice of the peace, as stated in the article, Reardon entered a plea of guilty after having been first informed by the plaintiff of his right to a hearing on the complaint made against him of violating the traffic ordinance. There was no evidence o£ the fine and cost being divided in the court room between the plaintiff and marshal in the presence of Reardon or out of his presence. The undisputed evidence was that the plaintiff placed the fine and costs, amounting to $4.50, in his pocket and later turned the fin'e over to the city treasurer. Instead of tourists being closely watched and local and neighboring citizens left unmolested, as charged in the article, the undisputed evidence shows that practically no other tourists have been fined in plaintiff’s court, and' that most of the fines for traffic violations were imposed upon residents of the city of Afton.
Under the proposition that the plaintiff, being a justice of the peace and therefore
a.
public officer, was subject to criticism, numerous authorities are cited. In practically all of the authorities cited or quoted by the defendant it appears that either the publisher must know the truth of the article, or he must believe it to be true, and' such beliet must be founded on reasonable and probable grounds.
Defendant in his brief quotes from the eas’e of Evening Post v. Richardson (Ky.) 68 S. W. 665. as follows
‘•In an action for libel, based, on a communication published in defendant’s’ newspaper charging plaintiff with corruption in the discharging of his duty as an election officer, the fact that the communication was sent to defendant by a journalist of groat experience, prudence, and accuracy, and that defendant, in good faith, believed each statement therein to bo true, furnishes a sufficient basis for the plea of qualified privilege. and constitutes a good defense.”
To the same effect is the case of O’Rourke v. Lewiston Daily Sun Pub. Co. (Me.) 36 Atl. 398, cited by defendant.
The managing editor for the defendant stated in his testimony that h'e know nothing of the truth or falsity of that article at the time he passed on it and permitted it to be published in the Daily Oklahoman, and further that he made no investigation of any kind or character as to1 its truth or falsity. This witness further admitted that he did hot know the writer of the article or what his reputation was in the community where he resided, tie testified, however, (hat the article was written on the stationery of the Mideke Supply Company, and that that company was a reputable organization in Oklahoma City. The witness further stated that he had no reason to believe that the Mideke Supply Company, upon whose stationery the letter was written, had anything to do with the composition or publication of the artice.
Section 497, C. S. 1921, reads in part ns follows:
“A privileged publication or communication is one made: * * * Third, by a fair and true r'eport of any legislative or judicial or other proceedings authorized by law. cr .anything said in the course thereof, and any and all expressions .of opinion in regard thereto, and criticisms thereon, and any and all criticisms upon the official acts of any and all public officers, except wher'e the matter stated of and concerning the official act done or of the officer, falsely imputes crime to the officer so criticized.”
In the case of Oklahoma Publishing Co. v. Kendall, supra, the court quotes with approval the case of Cook v. Pulitzer Pub. Co., 241 Mo. 326, 145 S. W. 480, as follows:
“The doctrine is supported by the highest authority that, if facts are stated in the pub-; lication upon which the comment is based, and such facts are false, then the defense of privileged comment fails.”
The court in the cited case then says:
“We think the correct rule may be- stated as follows: A public officer may be criticized by the public or the press regarding his official acts and conduct, on the theory that the public is entitled to know how the officer is discharging his trust, but false charges may not be published,” citing numerous authorities.
Under the proposition that the court erred in its instructions to the jury defendant devotes considerable space in its brief to a discussion of the proposition that the plaintiff must first prove the publication of the article; that then, upon defendant’s showing that it was published from proper motives and without malice on the part of the defendant, it becomes the duty of the plaintiff to prove malice. Defendant further contends for the rule that the article in question, being a criticism of a public officer, comes under the statute making it a privileged communication ; that the burden therefore was upon the plaintiff to prove, not only .that the article was false, but that, the defendant knew it was false.
Many authorities are cited in support of the proposition contended for. The rules announced in the cases cited and discussed by defendant undoubtedly announce the law applicable to those cases. Tn the instant case, however, the truth of the contents of the article was made a defense. The article con-< cerned a matter of public interest, as is contended by the defendant. In’ such cases this court, in Oklahoma Publishing Co. v. Kendall, supra, said:
“The defendant pleaded the defense of privilege, because it was comment on a matter of public inter'est. Wo think the correct rule for the court to follow in this class and character of cases is that announced in the case of Cook v. Pu’itzer Pub. Co., supra, wherein the court stated: * * When a defense of privileged comment on a matter of public interest, is presented by the issues, the plaintiff may overcome, the. privilege, pleaded either by proof that the publication was inspired by actual malice, or that the facts published and commented upon were false.’ In the case of Democrat Pub. Co. v. Harvey, 181 Ky. 730, 205 S. W. 908, in the body of the opinion it is said: Tn other words, wher'e there is a plea of qualified privileg1"1, the presumption of malice does not. arise from the publication itself but from the falsity of the publication, and the burden of showing its falsity, whore there is no attack upon the plaintiff’s moral character, is upon the plaintiff.’ ”
In the case of Mundy v. Hoard, 216 Mich. 478, 185 N. W. 872, it is held that:
“It is not necessary to a recovery in an action in libel for the plaintiff to prove that the defendant knew the slanderous words to be false.”
The court further states in Oklahoma Publishing Co. v. Kendall, supra, as follows:
“We do not think in this class of eases the question of whether the publication was made maliciously is material, except in so far as it related to exemplary damages.”
The fifth instruction -giren by the court advised the jury that a privileged publication or communication was one of the defenses interposed by the defendant; that if the article was true, it was privileged and the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover; that if the article was false, then it would not be privileged, but would be libelous p'er se and malice in the publication would be presumed.
In view of the pleadings and the 'evidence in this case, w’e conclude that this instruction criticized by the defendant, when considered in connection with the court’s entire charge, was a correct statement of the law applicable thereto and follows the rules in cases of this character announced by this court in Oklahoma Publishing Co. v. Kendall, supra.
The final proposition, that the verdict and judgment tendered in the trial court is not supported by the evidence and is excessive, cannot be sustained.
Upon the whole record we conclude that the defendant has no just cause to complain
of
the judgment, and the same should be affirmed.
By the Court: It is so ordered.