United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit F I L E D REVISED JANUARY 30, 2007 December 13, 2006 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Charles R. Fulbruge III Clerk FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 05-20831
JULIANA ADENIKE OGUNFUYE, Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
HIPOLITO ACOSTA, et al.,
Respondents-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (No. 4:05-CV-551)
Before REAVLEY, STEWART and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Juliana Ogunfuye challenges the district court’s summary judgment ruling dismissing her
petition for a naturalization hearing under 8 U.S.C. § 1447(b) (2006). We affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Ogunfuye is a citizen of Nigeria and a permanent resident of the United States. Ogunfuye has
two prior convictions for immigration purposes. In 1984, she pled guilty to theft of $20 - $200. In
1990, she was convicted on multiple counts of forgery and theft of over $20,000.
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4. On April 22, 2003, Ogunfuye applied to Citizenship and Immigration Services (“CIS”) for
U.S. citizenship. Ogunfuye arrived for a CIS naturalization examination, and at some point was
arrested by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) and processed for removal.
Pending the outcome of removal proceedings, Ogunfuye was released on her own
recognizance. She filed a petition in district court for a hearing pursuant to § 1447(b), which gives
U.S. district courts jurisdiction over naturalization applications that haven’t been acted on for over
120 days following a naturalization interview. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) (2006), both parties
agreed to argue the case before a magistrate judge. The magistrate judge, reasoning that the court
lacked jurisdiction under § 1447(b) because there was never an interview and because of ongoing
removal proceedings, granted summary judgment for the government. Ogunfuye appeals the lower
court decision, arguing that immigration officials in fact did interview her and that ongoing removal
proceedings do not deprive district courts of jurisdiction over naturalization applications.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A district court’s grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Hasty v. Trans Atlas
Boats, Inc., 389 F.3d 510, 512 (5th Cir. 2004). Questions of law are also reviewed de novo.
Requena-Rodriquez v. Pasquarell, 190 F.3d 299, 309 (5th Cir. 1999).
III. DISCUSSION
Although Ogunfuye, in response to the government’s summary judgment motion, stated that
she was arrested when she arrived for her interview, she also stated in her original petition that “an
examination was held.” Likewise the government argues that no examination was held even though
a letter attached to its summary judgment motion states “[the CIS] interviewed your client on
2 November 26, 2003.” In response to the government’s arguments for summaryjudgment, namelythat
no interview had taken place, Ogunfuye neglected to expressly refute the government’s claim that no
interview had occured. Ogunfuye’s brief in opposition to the government’s motion for summary
judgment stated: “On November 26, 2003, the Petitioner arrived for an interview on her application
for naturalization; 2) At that time she was detained by an officer of the Department of Homeland
Security.”
Although summary judgment requires the nonmovant to plead specific facts demonstrating
a basis for trial, it is only proper when the record, viewed in the light most favorable to the
nonmovant, demonstrates that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that the movant is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986); see also
FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). While Ogunfuye did not explicitly deny the government’s allegations, she also
didn’t explicitly concede that she was arrested before the interview. There appears to be little in the
record to support the magistrate judge’s conclusion that no interview had taken place.
Nevertheless, even if an interview had been held, there was no proper jurisdictional basis for
the magistrate judge to review Ogunfuye’s naturalization application. First, in immigration
proceedings, an alien must exhaust all administrative remedies before petitioning for district court
review. 8 C.F.R. § 336.9(d) (2006). Ogunfuye could have halted deportation by establishing “prima
facie” eligibility of naturalization or a matter involving exceptionally appealing or humanitarian
factors. She refused to pursue this remedy even after the CIS wrote her a letter concerning her
administrative options. 8 C.F.R. § 1239.2(f) (2006).
3 Second, because the Attorney General was barred by 8 U.S.C. § 1429 (2006)1 from
reviewing Ogunfuye’s application, by adjudging her claims for naturalization the district court would
have been doing exactly what Congress stated it could not, which is rendering an opinion on an
alien’s prima facie naturalization claims. Prior to 1990, district courts had exclusive jurisdiction to
naturalize aliens. In order to prevent a “race” between the alien to gain citizenship and the
government to deport, district courts were prohibited from naturalizing an alien for whom there was
a pending deportation proceeding. See Shomberg v. United States, 348 U.S. 540, 544 (1955); § 1429
(amended 1990). In 1990, Congress removed naturalization jurisdiction from the district courts,
placing the ability to naturalize aliens exclusively with the Attorney General and with the same
limitations. See § 1429.
Third, § 1447(b) was intended to address administrative untimeliness. It was not meant to
give aliens a means to adjudicate prima facie naturalization claims in district court where the Attorney
General was prevented from acting under § 1429. When introducing the amendment that became
§ 1447(b), the sponsor, Congressman Sid Morrison cited administrative delays and backlogs as a
“very substantial concern.” See Castracani v. Chertoff, 377 F. Supp. 2d 71, 73 (D. D.C. 2005)
(quoting 135 CONG. REC. H4539-02 (1989) (statement of Rep. Morrison)). By the government’s
own admission, there is very little case law covering this situation and no governing legal authority,
however, it is clear that § 1429 does not provide aliens with § 1447(b) jurisdiction. Federal law
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United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit F I L E D REVISED JANUARY 30, 2007 December 13, 2006 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Charles R. Fulbruge III Clerk FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 05-20831
JULIANA ADENIKE OGUNFUYE, Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
HIPOLITO ACOSTA, et al.,
Respondents-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (No. 4:05-CV-551)
Before REAVLEY, STEWART and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Juliana Ogunfuye challenges the district court’s summary judgment ruling dismissing her
petition for a naturalization hearing under 8 U.S.C. § 1447(b) (2006). We affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Ogunfuye is a citizen of Nigeria and a permanent resident of the United States. Ogunfuye has
two prior convictions for immigration purposes. In 1984, she pled guilty to theft of $20 - $200. In
1990, she was convicted on multiple counts of forgery and theft of over $20,000.
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4. On April 22, 2003, Ogunfuye applied to Citizenship and Immigration Services (“CIS”) for
U.S. citizenship. Ogunfuye arrived for a CIS naturalization examination, and at some point was
arrested by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) and processed for removal.
Pending the outcome of removal proceedings, Ogunfuye was released on her own
recognizance. She filed a petition in district court for a hearing pursuant to § 1447(b), which gives
U.S. district courts jurisdiction over naturalization applications that haven’t been acted on for over
120 days following a naturalization interview. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) (2006), both parties
agreed to argue the case before a magistrate judge. The magistrate judge, reasoning that the court
lacked jurisdiction under § 1447(b) because there was never an interview and because of ongoing
removal proceedings, granted summary judgment for the government. Ogunfuye appeals the lower
court decision, arguing that immigration officials in fact did interview her and that ongoing removal
proceedings do not deprive district courts of jurisdiction over naturalization applications.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A district court’s grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Hasty v. Trans Atlas
Boats, Inc., 389 F.3d 510, 512 (5th Cir. 2004). Questions of law are also reviewed de novo.
Requena-Rodriquez v. Pasquarell, 190 F.3d 299, 309 (5th Cir. 1999).
III. DISCUSSION
Although Ogunfuye, in response to the government’s summary judgment motion, stated that
she was arrested when she arrived for her interview, she also stated in her original petition that “an
examination was held.” Likewise the government argues that no examination was held even though
a letter attached to its summary judgment motion states “[the CIS] interviewed your client on
2 November 26, 2003.” In response to the government’s arguments for summaryjudgment, namelythat
no interview had taken place, Ogunfuye neglected to expressly refute the government’s claim that no
interview had occured. Ogunfuye’s brief in opposition to the government’s motion for summary
judgment stated: “On November 26, 2003, the Petitioner arrived for an interview on her application
for naturalization; 2) At that time she was detained by an officer of the Department of Homeland
Security.”
Although summary judgment requires the nonmovant to plead specific facts demonstrating
a basis for trial, it is only proper when the record, viewed in the light most favorable to the
nonmovant, demonstrates that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that the movant is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986); see also
FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). While Ogunfuye did not explicitly deny the government’s allegations, she also
didn’t explicitly concede that she was arrested before the interview. There appears to be little in the
record to support the magistrate judge’s conclusion that no interview had taken place.
Nevertheless, even if an interview had been held, there was no proper jurisdictional basis for
the magistrate judge to review Ogunfuye’s naturalization application. First, in immigration
proceedings, an alien must exhaust all administrative remedies before petitioning for district court
review. 8 C.F.R. § 336.9(d) (2006). Ogunfuye could have halted deportation by establishing “prima
facie” eligibility of naturalization or a matter involving exceptionally appealing or humanitarian
factors. She refused to pursue this remedy even after the CIS wrote her a letter concerning her
administrative options. 8 C.F.R. § 1239.2(f) (2006).
3 Second, because the Attorney General was barred by 8 U.S.C. § 1429 (2006)1 from
reviewing Ogunfuye’s application, by adjudging her claims for naturalization the district court would
have been doing exactly what Congress stated it could not, which is rendering an opinion on an
alien’s prima facie naturalization claims. Prior to 1990, district courts had exclusive jurisdiction to
naturalize aliens. In order to prevent a “race” between the alien to gain citizenship and the
government to deport, district courts were prohibited from naturalizing an alien for whom there was
a pending deportation proceeding. See Shomberg v. United States, 348 U.S. 540, 544 (1955); § 1429
(amended 1990). In 1990, Congress removed naturalization jurisdiction from the district courts,
placing the ability to naturalize aliens exclusively with the Attorney General and with the same
limitations. See § 1429.
Third, § 1447(b) was intended to address administrative untimeliness. It was not meant to
give aliens a means to adjudicate prima facie naturalization claims in district court where the Attorney
General was prevented from acting under § 1429. When introducing the amendment that became
§ 1447(b), the sponsor, Congressman Sid Morrison cited administrative delays and backlogs as a
“very substantial concern.” See Castracani v. Chertoff, 377 F. Supp. 2d 71, 73 (D. D.C. 2005)
(quoting 135 CONG. REC. H4539-02 (1989) (statement of Rep. Morrison)). By the government’s
own admission, there is very little case law covering this situation and no governing legal authority,
however, it is clear that § 1429 does not provide aliens with § 1447(b) jurisdiction. Federal law
provides for judicial review of naturalization applications in only two limited circumstances, where
a naturalization application is denied twice, first in an initial review and later in front of an
1 “[N]o application for naturalization shall be considered by the Attorney General if there is pending against the applicant a removal proceeding . . . .” See § 1429.
4 immigration official, or where there is significant untimeliness or administrative inaction by the
government in reviewing the application. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1421(c), 1447(b) (2006). Neither
circumstance applies to Ogunfuye.
Fourth, although other district courts have held that once a § 1447(b) petition is filed, district
courts have exclusive jurisdiction, stripping the CIS of the ability to deny or approve an application,
see United States v. Hovsepian, 359 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir. 2004) (en banc); Zaranska v. United States
Dep't of Homeland Sec., 400 F. Supp. 2d 500 (E.D. N.Y. 2005); Castracani, 377 F. Supp. 2d at 71-
74, those decisions all dealt with situations where the government, after neglecting to adjudicate an
application within 120 days, attempted to approve or deny an alien’s naturalization application before
the district court had the opportunity to review it.
These cases do not address the situation here, where § 1429 is the sole cause for the 120-day delay.
Chavez v. INS, 844 F. Supp. 1224 (N.D. Ill. 1993) is directly on point. Following a nearly
year-long delay in the adjudication of his naturalization application, Jorge A. Chavez petitioned for
§ 1447(b) relief. The district court remanded the application back to the Attorney General with
instructions to adjudicate it within sixtydays. Instead, the government instituted removal proceedings
against Chavez and denied his application on the theory that under § 1429 it could not adjudicate an
application of an alien against whom deportation proceedings were pending. Chavez, like Ogunfuye,
refused to exhaust all administrative remedies and applied for district court adjudication, arguing that
there was already § 1447 jurisdiction. The court responded: “We cannot agree . . . that the legislature
ever intended § 1447(b) to permit a district court to circumvent the appeals process provided for by
statute.” Chavez, 844 F. Supp. at 1225. Consistent with current federal law, the court held that
Chavez could not seek judicial review of his application until he had exhausted all his remedies. Id.
5 Although Chavez is comparable, arguably there were even more compelling reasons on these facts
for the district court to refrain from reviewing Ogunfuye’s application. Unlike in Chavez, here there
was no initial government inaction. Ogunfuye’s argument for § 1447 jurisdiction was based wholly
on the government’s inability to adjudicate her application under § 1429. See also Zaidi v. Chertoff,
No. 1:06-cv-1133, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 79831, at 10-11 (N.D. Ill. Nov.1, 2006) (refusing to grant
§ 1447(b) review until petitioner had exhausted all administrative remedies); Charles Gordon, Stanley
Mailman, & Stephen Yale-Loehr, Immigration Law and Procedure, 7-95 IMMIGRATION /LAW &
PROCEDURE § 95.02 at n.54 (2006) (“current law now prohibits the naturalization of a person against
whom a final finding of deportability is outstanding”).
Congress did not remove all jurisdiction from the courts. Under limited circumstances, district
courts can review the naturalization decisions of the Attorney General. See 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c)
(2006). Additionally, after a naturalization application is denied, an alien can request an
administrative hearing before an Immigration Judge. See § 1447. If after 120 days following an
examination, the Attorney General has neglected to approve or deny an application for naturalization,
an alien can petition the district court for a hearing under § 1447. The district court can itself
approve or deny the application or remand it back to the Attorney General with appropriate
instructions. Id.
In this case, even if the district court decided to remand, the Attorney General is barred by
federal statute from adjudicating Ogunfuye’s naturalization application. See § 1429. On one hand,
§ 1447 very plainly provides the district court jurisdiction when the Attorney General, irrespective
of the reasons, fails to adjudicate an application within 120 days after an examination is held. On the
other hand, Congress has plainly indicated that the adjudication of naturalization applications should
6 cease when orders of removal are issued prior to a § 1447 petition. Congress instituted various
mechanisms of administrative relief when aliens are under orders of removal and provided for judicial
review only when those mechanisms are exhausted. See § 1421. Ogunfuye argues that § 1429 only
prevents the Attorney General from reviewing prima facie naturalization claims while an order of
removal is pending, however in 1990, Congress removed the district courts’ ability to adjudicate
prima facie naturalization claims. Section 1429 only speaks in terms of the Attorney General
reviewing these types of applications because under current federal law only the Attorney General
has the authority to review them. Thus, the district court did not err by refusing to adjudicate
Ogunfuye’s application as there was no appropriate basis for it to do so. Because inaction based on
§ 1429 alone is not a legitimate basis for the district court to exercise cause § 1447(b) jurisdiction,
Ogunfuye is required to exhaust all administrative remedies before petitioning for judicial review of
her naturalization application.
IV. CONCLUSION
The judgment of the magistrate judge is AFFIRMED.
AFFIRMED.