Opinion
CHANEY, J.
— The workers’ compensation judge (hereafter WCJ) found respondent Kristian Von Ritzhoff (hereafter Von Ritzhoff) totally permanently disabled. The Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board (hereafter appeals board) denied the petition for reconsideration and adopted the WCJ’s decision as its own. Von Ritzhoff obtained this lifetime award even though he refused to subject himself to cross-examination.
We annul the appeals board’s decision because the due process right of defendant Ogden Entertainment Services (hereafter defendant) to cross-examination was violated. We remand with directions for new proceedings consistent with this opinion.
The Original Orthopedic Injury
Von Ritzhoff sustained injuries on March 16, 1996, to his right ankle, right hand, back and psyche while working as a banquet server for defendant. The orthopedic injuries were admitted. Defendant denied the claim of an industrial psychiatric injury.
The orthopedist, who performed three surgeries on Von Ritzhoff’s right ankle, Dr. Forman, found Von Ritzhoff’s right ankle permanent and stationary as of October 25, 2005. Save for its significance as the origin of Von Ritzhoff’s psychiatric injuries, the orthopedic injury dropped out of consideration after Dr. Forman found it permanent and stationary.
The Psychiatric Injuries
As discussed below, the WCJ ultimately found Von Ritzhoff to be permanently and totally disabled. In reaching this conclusion, the WCJ relied on the opinion of Von Ritzhoff’s treating psychiatrist, Thomas A. Curtis, M.D.
Dr. Curtis initially evaluated Von Ritzhoff on December 14, 2001. During the clinical interview situation, Dr. Curtis noted that Von Ritzhoff demonstrated diminished cognitive functioning. Von Ritzhoff’s psychological test results indicated that he had severe depression, suicidal ideation, severe anxiety, and total neuroticism. Dr. Curtis found Von Ritzhoff temporarily totally disabled on a psychiatric basis and in need of emotional treatment.
Defendant made temporary disability payments. There is evidence in the form of Von Ritzhoff’s testimony that at some point in early 2006 defendant ceased making these payments, claiming that there was no psychiatric disability. This brought about the expedited hearing of May 18, 2006, which was convened for the purpose of determining whether Von Ritzhoff was temporarily psychiatrically disabled.
Total Temporary Disability (May 18, 2006)
The hearing commenced with Von Ritzhoff’s testimony that the report that he was permanent and stationary on which defendant relied was false. Under examination by the WCJ, Von Ritzhoff testified that his attending psychiatrist told him that psychiatrically he was temporarily totally disabled.
Defendant then began to cross-examine Von Ritzhoff. Significantly, on cross-examination Von Ritzhoff effectively admitted working from time to time since his injury in 1996. However, the WCJ terminated cross-examination over defendant’s objection and even though defendant had not finished because of alleged time constraints arising from the expedited nature of the hearing. Defendant made an offer of proof that its investigator would show film of Von Ritzhoff working around the house and working at an art gallery and “doing other things from 2004 through 5-9-06.”
By interim opinion on decision dated May 23, 2006, the WCJ found Von Ritzhoff temporarily totally disabled from a psychiatric injury that was caused by the orthopedic injury to his ankle. This was based on a medical report that stated that the predominant cause of his “depressive symptoms” was prolonged orthopedic pain, especially from the right ankle injury. This medical report was dated February 24, 1999, and was generated by the Barrington Psychiatric Center. The WCJ noted there was no medical report stating that psychiatrically Von Ritzhoff was permanent and stationary and that it was “easy to extrapolate from the totality that applicant is still temporarily totally disabled.” The WCJ ordered continued temporary disability payments. The WCJ noted that the videotape defendant sought to have admitted was “more appropriate for later cross-examination (of a doctor and/or applicant as to accuracy of his history) rather than at this stage of the proceedings.” The WCJ also noted that Von Ritzhoff had been in proprio persona since 1998.
The appeals board denied defendant’s petition for reconsideration on June 7, 2006.
Psychiatric Reports 2008-2009
The independent medical evaluator in psychiatry, Arnold Gilberg, M.D., Ph.D., issued a report on July 14, 2008, agreeing with Dr. Curtis that Von Ritzhoff would become permanent and stationary psychiatrically by December 31, 2008. Dr. Gilberg also opined Von Ritzhoff’s “permanent disability [was] inextricably intertwined between the various injuries in question.” Dr. Gilberg apportioned 95 percent to industrial factors and 5 percent to nonindustrial factors.
However, Dr. Gilberg opined Von Ritzhoff was not “occupationally feasible from a psychiatric standpoint.”
As of August 2008, Von Ritzhoff had received electric shock therapy and Dr. Curtis requested authorization to treat Von Ritzhoff’s anxiety-mediated Parkinson’s-type tremors and for related muscle twitches and tensions. By November 6, 2009, Von Ritzhoff had attempted suicide by hanging while he was hospitalized. Dr. Curtis opined that it was obvious to him Von Ritzhoff was totally and permanently disabled on a psychiatric basis.
There now followed three hearings. The first two focused on whether Von Ritzhoff was psychiatrically permanent and stationary and thus no longer entitled to temporary disability payments. The third hearing ended with the finding that Von Ritzhoff was permanently disabled. Von Ritzhoff refused to be cross-examined at all three of these hearings.
The First Hearing (Apr. 23, 2009)
The hearing before the WCJ
Von Ritzhoff requested the April 23, 2009 expedited hearing to resolve the issue of temporary disability benefits, which he claimed had been terminated.
The defense position was that Von Ritzhoff was permanent and stationary.
It is clear that the defense intended to show this at least in part by Von Ritzhoff’s
testimony,
although the medical reports also supported this conclusion. Dr. Forman, the orthopedic doctor who performed three surgeries on Von Ritzhoff’s right ankle, found Von Ritzhoff’s right ankle permanent and stationary as of October 25, 2005. Dr. Gilberg, the independent medical evaluator in psychiatry, issued a report on July 14, 2008, agreeing with treating psychiatrist Dr. Curtis that Von Ritzhoff would become permanent and stationary psychiatrically by December 31, 2008.
Defendant also sought to redepose Dr. Gilberg on the amount of permanent disability. The WCJ agreed the defense was entitled to depose Dr. Gilberg, but suggested deposition by interrogatories.
After defense counsel’s statement about the object of Von Ritzhoff’s cross-examination, the WCJ asked Von Ritzhoff to take the stand. Von Ritzhoff stated: “I object to be cross-examined without an attorney.” The WCJ told him he was his own attorney, as he indeed had been since 1998.
Von Ritzhoff’s behavior from this point on was remarkable. This was his reaction to being reminded by the WCJ that he had been his own attorney for over 10 years: “No. I object. I object. I asked for — Your Honor, I object. Your Honor, I object. One thing, I asked for this trial that you will subpoena Ms. Lomolongo [(phonetic)] in March to come here and indicate why they cut the benefits without proper authorization and legal condition, which warrants them — which warrants that all the medical reports have to be together and that is done by approaching the court with a filing, which is titled DOR if I’m not mistaken, and they don’t have it. Okay. So Dr. Mitzelfelt objecting in his letter there. If I could, can I read it? Or have you seen that?”
After the WCJ told him that defense counsel had the right to ask him questions, Von Ritzhoff replied that he was not “ready to be cross-examined because I provided the Court with enough information with a violation of this firm and their client to properly inform an evidence by law [.sic] why they cut my benefits.” Next, Von Ritzhoff took the stand only to deliver a short monologue, concluding: “What I’m saying here, I am not going to testify. I’m tired; I feel sick. I called the doctor and he told me don’t — this Judge has no care about my health. He wants to throw me into the abyss of infinity.”
Defense counsel finally got a word in when he stated that he had a due process right to cross-examine Von Ritzhoff. Von Ritzhoff’s response was to accuse the defense of “criminal activities, a felony, manipulating the medical record.”
After stating that “you cannot rush somebody who is unrepresented, who has a problem with mental condition,” and being told by the WCJ that maybe he should not be representing himself, Von Ritzhoff’s answer was that he had a right to represent himself.
The hearing continued on its downhill path. Defense counsel stated that since he was unable to cross-examine Von Ritzhoff on the issue before the court, he moved the admission of correspondence by the adjuster Broadspire into evidence. Confused wrangling followed with Von Ritzhoff interspersing unintelligible comments about various physicians. When defense counsel requested medical records from Glendale Adventist Hospital, Von Ritzhoff asked whether he could cross-examine defense counsel. The discussion now became even more personal, with Von Ritzhoff calling defense counsel “a big liar.” Although the hearing finally collapsed in inconclusive confusion, one reality did emerge. Von Ritzhoff was true to his word; he did not testify. This hearing concluded without a word of testimony by Von Ritzhoff.
While the defense made no offer of proof, it is quite clear what the defense intended to prove by its cross-examination of Von Ritzhoff. The defense announced at the outset of this hearing that it wanted to prove that Von Ritzhoff was permanent and stationary. As the questions at the aborted cross-examination of May 18, 2006, suggested, the defense intended to elicit testimony that Von Ritzhoff was working from time to time and was functioning normally, which was circumstantial evidence that he was permanent and stationary. In the process, the defense would inevitably have endeavored to show that Von Ritzhoff was not credible and thus had not given credible information to attending physicians, including the psychiatrists.
Based on the medical report of psychiatrist Dr. Curtis,
the WCJ concluded that Von Ritzhoff was temporarily totally disabled. The WCJ noted that a psychiatrist’s opinion was required on the issue whether Von Ritzhoff was permanent and stationary and that it was “not known” how Von Ritzhoff’s layperson’s testimony could add to or defeat a psychiatrist’s opinion regarding Von Ritzhoff’s disability status. The WCJ had made a similar comment during the hearing.
The WCJ erred when he stated that the defense had refused to make an offer of proof at the hearing as to what the defense intended to elicit from Von Ritzhoff. The defense was never asked, nor did it refuse, to make an offer or proof during this hearing. On the contrary, the defense had made it clear that it wanted to cross-examine Von Ritzhoff on the question whether he was permanent and stationary.
Reconsideration and the appeals board
Defendant filed a petition for reconsideration following the first hearing of April 23, 2009.
The appeals board affirmed the WCJ’s order. Agreeing with the WCJ that Von Ritzhoff’s testimony would not be particularly useful in resolving the psychiatric medical question, the appeals board allowed the WCJ’s decision on total temporary disability to stand. However, the appeals board noted defendant’s legitimate complaints regarding the opportunity to cross-examine Von Ritzhoff. The appeals board explicitly stated that “[i]f [Von Ritzhoff] intends to continue to prosecute his claim for workers’ compensation benefits, he must submit to cross-examination.”
The Second Hearing (Oct. 27, 2009)
Only six months had elapsed since the April 2009 expedited hearing. However, Von Ritzhoff again requested the October 27, 2009 expedited hearing, complaining of defendant’s denial of payment for all treatment. Specifically, Von Ritzhoff requested reinstatement of treatment with various doctors.
Defendant confirmed its refusal to pay for treatment and benefits because it was denied due process when it was not allowed to cross-examine Von Ritzhoff. Defendant expressly objected to orders for payment without having a right to question the applicant, to cross-examine Dr. Gilberg, to obtain medical records from Dr. Gilberg, to review all medical records from Glendale Adventist Hospital, and the right to subpoena and review medical records from a new facility. Defendant also asserted its right to question Von Ritzhoff regarding psychological treatment if the WCJ was ordering psychological treatment.
The WCJ did not allow cross-examination on issues related to temporary total disability. The WCJ stated that this issue was already settled.
Von Ritzhoff now took the stand. However, he squarely refused at least six times to answer defense counsel’s questions. In short, as in the first hearing, Von Ritzhoff did not testify at the second hearing.
The WCJ claimed the appeals board upheld the decision on temporary total disability and his “position on cross-examining” Von Ritzhoff. The WCJ found that defendant’s position to discontinue all treatment, despite medical opinions that Von Ritzhoff s condition would decline, was unwarranted. The WCJ ordered defendant to reinstate treatment with Dr. Curtis.
The WCJ ordered defendant to pay for psychiatric treatment and temporary total disability as previously ordered. The WCJ did not order orthopedic treatment in light of Von Ritzhoff’s refusal to be cross-examined.
Reconsideration and the appeals board
Defendant again petitioned for reconsideration.
The petition argued that defendant was deprived of its due process rights when the WCJ ordered benefits after Von Ritzhoff refused to be cross-examined at the hearing.
The WCJ’s report recommended denial of the petition. The WCJ believed “[defendant [was] really becoming as out-of-control as applicant.” On the issue of defendant’s due process, the WCJ did not order nonpsychiatric benefits so there was no denial of due process and no prejudice. As for psychiatric benefits, the WCJ found the issue was res judicata given a prior determination.
The WCJ stated he could not in good conscience abruptly cut off Von Ritzhoff from psychiatric treatment when he was on several psychiatric medications and required monitoring.
The appeals board denied defendant’s petition for reconsideration on April 20, 2010. The appeals board found the new decision was favorable to defendant in that it authorized defendant to stop providing nonpsychiatric care. The appeals board clarified its earlier affirmation of the WCJ’s decision, stating again that if Von Ritzhoff wanted to continue to receive benefits, he would have to testify. The appeals board let the WCJ’s decision on temporary total disability “stand, but only ‘for now.’ ”
Psychiatric Reports 2011-2012
On August 10, 2011, Dr. Curtis disagreed with Dr. Gilberg’s 5 percent apportionment to Von Ritzhoff’s prior history of alcoholism. Dr. Curtis rather
noted Dr. Gilberg’s opinion that Von Ritzhoff was not able to compete in the open labor market from a psychiatric standpoint. Commenting on Von Ritzhoff’s continued deteriorating condition, Dr. Curtis again opined that Von Ritzhoff was 100 percent totally and permanently disabled with no apportionment.
In his July 16, 2012 report, Dr. Curtis continued to opine that “this case should probably best be considered as a 100% disability case without apportionment.”
The Third Hearing (May 30, 2013)
The matter came on for hearing over the objection of defendant on May 30, 2013. Discovery remained open until the final mandatory settlement conference on August 28, 2012. However, since the October 27, 2009 hearing, defendant had been unable to take the deposition of Dr. Gilberg.
At the hearing, Von Ritzhoff preemptively refused to respond to any questions by defendant.
Defendant made an offer of proof as to the testimony it sought on cross-examination: “Applicant’s ability to function physically, mentally, his ability to work, and whether he did work during March 1996 through the present, which would affect the TD rate, overpayment, and PD. In past depositions, the applicant testified that he did not work on certain occasions], where there was proof of him working. Lack of credibility can only be observed on cross-examination, which goes to the content of the medical reports.”
Following the third hearing, on October 10, 2013, the WCJ found Von Ritzhoff sustained industrial injuries on March 16, 1996, to his right ankle, right hand, back, and to his psyche.
The WCJ acknowledged no evidence was produced regarding earnings, either in testimony or by wage statement. The WCJ accordingly found a reasonable rate of earnings within the range claimed by the parties. The WCJ found Von Ritzhoff had weekly earnings of $320 at the time of the injury, entitling him to temporary total disability and permanent disability rates of $213.33 per week. The WCJ found Von Ritzhoff totally temporarily disabled from March 17, 1996, through December 31, 2008, and from October 13, 2009, through April 23, 2010. Von Ritzhoff was found totally permanently disabled, entitling
him to benefits from January 1, 2009, through October 12, 2009, and from April 24, 2010, for life. The WCJ found no basis for apportionment.
In reaching these findings, the WCJ found the reporting of Dr. Mitzelfelt unreliable. The WCJ also questioned the final opinion of panel qualified medical evaluator in orthopedics, Dr. Jonathan Jaivin.
Dr. Jaivin’s final report apportioned 95 percent of the orthopedic injury to preexisting conditions whereas his earlier May 30, 2006 report, offered no opinion on apportionment. The WCJ therefore disregarded Dr. Jaivin’s final report, and relied instead on Dr. Jaivin’s May 30, 2006 report, and Dr. Forman’s February 17, 2006 report,
on the orthopedic injury.
Regarding the psychiatric injury, the WCJ relied upon the opinion of Dr. Curtis, with which Dr. Gilberg mostly agreed. The WCJ found Dr. Gilberg’s apportionment of 5 percent to Von Ritzhoff’s history of drinking not supported given Dr. Gilberg’s failure to explain “how or why this prior stint, especially if not an ongoing problem” would have caused 5 percent of the disability.
The WCJ addressed defendant’s due process concerns arising from the inability to cross-examine Von Ritzhoff and Dr. Gilberg. The WCJ ruled defendant’s offer of proof did not establish that cross-examination of Von Ritzhoff would defeat or reduce the award. Von Ritzhoff, as a layperson, was ill equipped to render opinions regarding his own mental condition. Additionally, Dr. Gilberg had been deposed once before and, given the decision was not based on Dr. Gilberg’s opinion, the WCJ found the issue of Dr. Gilberg’s renewed deposition was moot.
Defendant petitioned for reconsideration. Defendant’s main argument was that its due process rights were violated when benefits were awarded without the opportunity to cross-examine Von Ritzhoff and Dr. Gilberg.
The WCJ’s report recommended denial of defendant’s petition for reconsideration, largely quoting from his own opinion on decision.
On December 20, 2013, the appeals board denied defendant’s petition for reconsideration, adopting and incorporating the WCJ’s report, and issuing no opinion of its own.
The Rationale Why the WCJ and Appeals Board Dispensed with Cross-examination
The basis for continuing and awarding substantial benefits without cross-examination was that the issue involved a psychiatric medical opinion, which Von Ritzhoff’s lay testimony could neither supplement or defeat. The appeals board agreed Von Ritzhoff’s testimony would not be useful in resolving the medical question of permanent and stationary status.
Significantly, however, the appeals board twice noted that Von Ritzhoff, if he intended to recover an award, should have submitted himself to cross-examination. This happened after both the first and second hearings. There is no explanation why the appeals board simply abandoned its position on this issue following the third hearing.
DISCUSSION
1.
Cross-examination As an Element of a Fair Trial or Hearing
“ ‘For two centuries past, the policy of the Anglo-American system of Evidence has been to regard the necessity of testing by cross-examination as a vital feature of the law. The belief that no safeguard for testing the value of human statements is comparable to that furnished by cross-examination, and the conviction that no statement (unless by special exception) should be used as testimony until it has been probed and sublimated by that test, has found increasing strength in lengthening experience.’ ”
(Greene v. McElroy
(1959) 360 U.S. 474, 497 [3 L.Ed.2d 1377, 79 S.Ct. 1400], quoting 5 Wigmore, Evidence (3d ed. 1940) § 1367.) “There are few subjects, perhaps, upon which [it] and other courts have been more nearly unanimous than in their expressions of belief that the right of confrontation and cross-examination is an essential and fundamental requirement for the kind of fair trial which is this country’s constitutional goal.”
(Pointer v. Texas
(1965) 380 U.S. 400, 405 [13 L.Ed.2d 923, 85 S.Ct. 1065].) The right to cross-examination is protected by the confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment which is applicable to the states. (Pointer, at pp. 403-405.)
We address in this case therefore nothing less than one of the fundamental guarantees of a fair trial
or, as in this case, a fair hearing, for there is no doubt that the right of cross-examination is guaranteed to the parties in workers’ compensation proceedings.
(Pacific Employers Ins. Co. v.
Industrial Accident Com.
(1941) 47 Cal.App.2d 713, 715 [118 P.2d 848].) This right is not only guaranteed as a matter of constitutional law, it is specifically guaranteed by the Administrative Procedure Act in subdivision (b) of Government Code section 11513.
As far as the purposes of cross-examination are concerned, one cannot improve on the explanation of the role of cross-examination given by Wigmore, quoted in
People v. Whitehead
(1952) 113 Cal.App.2d 43, 48-49 [247 P.2d 717], which we set forth in the margin.
Given what the purposes of cross-examination are, we must correct the misperception shared by the WCJ and the appeals board that, as a self-represented party, Von Ritzhoff had nothing to add as a witness. The purpose of cross-examination is not limited to eliciting facts or information about the merits of the case. “[0]ne of the important objects of the right of confrontation was to guarantee that the fact finder had an adequate opportunity to assess the credibility of witnesses.”
(Berger v. California
(1969) 393 U.S. 314, 315 [21 L.Ed.2d 508, 89 S.Ct. 540].)
California law has been in accord from the beginning, singling out the importance of cross-examination in inquiring into the credibility of a witness.
(Neal v. Neal
(1881) 58 Cal. 287, 288;
Sharp v. Hoffman
(1889) 79 Cal. 404, 408 [21 P. 846].) Indeed, the mie is that on cross-examination “a wide latitude is permitted for the purpose of testing accuracy or credibility. This is especially true if the witness is himself a party to the action.”
(Stromerson v. Averill
(1940) 39 Cal.App.2d 118, 125 [102 P.2d 571].)
The importance of cross-examination as a means of testing and attacking the credibility of a witness is undiminished in the modern era. (E.g.,
People
v.
Guthreau
(1980) 102 Cal.App.3d 436, 445 [162 Cal.Rptr. 376].) In fact,
Witkin writes that the “chief purpose of cross-examination is to test the credibility, knowledge, and recollection of the witness.” (3 Witkin, Cal. Evidence (5th ed. 2012) Presentation at Trial, § 236, p. 345.)
As we discuss in the next part, the record in this case contains strong indications that Von Ritzhoff’s credibility is very much at issue.
2.
The Lack of Cross-examination Was Prejudicial
It goes without saying that this is not a case where cross-examination was merely curtailed. This is a case where cross-examination did not take place at all, except for a few minutes on May 18, 2006, before it was curtailed over the defense’s objection, and which was meaningless. We therefore address an admittedly unusual situation where a litigant, defendant in this case, was completely deprived of the right of cross-examination.
“A denial of due process to a party ordinarily compels annulment of the [appeal board’s] decision only if it is reasonably probable that, absent the procedural error, the party would have attained a more favorable result.”
(Beverly Hills Multispecialty Group, Inc. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd.
(1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 789, 806 [32 Cal.Rptr.2d 293].) “However, if the denial of due process prevents a party from having a fair hearing, the denial of due process is reversible per se.”
(Ibid.)
When, as in this case, a party is completely denied the fundamental right to cross-examine the adverse party, there has not been a fair hearing. No one would quarrel with the proposition that a litigant is entitled to an unbiased judge or hearing officer and that a biased judge is the very definition of an unfair hearing. Cross-examination of a witness, and especially the adverse party, is similarly part and parcel of a fair hearing. The high station which the right of confrontation occupies in our jurisprudence admits of no other conclusion. There is, therefore, a case to be made that the error here was reversible per se.
We nevertheless consider whether the error was prejudicial.
In this case, Von Ritzhoff’s conduct over the issue of his cross-examination was so irregular as to make an examination into the question of his credibility practically a necessity. We use the word credibility here in its widest sense, which includes the ability to render an accurate account of events. The credibility of a person who is given to manic outbursts of the kind shown by this record is, at a minimum, seriously drawn into question. The wild flights into conspiracy theories, accusations of criminal misconduct and even personal invective do not necessarily reflect a mind given to an accurate
recitation of events, particularly events as complex as those underlying his psychiatric histories. While we do not presume to render an opinion on Von Ritzhoff’s credibility, leaving that to the finder of fact, it is clear that his very conduct, particularly during the first hearing on April 23, 2009, moved that issue center stage and required reasoned,
and informed,
analysis.
If
Von Ritzhoff was not credible, serious doubts might arise about his characterizations of his physical, mental and emotional state which in turn could impact the assessment of the extent of his permanent disability.
The defense stated at various times that it was in possession of information composed of surveillance and other sources that showed that Von Ritzhoff had in fact worked and was engaging in other normal activities. None of this information or evidence ever saw the light of day. The WCJ in fact dismissed it sight unseen at the end of the hearing on May 18, 2006, with the comment that it was not relevant to a cross-examination of Von Ritzhoff. But what if it were shown by the defense that Von Ritzhoff was in fact working and maintained a relatively normal lifestyle? This would surely have an impact on the determination of the extent or percentage of his permanent disability.
In short, had Von Ritzhoff been cross-examined, particularly in light of evidence that showed him working, it is reasonably probable that the defense might have obtained a more favorable result. A more favorable result is, of course, anything less than total permanent disability.
3.
The Appeals Board’s Decision Exceeded Its Powers and Is Unreasonable
When the “irregularities constitute a denial of due process the [appeals board’s] actions are obviously beyond the Board’s powers.” (2 Hanna, Cal. Law of Employee Injuries and Workers’ Compensation (rev. 2d ed. 2014) § 34.18[2], p. 34-33.) It is also true that a denial of due process renders the appeals board’s decision unreasonable.
(Id.,
§ 34.18[1], p. 34-33.) A writ of review may issue if the appeals board acted in excess of its jurisdiction or if its decision is unreasonable. (Lab. Code, § 5952, subds. (a) & (c).)
4.
Additional Issues on Remand
We note there is no determination of the disability caused by the orthopedic injury or its apportionment. While it does appear that the psychiatric
medical experts had Dr. Forman’s opinion on the apportionment of the orthopedic injury, there is no analysis regarding its impact on the psychiatric portion of the injury. In addition, there is no indication in the voluminous record that Dr. Curtis had the reports of Dr. Jaivin when he formed his opinions on apportionment. Given that the medical experts concluded that the psychiatric injury arose exclusively from the admitted orthopedic injury, the apportionment of the orthopedic injury may have an impact on the apportionment of the psychiatric injury. This issue needs to be addressed.
In addition to clarifying the apportionment of the orthopedic injury, the apportionment of the psychiatric injury must also be completed. Dr. Gilberg, who apportioned 5 percent to nonindustrial causes, refused to continue his participation in the case because of harassment by Von Ritzhoff. Despite defendant’s efforts and the WCJ’s acknowledgment of defendant’s right to a renewed deposition, Dr. Gilberg was not redeposed. We hold that Dr. Gilberg must submit himself to deposition at the very least on the issue of apportionment. Whether the WCJ relied on Dr. Gilberg’s apportionment is immaterial. Defendant must be afforded the opportunity to justify the basis of Dr. Gilberg’s apportionment by cross-examining him or presenting rebuttal evidence through a renewed deposition.
5.
The Appeals Board’s Contentions Are Without Merit
The appeals board contends that the “issues of psychiatric industrial injury and temporary disability are final and the only issues properly before this Court are earnings and permanent disability/apportionment.”
In workers’ compensation, an order is deemed final if it determines a substantial issue basic to the employee’s entitlement to benefits. (2 Hanna, Cal. Law of Employee Injuries and Workers’ Compensation,
supra,
§ 34.10[2], p. 34-10, citing
Safeway Stores, Inc. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd.
(1980) 104 Cal.App.3d 528, 533, fn. 2 [163 Cal.Rptr. 750].) Thus, decisions regarding the territorial jurisdiction of the appeals board, the existence of an employment relationship or the statute of limitations are deemed final for purposes of review. This type of issue has been called a “threshold” issue.
(Ibid.)
Whether the psychiatric injury was industrial is not a threshold issue. It is one of the principal issues on the merits. It is only a final order, decision, or
award of the appeals board that is reviewable by this court by way of a petition for a writ of review. (Lab. Code, §§ 5900, 5901;
Maranian v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd.
(2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 1068, 1074 [97 Cal.Rptr.2d 418]; 2 Hanna, Cal. Law of Employee Injuries and Workers’ Compensation,
supra,
§ 34.10[2], p. 34-9.) The disposition by the appeals board of one of several issues on the merits is not a final decision of the appeals board. The same is true of the award of temporary disability which, for the purposes of review by this court, is not a final decision of the appeals board.
The only final decision of the appeals board for the purposes of review by this court is its decision of December 20, 2013, denying the petition for reconsideration and adopting and incorporating the WCJ’s report as its own decision. This is the decision that awarded Von Ritzhoff total permanent disability and that followed what we have called in this opinion the third hearing.
The appeals board also contends that defendant was not denied due process. In support of this claim, the appeals board claims that defendant had ample opportunity to cross-examine Von Ritzhoff and that Von Ritzhoff was cross-examined on May 18, 2006.
The cross-examination on May 18, 2006, was terminated prematurely over the objection of defendant, as we have pointed out. Thereafter, during the following three hearings, including the ultimate hearing that resulted in the final award, Von Ritzhoff adamantly, and successfully, refused to submit to cross-examination. This included the hearing that led to the award of permanent total disability where Von Ritzhoff, obviously emboldened by his earlier successes, simply announced that he was not going to subject himself to cross-examination, an announcement the WCJ meekly accepted.
The appeals board states that during the hearing held on April 23, 2009, which we have called the first hearing, defendant had the opportunity yet failed to make an offer of proof as to “what further cross-examination would accomplish.” However, the record shows that defense counsel stated that he had a “due process right” to cross-examine Von Ritzhoff, that he had been prevented from questioning Von Ritzhoff and that he had not been able to cross-examine Von Ritzhoff. Given that defense counsel opened this hearing with the statement that his cross-examination of Von Ritzhoff would prove that Von Ritzhoff was permanent and stationary, the record could hardly be clearer both as to
what the defense’s objective was with the cross-examination and that the defense was objecting on due process grounds to being precluded from cross-examination.
During the second hearing, when Von Ritzhoff again refused to be cross-examined, defense counsel again stated that the defense had a due process right to examine Von Ritzhoff. A little later, he repeated that he had the right to question Von Ritzhoff. Defense counsel next stated that he had the right to question Von Ritzhoff about the psychological treatment he received.
Finally, during the third hearing on May 30, 2013, the defense made an explicit offer of proof which, among other things, specifically pinpointed credibility as one of the objectives of the cross-examination that had been completely denied. We again set forth that offer of proof.
The appeals board is simply wrong in claiming that the defense did not object and did not make an offer of proof as to what it intended to accomplish with Von Ritzhoff’s cross-examination.
The appeals board’s view that the defense should have sought review of its decision regarding cross-examination following the first and second hearings ignores the plain fact these were not final decisions of the appeals board and thus were not reviewable in this court under the aegis of a writ of review.
We find it inexplicable that the appeals board twice warned Von Ritzhoff that he must subject himself to cross-examination, only to abandon that view when it came to its final decision. The position that the appeals board has taken in this court that there was no denial of due process does not square with its two prior statements following the first and second hearing that Von Ritzhoff had to subject himself to cross-examination.
The appeals board’s claim that its decision on permanent disability is supported by substantial evidence is beside the point. The appeals board exceeded its powers when it adopted a decision as its own that was flawed by a denial of due process. Because the appeals board exceeded its powers, its decision must be set aside. (Lab. Code, § 5952, subd. (a).)
Disposition
The decision of the Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board is annulled and the case is remanded with directions for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Rothschild, R J., and Johnson, J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing was denied January 29, 2015.