Mr. Chief Justice Carter
delivered the opinion of the court:
This was an action on the case to recover damages for ° personal injuries sustained by plaintiff in error while in the employ of defendant in error.
At the close of the evidence for the plaintiff the court, upon the motion of the defendant, instructed the jury to find the defendant not guilty. The judge who sat in the trial having become one of the judges of the Appellate Court, and the other two judges being divided in opinion, the judgment was by that court affirmed, and the cause was then brought to this court on a writ of error sued out by the plaintiff. The only question in the case is, did the court err in instructing the jury to find the defendant not guilty?
An instruction to find against the party upon whom rests the burden of proof, on the ground that there is no evidence legally tending to prove his cause,'—or, as it is now more generally stated, on the ground that the evidence, with all the inferences which the jury could justifiably draw from it, is so insufficient to support a verdict for such party that such verdict, if returned, must for that reason be set aside,—is in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence, and, except as to technical methods of procedure, is governed by the same rules. The maker of the motion to so instruct admits the truth of all opposing evidence, and all inferences which may be fairly and rationally drawn from it. The motion does not involve a determination of the weight of the evidence nor the credibility of witnesses. (Bartelott v. International Bank, 119 Ill. 259, and cases cited; Phillips v. Dickerson, 85 id. 11; Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. v. Dunleavy, 129 id. 132.) It has been said in some cases, that if there is any evidence, however slight, tending to prove plaintiff’s cause of action, such an instruction would be erroneous, as it is the province of the jury, and not of the court, to pass upon the weight of the evidence, or its sufficiency in probative force, to authorize a verdict. In Simmons v. Chicago and Tomah Railroad Co. 110 Ill. 340, in delivering the opinion of the court, Mr. Chief Justice Sheldon said (p. 346): “There may be decisions to be found which hold that if there is any evidence—even a scintilla—tending to support the plaintiff’s case it must be submitted to the jury. But we think the more reasonable rule, which has now come to be established by the better authority, is, that when the evidence given at the trial, with all inferences that'the jury could justifiably draw from it, is so insufficient to support a verdict for the plaintiff that such a verdict, if returned, must be set aside, the court is not bound to submit the case to the jury, but may direct a verdict for the defendant. (Pleasants v. Fant, 22 Wall. 120; Randall v. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co. 109 U. S. 478; Metropolitan Railway Co. v. Jackson, 3 App. Cas. 193; Reed v. Inhabitants of Deerfield, 8 Allen, 524; Skellenger v. Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. 61 Iowa, 714; Martin v. Chambers, 84 Ill. 579; Phillips v. Dickerson, 85 id. 11.) In the recent case of Frazer v. Howe, 106 Ill. 563, this court recognized the rule to be: ‘If there is no evidence before the jury on a material issue in favor of a party holding the affirmative of that issue, on which the jury could, in the eye of the law, reasonably'find in his favor, the court may exclude the evidence, or direct the jury to find against the party so holding the affirmative.’” This language was quoted in Bartelott v. International Bank, supra, and Mr. Justice Scholfield, in speaking for the court, said (p. 272): “Since it was not intended in this case to overrule Simmons v. Chicago and Tomah Railroad Co. supra, it is apparent that ‘evidence tending to prove’ means more than a mere scintilla of evidence, but evidence upon which the jury could, without acting unreasonably in the eye of the law, decide in favor of the plaintiff or the party producing it. It is not intended by this practice that the function of the jury to pass upon questions of fact is to be invaded, any more than it is intended that such function is to be invaded by a motion to set aside a verdict and for a new trial upon the ground of the want of evidence to sustain the verdict. In neither case is the court authorized to weigh the evidence and decide where the preponderance is.” See, also, Siddall v. Jansen, 168 Ill. 43, and Rack v. Chicago City Railway Co. 173 id. 289.
It is clear from the cases cited, and others, that what is called the “scintilla rule of evidence” is not in force in this State.
Much confusion has doubtless arisen from the different meanings attached to the phrase “tending to prove,” but giving it the meaning as held by this court in the Bartelott case, above cited,—that it is “evidence upon which the jury could, without acting unreasonably in the eye of the law, decide in favor of the plaintiff or the party producing it,”—most of the apparent conflict between the different cases disappears. Thus, it was said by Mr. Justice Maule in Jewell v. Parr, 13 Com. Bench, 909: “Applying the maxim de minimis non curat lex, when we say that there is no evidence to go to the jury we do not mean that there is literally none, but that there is none which ought reasonably to satisfy the jury that the fact sought to be proved is established.” It is, of course, true that there are cases where there is literally no evidence in support of some material and necessary allegation, but there are many others where there may be some evidence tending in some remote degree to support every allegation, yet of too inconclusive and unsubstantial a character to be the foundation of a verdict. In either of such cases the court may, when the question is properly raised, so determine, and direct a verdict as in cases where there is no evidence. A mere scintilla of evidence, if it means anything, means the least particle of evidence, ■—evidence which, without further evidence, is a mere trifle; and as the law does not reg'ard trifles, we see no reason why, on such a motion, the court may not adjudge such evidence insufficient in law, and direct a verdict as in cases where there is no evidence. As well said in Connor v. Giles, 76 Me. 132, “there is no practical or logical difference between no evidence and evidence without legal weight.” It is true that such motions are not to be regarded with favor. The province of the jury must not be invaded, (Frazer v. Howe, 106 Ill. 563,) and where reasonable minds, acting* within the limitations prescribed by the rules of law, might reach different conclusions the evidence must be submitted to the jury. For a comprehensive review of this question see 6 Ency. of Pl. & Pr. 667, and 2 Thompson on Trials, 1595.
In the case at bar the evidence, in substance, was, that the plaintiff in error was a painter, who had worked at his trade for upwards of sixteen years; that he was a first-class workman, and thoroughly understood the hanging of ladders and the putting up of scaffolds; that he had been working in the World’s Fair buildings for ten months before the accident occurred, on February 18, 1893. At that time he was employed by the defendant in the color department, working in the machinery hall. annex. Thomas Hunt had charge, for the defendant, of that building and of all the men employed there in painting, and was foreman over the plaintiff.
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Mr. Chief Justice Carter
delivered the opinion of the court:
This was an action on the case to recover damages for ° personal injuries sustained by plaintiff in error while in the employ of defendant in error.
At the close of the evidence for the plaintiff the court, upon the motion of the defendant, instructed the jury to find the defendant not guilty. The judge who sat in the trial having become one of the judges of the Appellate Court, and the other two judges being divided in opinion, the judgment was by that court affirmed, and the cause was then brought to this court on a writ of error sued out by the plaintiff. The only question in the case is, did the court err in instructing the jury to find the defendant not guilty?
An instruction to find against the party upon whom rests the burden of proof, on the ground that there is no evidence legally tending to prove his cause,'—or, as it is now more generally stated, on the ground that the evidence, with all the inferences which the jury could justifiably draw from it, is so insufficient to support a verdict for such party that such verdict, if returned, must for that reason be set aside,—is in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence, and, except as to technical methods of procedure, is governed by the same rules. The maker of the motion to so instruct admits the truth of all opposing evidence, and all inferences which may be fairly and rationally drawn from it. The motion does not involve a determination of the weight of the evidence nor the credibility of witnesses. (Bartelott v. International Bank, 119 Ill. 259, and cases cited; Phillips v. Dickerson, 85 id. 11; Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. v. Dunleavy, 129 id. 132.) It has been said in some cases, that if there is any evidence, however slight, tending to prove plaintiff’s cause of action, such an instruction would be erroneous, as it is the province of the jury, and not of the court, to pass upon the weight of the evidence, or its sufficiency in probative force, to authorize a verdict. In Simmons v. Chicago and Tomah Railroad Co. 110 Ill. 340, in delivering the opinion of the court, Mr. Chief Justice Sheldon said (p. 346): “There may be decisions to be found which hold that if there is any evidence—even a scintilla—tending to support the plaintiff’s case it must be submitted to the jury. But we think the more reasonable rule, which has now come to be established by the better authority, is, that when the evidence given at the trial, with all inferences that'the jury could justifiably draw from it, is so insufficient to support a verdict for the plaintiff that such a verdict, if returned, must be set aside, the court is not bound to submit the case to the jury, but may direct a verdict for the defendant. (Pleasants v. Fant, 22 Wall. 120; Randall v. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co. 109 U. S. 478; Metropolitan Railway Co. v. Jackson, 3 App. Cas. 193; Reed v. Inhabitants of Deerfield, 8 Allen, 524; Skellenger v. Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. 61 Iowa, 714; Martin v. Chambers, 84 Ill. 579; Phillips v. Dickerson, 85 id. 11.) In the recent case of Frazer v. Howe, 106 Ill. 563, this court recognized the rule to be: ‘If there is no evidence before the jury on a material issue in favor of a party holding the affirmative of that issue, on which the jury could, in the eye of the law, reasonably'find in his favor, the court may exclude the evidence, or direct the jury to find against the party so holding the affirmative.’” This language was quoted in Bartelott v. International Bank, supra, and Mr. Justice Scholfield, in speaking for the court, said (p. 272): “Since it was not intended in this case to overrule Simmons v. Chicago and Tomah Railroad Co. supra, it is apparent that ‘evidence tending to prove’ means more than a mere scintilla of evidence, but evidence upon which the jury could, without acting unreasonably in the eye of the law, decide in favor of the plaintiff or the party producing it. It is not intended by this practice that the function of the jury to pass upon questions of fact is to be invaded, any more than it is intended that such function is to be invaded by a motion to set aside a verdict and for a new trial upon the ground of the want of evidence to sustain the verdict. In neither case is the court authorized to weigh the evidence and decide where the preponderance is.” See, also, Siddall v. Jansen, 168 Ill. 43, and Rack v. Chicago City Railway Co. 173 id. 289.
It is clear from the cases cited, and others, that what is called the “scintilla rule of evidence” is not in force in this State.
Much confusion has doubtless arisen from the different meanings attached to the phrase “tending to prove,” but giving it the meaning as held by this court in the Bartelott case, above cited,—that it is “evidence upon which the jury could, without acting unreasonably in the eye of the law, decide in favor of the plaintiff or the party producing it,”—most of the apparent conflict between the different cases disappears. Thus, it was said by Mr. Justice Maule in Jewell v. Parr, 13 Com. Bench, 909: “Applying the maxim de minimis non curat lex, when we say that there is no evidence to go to the jury we do not mean that there is literally none, but that there is none which ought reasonably to satisfy the jury that the fact sought to be proved is established.” It is, of course, true that there are cases where there is literally no evidence in support of some material and necessary allegation, but there are many others where there may be some evidence tending in some remote degree to support every allegation, yet of too inconclusive and unsubstantial a character to be the foundation of a verdict. In either of such cases the court may, when the question is properly raised, so determine, and direct a verdict as in cases where there is no evidence. A mere scintilla of evidence, if it means anything, means the least particle of evidence, ■—evidence which, without further evidence, is a mere trifle; and as the law does not reg'ard trifles, we see no reason why, on such a motion, the court may not adjudge such evidence insufficient in law, and direct a verdict as in cases where there is no evidence. As well said in Connor v. Giles, 76 Me. 132, “there is no practical or logical difference between no evidence and evidence without legal weight.” It is true that such motions are not to be regarded with favor. The province of the jury must not be invaded, (Frazer v. Howe, 106 Ill. 563,) and where reasonable minds, acting* within the limitations prescribed by the rules of law, might reach different conclusions the evidence must be submitted to the jury. For a comprehensive review of this question see 6 Ency. of Pl. & Pr. 667, and 2 Thompson on Trials, 1595.
In the case at bar the evidence, in substance, was, that the plaintiff in error was a painter, who had worked at his trade for upwards of sixteen years; that he was a first-class workman, and thoroughly understood the hanging of ladders and the putting up of scaffolds; that he had been working in the World’s Fair buildings for ten months before the accident occurred, on February 18, 1893. At that time he was employed by the defendant in the color department, working in the machinery hall. annex. Thomas Hunt had charge, for the defendant, of that building and of all the men employed there in painting, and was foreman over the plaintiff. Plaintiff was ordered by Hunt to help put up a hanging stage pr scaffold close to the ceiling, about seventy feet above the floor, near the west wall of the building. After having put up and fastened to a cross-beam the ropes to which was to be hooked the pulley to support the east end of the scaffold, he climbed up an upright beam on which cleats had been nailed, to the rafter, and put a strap, (or strop,) which is a piece of flat rope with the two ends spliced together, forming a loop or link, around the rafter, and put one end of the loop through the other end, forming a noose around the rafter, and hooked the pulleys into the single loop, whereupon the foreman called to him from below and directed him not to put it up that way, but, with the double rope over the rafter, to place both ends in the hook to the pulley, the object being to put up a line, so that the whole arrangement, when the work should be finished, could be jerked loose by standing on the floor. Plaintiff objected, and told Hunt that the hook was not big enough for that purpose, and that the strap, being “brand-new,” was “liable to come down.” Hunt replied that it would not come down, and repeated his orders, and Offutt obeyed and fastened the strap as directed. Hunt and one Wagner, who had been working with Offutt, then brought a stage or scaffold, and with the pulleys pulled it up to plaintiff, who told them at the time that it was too short for the place and was liable , to throw the loop out of the hook. The foreman told him it was all right, and to fasten it up. The plaintiff then fastened the west end and crept on his hands and knees over the scaffold to the east end and fastened that end, and while he was “crawling” back to the west end to come down for orders, and when near the center, the stage commenced to swing endways on account of its being too short and the ropes fastening it at each end hanging at an angle instead of straight down, and the strap or rope slipped out of the hook at the west end and plaintiff was precipitated to the floor below and was seriously and permanently injured. He testified that the way he first fastened the- strap and hook was the proper, usual and customary way, and that it was safe, and that he thought that the way the foreman told him to do it was the wrong way. Wagner testified that sometimes a sling t^as used single and sometimes double; that it was often used double; that it was safer single, in his judgment, because the hook had a firmer grip on it; that it was not considered proper in the trade to have the loop double, but that straps had been put up with the hook into the double loop quite frequently there.
Counsel for defendant call our attention to a certain written statement alleged to have been signed by the plaintiff when he was under treatment in the hospital, and which it is said varies from the testimony given by him upon the trial. But that question relates only to the credibility of the witness and the weight which should have been given to his testimony by the jury had the issue been submitted to a jury, and does not arise in considering the alleged error of law in instructing the jury to find for the defendant.
It is also insisted that the evidence showed that if there was any negligence of the defendant it consisted in the negligence of the foreman, Hunt, when he was acting' as a fellow-servant with the plaintiff in the same line of service. This is also a question of fact, with the evidence strongly tending to prove the contrary. The evidence tends to prove that Hunt was acting as foreman, representing the common master, and in that capacity gave specific orders to the plaintiff to perform the very act which caused the injury, and, as the case is presented here, we must of course so assume.
The next contention is, that it appears from the testimony given by plaintiff himself that he knew that it was unsafe to place the double loop through the hook and to use the short stage or scaffold sent up to him, as he was ordered to do by the foreman, and that, having knowledge of the danger likely to result from his compliance with the foreman’s demands, he should, acting prudently, have refused to obey, and that failing in this he was guilty of such contributory negligence as precludes recovery on his part. Under the evidence it cannot be assumed, as a matter of law, that the danger was so imminent that no man of ordinary prudence having knowledge of it would incur it. The rule is, that where the servant is injured while obeying the orders of his master to perform work in a dangerous manner the master is liable, unless the danger is so imminent that a man of ordinary prudence would not incur it. (Illinois Steel Co. v. Schymanowski, 162 Ill. 447, and cases cited; Anderson Pressed Brick Co. v. Sobkowiak, 148 id. 573; West Chicago Street Railroad Co. v. Dwyer, 162 id. 482.) Under the evidence in this record it would seem clear that it was a question of fact for the jury to determine whether the danger was of the character mentioned, and whether the plaintiff knowingly incurred it. The mere fact that he did not regard it as safe to fasten the hook over the double loop, and that the usual, customary and safer way was to attach the hook to the single loop with a noose over the beam or rafter, and that he regarded the stage or scaffold as too short, but performed the work as specifically directed by the master, was not, under all of the circumstances of this case, such proof as to authorize the court to say to the jury, as a legal proposition, that the evidence, with all justifiable inferences,to be drawn from it, was insufficient to authorize recovery. There was evidence that loops were sometimes hooked in that way by those engaged in similar work. The servant was, under the evidence, acting under the specific directions of the representative of the master, and was required to attach the loop in a particular way for the convenience of the master, so that the scaffold and ropes might be detached from their fastenings from below and the necessity of climbing up and unloosing them from the rafters avoided. The plaintiff was not required by law to disobey his master, or by obeying assume the hazard of obedience, unless the danger was so imminent that an ordinarily prudent man would not incur it. Besides, the plaintiff was hot injured while using the scaffold as a place upon which to stand while engag-ed in painting, but was injured while in the act of adjusting it in obedience to orders and before he could leave it for a place of safety. It would be an unjustifiable inference to draw, as a legal conclusion, that the plaintiff knew or ought to have known that the danger was. so imminent that the scaffold would fall before he could leave it and climb down to the floor below. These are questions of fact which should have been submitted to the jury.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded to the circuit court.
„ 7 7 7 7 Reversed and remanded.