Lyojst, J.
I. The first and most important question to be considered is, whether the plaintiff is entitled to recover any sum for improvements made by him upon the lots recovered by the defendant in the original action. This question is by no means free from difficulty. It will be conceded, doubtless, that the right to recover compensation in this action for permanent improvements, if such right exists, is founded upon the provisions of some statute. There is no rule of the common law which can be successfully invoked to support the action. 2 Kent’s Com., 384. The statutes bearing upon the question are ch. 141, R. S. of 1858, sections 30 to 33 inclusive. Unless we can find that the right of action is given in these sections, the plaintiff must fail to recover for his improvements.
Sections 30, 31 and 32 are substantially the same as chapter 107, R. S. of 1849. They provide, in substance, that a defendant in an action to recover real property, who is defeated in the [498]*498action, may, by a supplemental proceeding, recover judgment against tbe plaintiff in tbe ejectment suit for tbe value of tbe permanent improvements made in good faitb by tbe former on tbe lands recovered by tbe latter, in tbe following cases: 1. When sucb defendant claims title to tbe land in controversy by virtue of a deed or conveyance executed by any officer authorized by tbe laws of tbis state to execute tbe same on account of any sale of sucb lands for tbe payment of any tax lawfully assessed tbereon ; and 2. When he claims title in fee simple, under or by virtue of a deed from any other officer or person, the plaintiff in the action claiming title to the premises from some other source. Whenever a recovery for improvements is had under those provisions, execution in the original action is stayed until tbe plaintiff shall pay tbe judgment recovered against him for such improvements; and if he fails to pay tbe same for three years, be is thereby forever barred from recovering tbe premises claimed, and is held liable to pay tbe costs of tbe action or proceeding to assess tbe value of such improvements.
It will thus be seen that no person can claim the benefit of these provisions, if be bolds under a tax deed, unless the same be executed on account of a sale for taxes lawfully assessed on the premises conveyed, and by an officer authorized by law to execute tbe same.
Section 38 is as follows: “In all cases where a recovery shall be made of lands, tenements, or hereditaments, on which the party in possession, or those under whom he claims, bolding adversely by color, or title asserted in good faith, founded on descent or any written instrument, shall have made valuable and permanent improvements, such party shall have a lien on such real estate for tbe value of such improvements, and tbe court in which any action may be brought to recover possession of any lands so improved, may summon a jury to assess and ascertain tbe value of sucb improvements, and judgment shall thereupon be rendered by said court, to be enforced as other [499]*499judgment liens on said real estate are enforced by law.” Tay. Stats., 1673, § 33. This section was first enacted in 1857 (see Laws of that year, ch. 84, sec. 2), and is much, more extensive in its scope than the law of 1849 above mentioned. And inasmuch as it includes all of the cases provided for in the law of 1849, and gives a different remedy, it may be that the latter law was repealed or suspended by the act of 1857. It will be observed that under the law of 1857 the judgment for the value of permanent improvements is enforced by a sale of the premises upon which it is a lien, as in other cases of judgment lien, while, as we have seen, no such remedy is given by the law of 1849. But whatever may have been the effect of the act of 1857 upon that of 1849, they were both re-enacted in the revised statutes of 1858. They are therefore both in force, and must be construed in pari materia, and so as to give effect if possible to the provisions of both.
So far as the question involved in this action is concerned, but one construction can be given to these sections as they now stand. Notwithstanding the general and comprehensive words used in section 33 in respect to the cases in which the value of improvements may be recovered (words sufficiently broad, certainly, to include within its provisions a holding in good faith under any tax deed), still it must be held that tax deeds are excluded therefrom, and that a person holding under a tax deed, and claiming for improvements, must establish his right to recover therefor through the sections of the law enacted in 1849, or he will fail. This is the only construction which will give any force or effect to those sections, and the well settled rules of statutory construction require us to adopt it as the true one.
The plaintiff, being compelled to make out his right to recover for his improvements under the law of 1849 thus re-enacted in 1858, can only do so, as we have already seen, by producing a tax deed executed by an officer authorized by law to execute the same, and also executed on account of a sale for taxes lawfully assessed on the lots which it purports to convey. [500]*500Has tbe plaintiff produced a tax deed having these essential characteristics ?
We have no doubt that the statute, when it refers to “any officer authorized by the laws of this state to execute the same,” means an officer authorized to execute tax deeds, and is not restricted to one authorized to execute the particular deed in question. The opposite construction is too narrow. Were it to prevail, no defendant in ejectment, claiming title under a defective or invalid tax deed, could recover for his improvements, no matter how meritorious his claim might be ; for there is no officer who is authorized by law to execute a defective or invalid tax deed. Further, if the legislature intended by this language to designate an officer who had authority to execute the specific deed under which the defendant in the ejectment suit claims, it would be equivalent to enacting that a claimant under a tax deed shall not recover for improvements unless he has a valid tax deed, which would defeat the ejectment suit entirely. Such legislation would be absurd. We think, therefore, that the tax deeds under which the plaintiff in this action claims, were executed by an officer designated in section 30.
We are next to inquire what is intended by the qualification or restriction in the statute to the effect that the tax must be lawfully assessed to entitle the claimant under the tax deed to recover for permanent improvements. The term “ lawfully assessed ” may mean an assessment made strictly in accordance with the requirements of the statute in every respect; or it may mean an assessment of taxes upon land liable to taxation, for the sum which the owner thereof ought to contribute to the public burdens, because of such ownership. In othpr words, the term may mean an assessment which, though irregular or defective in some minor particulars, yet is so manifestly just that a court of equity would refuse to relieve against it.
Conceding, for the purposes of this appeal, that the tax deeds under which the respondent claimed were fatally de[501]*501fective by reason of tbe omission from tbe assessment roll of tbe name of tbe owner, or of tbe word “ unknown,” set opposite tbe lots in controversy, it is still perfectly well settled that a court of equity would not relieve against tbe tax.
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Lyojst, J.
I. The first and most important question to be considered is, whether the plaintiff is entitled to recover any sum for improvements made by him upon the lots recovered by the defendant in the original action. This question is by no means free from difficulty. It will be conceded, doubtless, that the right to recover compensation in this action for permanent improvements, if such right exists, is founded upon the provisions of some statute. There is no rule of the common law which can be successfully invoked to support the action. 2 Kent’s Com., 384. The statutes bearing upon the question are ch. 141, R. S. of 1858, sections 30 to 33 inclusive. Unless we can find that the right of action is given in these sections, the plaintiff must fail to recover for his improvements.
Sections 30, 31 and 32 are substantially the same as chapter 107, R. S. of 1849. They provide, in substance, that a defendant in an action to recover real property, who is defeated in the [498]*498action, may, by a supplemental proceeding, recover judgment against tbe plaintiff in tbe ejectment suit for tbe value of tbe permanent improvements made in good faitb by tbe former on tbe lands recovered by tbe latter, in tbe following cases: 1. When sucb defendant claims title to tbe land in controversy by virtue of a deed or conveyance executed by any officer authorized by tbe laws of tbis state to execute tbe same on account of any sale of sucb lands for tbe payment of any tax lawfully assessed tbereon ; and 2. When he claims title in fee simple, under or by virtue of a deed from any other officer or person, the plaintiff in the action claiming title to the premises from some other source. Whenever a recovery for improvements is had under those provisions, execution in the original action is stayed until tbe plaintiff shall pay tbe judgment recovered against him for such improvements; and if he fails to pay tbe same for three years, be is thereby forever barred from recovering tbe premises claimed, and is held liable to pay tbe costs of tbe action or proceeding to assess tbe value of such improvements.
It will thus be seen that no person can claim the benefit of these provisions, if be bolds under a tax deed, unless the same be executed on account of a sale for taxes lawfully assessed on the premises conveyed, and by an officer authorized by law to execute tbe same.
Section 38 is as follows: “In all cases where a recovery shall be made of lands, tenements, or hereditaments, on which the party in possession, or those under whom he claims, bolding adversely by color, or title asserted in good faith, founded on descent or any written instrument, shall have made valuable and permanent improvements, such party shall have a lien on such real estate for tbe value of such improvements, and tbe court in which any action may be brought to recover possession of any lands so improved, may summon a jury to assess and ascertain tbe value of sucb improvements, and judgment shall thereupon be rendered by said court, to be enforced as other [499]*499judgment liens on said real estate are enforced by law.” Tay. Stats., 1673, § 33. This section was first enacted in 1857 (see Laws of that year, ch. 84, sec. 2), and is much, more extensive in its scope than the law of 1849 above mentioned. And inasmuch as it includes all of the cases provided for in the law of 1849, and gives a different remedy, it may be that the latter law was repealed or suspended by the act of 1857. It will be observed that under the law of 1857 the judgment for the value of permanent improvements is enforced by a sale of the premises upon which it is a lien, as in other cases of judgment lien, while, as we have seen, no such remedy is given by the law of 1849. But whatever may have been the effect of the act of 1857 upon that of 1849, they were both re-enacted in the revised statutes of 1858. They are therefore both in force, and must be construed in pari materia, and so as to give effect if possible to the provisions of both.
So far as the question involved in this action is concerned, but one construction can be given to these sections as they now stand. Notwithstanding the general and comprehensive words used in section 33 in respect to the cases in which the value of improvements may be recovered (words sufficiently broad, certainly, to include within its provisions a holding in good faith under any tax deed), still it must be held that tax deeds are excluded therefrom, and that a person holding under a tax deed, and claiming for improvements, must establish his right to recover therefor through the sections of the law enacted in 1849, or he will fail. This is the only construction which will give any force or effect to those sections, and the well settled rules of statutory construction require us to adopt it as the true one.
The plaintiff, being compelled to make out his right to recover for his improvements under the law of 1849 thus re-enacted in 1858, can only do so, as we have already seen, by producing a tax deed executed by an officer authorized by law to execute the same, and also executed on account of a sale for taxes lawfully assessed on the lots which it purports to convey. [500]*500Has tbe plaintiff produced a tax deed having these essential characteristics ?
We have no doubt that the statute, when it refers to “any officer authorized by the laws of this state to execute the same,” means an officer authorized to execute tax deeds, and is not restricted to one authorized to execute the particular deed in question. The opposite construction is too narrow. Were it to prevail, no defendant in ejectment, claiming title under a defective or invalid tax deed, could recover for his improvements, no matter how meritorious his claim might be ; for there is no officer who is authorized by law to execute a defective or invalid tax deed. Further, if the legislature intended by this language to designate an officer who had authority to execute the specific deed under which the defendant in the ejectment suit claims, it would be equivalent to enacting that a claimant under a tax deed shall not recover for improvements unless he has a valid tax deed, which would defeat the ejectment suit entirely. Such legislation would be absurd. We think, therefore, that the tax deeds under which the plaintiff in this action claims, were executed by an officer designated in section 30.
We are next to inquire what is intended by the qualification or restriction in the statute to the effect that the tax must be lawfully assessed to entitle the claimant under the tax deed to recover for permanent improvements. The term “ lawfully assessed ” may mean an assessment made strictly in accordance with the requirements of the statute in every respect; or it may mean an assessment of taxes upon land liable to taxation, for the sum which the owner thereof ought to contribute to the public burdens, because of such ownership. In othpr words, the term may mean an assessment which, though irregular or defective in some minor particulars, yet is so manifestly just that a court of equity would refuse to relieve against it.
Conceding, for the purposes of this appeal, that the tax deeds under which the respondent claimed were fatally de[501]*501fective by reason of tbe omission from tbe assessment roll of tbe name of tbe owner, or of tbe word “ unknown,” set opposite tbe lots in controversy, it is still perfectly well settled that a court of equity would not relieve against tbe tax. Tbe lots were liable to taxation, and no complaint is made that they were assessed or taxed too high; and it is reasonable and just that tbe owner pay the taxes assessed upon them, notwithstanding tbe alleged irregularity in tbe assessment. Hence, if tbe more liberal construction of tbe term “ lawfully assessed ” be adopted, tbe respondent has brought himself within tbe provisions of tbe statute, and is entitled to be paid for bis permanent improvements, it not being denied that tbe same were made by him in entire good faith.
Tbe whole course of our legislation on tbe subject of taxa-ation proves it to be tbe settled policy of this state to give all adequate protection against a tax unjustly or wrongfully assessed, but not to favor a person who seeks to avoid payment of bis just proportion of tbe public burdens, merely because some technical omission or irregularity has occurred in assessing a tax upon bis property, but which does not affect tbe just ice of tbe tax. Numerous adjudications of this couri faithfully enforce and carry out such policy. It is believed that tbe statute under consideration was intended by tbe legislature to sustain tbe same policy. Hence, it tbe tax was not lawfully assessed, that is to say, if it was an unjust tax, one against which a court of equity would relieve tbe owner of tbe lots, such owner cannot be held liable for tbe improvements made thereon by tbe bolder of tbe tax deeds. But if tbe tax be a just one — if it be a tax against which a court of equity would refuse to relieve — then, although irregularities may have intervened in assessing it, still it is “ lawfully assessed,” within tbe meaning of tbe statute, and the original owner may be held liable for permanent improvements made by tbe claimant under tbe tax deeds.
[502]*502It must be beld, therefore, that tbe tax deeds under which the respondent claims bring him within the provisions of the “betterment” law, and entitle him to recover of the appellant the value of the permanent improvements made by him on the lots in question. Hence, the learned circuit judge did not err in refusing to give the first and second instructions asked on behalf of the appellant.
II. Was it error to refuse the third and fourth instructions, relating to the measure of damages ? The improvements for which the respondent recovered, consisted mainly of a slaughter house, and the instructions assume that it was unlawfully erected on the lots in question. The law which is claimed to have been violated by the erection of such slaughter house is as follows: “ Hereafter it shall be unlawful for any person or persons to erect, maintain or keep a slaughter house upon the banks of any river, stream or creek, or to throw or deposit any of the carcasses or offal therefrom in or upon the banks of any such river, stream or creek, which shall flow through any city or incorporated village in this state.” Tay. Stats., 706, § 12.
Without stopping to consider whether this section of the statute has any force in the city of Sheboygan, it is a sufficient answer to the position of the appellant that the evidence. in the case fails to show that the river, on the bank of which the slaughter house was erected', flows through the city of Sheboy-gan. And were we to take judicial notice of the fact that the Sheboygan river does flow through that city, and were we to assume that the river on which the lots in question abut, is the Sheboygan river (a fact which does not seem to be proved), still we have no proof that the river flows through the city below the slaughter house. We cannot take judicial notice of the location of these lots on the city plat, and we cannot know from the bill of exceptions but that the river leaves the city limits at the precise point where the slaughter house is located. If that is the case, it is clear that the statute does not prohibit the erection of a slaughter house at that point.
[503]*503Tbe object of tbe statute is to preserve tbe purity of tbe stream through tbe city or village, and a slaughter bouse which does not render tbe stream impure witbin tbe corporate limits is not witbin tbe prohibition of tbe law. It may be further observed that tbe statute is a penal one, and must be strictly construed.
We find no error in tbe rulings of tbe circuit court, and are of tbe opinion that tbe judgment of that court should be affirmed.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.