Nudelman v. Commissioner of Social Security Administration

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: January 11, 2022
• Docket: 3:20-cv-08301
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 Glenn Lane Nudelman, No. CV-20-08301-PCT-MTL

10 Plaintiff, ORDER

11 v.

12 Commissioner of Social Security Administration, 13 Defendant. 14 15 Plaintiff Glenn Lane Nudelman challenges the Social Security Administration’s 16 (“SSA”) determination that he does not qualify for Disability Insurance Benefits (“DIB”) 17 under Title II of the Social Security Act because he is not disabled. Nudelman filed a 18 Complaint with this Court seeking judicial review of that determination. (Doc. 1.) The 19 Court has reviewed the briefs (Docs. 18, 23, 29) and the Administrative Record (Doc. 17, 20 “AR”) and now affirms the administrative law judge’s (“ALJ”) decision (AR at 13–34). 21 I. BACKGROUND 22 On April 6, 2017, Nudelman filed his application for DIB, alleging that he had been 23 disabled since May 31, 2016. (AR at 16, 208.) The Commissioner denied Nudelman’s 24 application initially and on reconsideration. (Id. at 121–24, 126–29.) Nudelman appeared 25 at a hearing on October 31, 2019 before an ALJ. (Id. at 35–93.) On February 5, 2020, the 26 ALJ issued a written decision finding Nudelman not disabled. (Id. at 13–34.) Nudelman 27 requested review of his claim and on September 14, 2020, the Appeals Council denied 28 review making the ALJ’s decision final and ripe for this Court’s review. (Id. at 1–6.) 1 Nudelman now seeks judicial review of the Commissioner’s decision pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 2 § 405(g). 3 After reviewing and considering the medical opinions and records, the ALJ 4 evaluated Nudelman’s disability based on the following severe impairments: degenerative 5 disc disease of the cervical and lumbar spines, carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar neuropathy, 6 and osteoarthritis of the hips. (Id. at 19–21.) In making this determination, she reviewed 7 the entire record, including medical records and opinions and statements from Nudelman. 8 (Id. at 18–27.) She also evaluated his “medically determinable mental impairment of a 9 depressive disorder” and determined that it “does not cause more than minimal limitation 10 in the claimant’s ability to perform basic mental work activities and is therefore non- 11 severe.” (Id. at 19; see id. at 19–21.) When making the mental health determination, she 12 reviewed the entire record, including medical records and statements from Nudelman, 13 opinion evidence, and “the four broad areas of mental functioning set out in the disability 14 regulations for evaluating mental disorders and in the Listing of Impairments (20 CFR, 15 Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1) . . . known as the paragraph B criteria.” (Id. at 19.) She 16 found that Nudelman “does not have an impairment or combination of impairments that 17 meets or medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 CFR Part 404, 18 Subpart P, Appendix 1 (20 CFR 404.1520(d), 404.1525 and 404.1526).” (Id. at 21.) 19 Next, the ALJ calculated Nudelman’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”). She 20 determined that he had the RFC “to perform light work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(b) 21 except [he] cannot climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. [He] can frequently balance, stoop, 22 kneel, crouch, or crawl.” (Id. at 21; see id at 21–26.) When determining his RFC, she 23 analyzed conflicting medical and opinion evidence. (Id. at 21–26.) Nevertheless, she found 24 that the medical record demonstrates functional abilities and behaviors inconsistent with 25 the duration, frequency, and severity of his alleged limitations. (Id.) Based on his RFC, she 26 determined that he could perform past relevant work as a physician as generally performed, 27 but not as he claimed he performed it. (Id. at 26–27.) Accordingly, she found that he was 28 not disabled during the relevant period. (Id. at 27.) 1 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW 2 In determining whether to reverse an ALJ’s decision, the district court reviews only 3 those issues raised by the party challenging the decision. See Lewis v. Apfel, 236 F.3d 503, 4 517 n.13 (9th Cir. 2001). The Court may set aside the Commissioner’s disability 5 determination only if it is not supported by substantial evidence or is based on legal error. 6 Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007). Substantial evidence is more than a 7 scintilla, but less than a preponderance; it is relevant evidence that a reasonable person 8 might accept as adequate to support a conclusion considering the record as a whole. Id. To 9 determine whether substantial evidence supports a decision, the Court must consider the 10 record as a whole and may not affirm simply by isolating a “specific quantum of supporting 11 evidence.” Id. Generally, “[w]here the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational 12 interpretation, one of which supports the ALJ’s decision, the ALJ’s conclusion must be 13 upheld.” Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 954 (9th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). Finally, 14 the Court may not reverse an ALJ’s decision on account of an error that is harmless. Stout 15 v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 1055–56 (9th Cir. 2006). “The burden of 16 showing that an error is harmful normally falls upon the party attacking the agency’s 17 determination.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1119 n.11 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting 18 Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409 (2009)). “An error is harmless if it is 19 inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination, or if the agency’s path may 20 reasonably be discerned, even if the agency explains its decision with less than ideal 21 clarity.” Treichler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 775 F.3d 1090, 1099 (9th Cir. 2014) (citations 22 and internal quotation marks omitted). 23 To determine whether a claimant is disabled, the ALJ follows a five-step process. 24 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a). The claimant bears the burden of proof on the first four steps, but 25 the burden shifts to the Commissioner at step five. Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1098 26 (9th Cir. 1999). At the first step, the ALJ determines whether the claimant is presently 27 engaging in substantial gainful activity. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(i). If so, the claimant 28 is not disabled, and the inquiry ends. Id. At step two, the ALJ determines whether the 1 claimant has a “severe” medically determinable physical or mental impairment. Id. 2 § 404.1520(a)(4)(ii). If not, the claimant is not disabled, and the inquiry ends. Id. At step 3 three, the ALJ considers whether the claimant’s impairment or combination of impairments 4 meets or medically equals an impairment listed in Appendix 1 to Subpart P of 20 C.F.R. 5 Part 404. Id. § 404.1520(a)(4)(iii). If so, the claimant is automatically found to be disabled. 6 Id. If not, the ALJ proceeds to step four. Id. At step four, the ALJ assesses the claimant’s 7 RFC and determines whether the claimant is still capable of performing past relevant work. 8 Id. § 404.1520(a)(4)(iv). If so, the claimant is not disabled, and the inquiry ends. Id. If not, 9 the ALJ proceeds to the fifth and final step, where the ALJ determines whether the claimant 10 can perform any other work in the national economy based on the claimant’s RFC, age, 11 education, and work experience. Id. § 404.1520(a)(4)(v). If so, the claimant is not disabled. 12 Id. If not, the claimant is disabled. Id. 13 III. DISCUSSION 14 Nudelman raises three arguments. First, he argues that the ALJ failed to properly 15 weigh the medical opinion evidence. (Doc. 18 at 13–22; Doc. 29 at 6–7.) Second, he argues 16 that the ALJ improperly considered his mental and functional limitations when determining 17 his RFC. (Doc. 18 at 3–13; Doc. 29 at 2–6.) Third, he argues that Andrew Saul’s 18 appointment constituted a violation of separation of powers. (See Doc. 18 at 22–25; 19 Doc. 29 at 8–25.) As a result, he did not legally exercise power as Acting Commissioner. 20 (See Id.) Therefore, Nudelman argues, the ALJ’s authority is “constitutionally defective” 21 because her power derives from her appointment by Andrew Saul. (Doc. 18 at 22; 22 see Doc. 18 at 22–25; Doc. 29 at 8–25.) 23 A. Medical Opinion Evidence 24 In 2017, the rules for evaluating medical evidence were revised. For claims filed on 25 or after March 27, 2017, the revised rules apply. See Revisions to Rules Regarding the 26 Evaluation of Medical Evidence, 82 FR 5844-01, 2017 WL 168819 (January 18, 2017). 27 Under the revised rules, all evidence an ALJ receives is considered, but the rules create 28 specific articulation requirements regarding how medical opinions and prior administrative 1 medical findings are considered. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a)–(b), 416.920c(a)–(b). The 2 revised rules do not require an ALJ to defer to or assign every medical opinion a specific 3 evidentiary weight. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a), 416.920c(a). Instead, the ALJ determines 4 the persuasiveness of the piece of evidence’s findings based on factors outlined in the 5 regulations. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a)–(b), 416.920c(a)–(b). The most important factors 6 are consistency and supportability, but the regulations list others that may be considered: 7 the treatment relationship, specialization, and whether the source has familiarity with other 8 evidence in the claim or an understanding of the disability program’s policies and 9 evidentiary requirements. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a), (c), 416.920c(a), (c). 10 Regardless of whether the source is an “accepted medical source[],” the revised 11 rules require ALJs to articulate how they consider medical opinions from all medical 12 sources. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c, 416.920c (“We will articulate in our determination or 13 decision how persuasive we find all of the medical opinions and all of the prior 14 administrative medical findings in your case record.”). The revised rules also expanded the 15 list of acceptable medical sources to include licensed audiologists, licensed advance 16 practice registered nurses, and licensed physician assistants. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1502, 17 416.902. These articulation requirements do not apply to the consideration of evidence 18 from nonmedical sources. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(d), 416.920c(d). 19 Nudelman argues “the ALJ’s finding that any of the Agency or consultative 20 examinations were persuasive is completely inconsistent with her own findings that [he] 21 was limited to light work, had mild limitations in understanding, remembering and 22 applying information, and had impairments that lasted long enough to be disabling.” 23 (Doc. 18 at 16.) He goes on to argue that “[t]he ALJ effectively mischaracterized the 24 evidence from the Agency physicians as supporting her conclusions, such that it appeared 25 she had relied on medical opinions, when in fact she relied only on her own lay perception 26 of Mr. Nudelman’s limitations in making her RFC finding.” (Id.) This flawed reasoning, 27 he argues, “rendered the articulation of her findings insufficient to support her conclusion 28 that [he] was not disabled.” (Id. at 16–17.) 1 He also argues that many of the ALJ’s conclusions are incongruent with the record. 2 (Id. at 17–18.) First, he asserts that her conclusion that the “Agency’s physical medical 3 opinions were ‘partially persuasive’” does not match her findings. (Id. at 17.) He highlights 4 the same deviation with her findings regarding his mental impairments. (Id.) Because of 5 these irregularities, he argues that she merely stated she relied on the Agency opinions as 6 a pretense without actually doing so. (Id.) And so, he asserts, she failed to publish a fair 7 articulation of her conclusions. (Id.) Similarly, he argues that the ALJ’s findings regarding 8 the consultative examinations was inconsistent with her final decision. (Id. at 17–18.) 9 Nudelman argues that these incongruities exist because the ALJ improperly relied 10 on her own lay opinion rather than the medical opinions in the record—something which 11 “courts in wide-ranging jurisdictions, including the Ninth Circuit, have cautioned ALJs 12 against.” (Id. at 18.) This is because, he asserts, “[she] simply was not qualified to substitute 13 her judgment for that of qualified medical professionals.” (Id. at 19.) He argues that she 14 substituted her lay opinion because the record was not fully developed, and, instead of 15 inserting her opinion, she should have sought additional medical opinions to further 16 develop the record. (Id. at 19–20.) Failing to do so was error. (Id.) 17 Finally, Nudelman argues that the ALJ failed to develop the record regarding his 18 hearing impairment. (Id. at 20.) He argues that “[i]n concluding that his hearing loss was 19 not even a severe impairment, the ALJ relied on her own faulty reasoning and 20 mischaracterized Mr. Nudelman’s own testimony.” (Id. at 20.) He then outlines four ways 21 in which she erred on this issue. (Id. at 20–21.) First, she mischaracterized his statements 22 by “incorrectly stat[ing] that he did not wear hearing aids, but” he argues “what he actually 23 said was that he didn’t wear them all the time.” (Id.) Second, he asserts her conclusion is 24 illogical because she “suggested his hearing loss would not impact his work because it had 25 not over the prior ten years; however, she cited specifically to a statement where Mr. 26 Nudelman explained that he could not use a stethoscope with hearing aids.” (Id. at 21.) 27 These first two points, he argues, establish at least moderate to severe hearing loss and 28 show it affected his work. (Id.) Third, he asserts, “the fact that [his] hearing loss did not 1 seem, to the ALJ, to have impacted his job as he performed it was irrelevant since the ALJ 2 only concluded that he could return to his job as it was performed in the national economy” 3 and “the job of physician requires the ability to hear frequently, from one-third to two- 4 thirds of the workday.” (Id.) Fourth and finally, he notes that the question of whether his 5 hearing loss had impacted his work in the past was not addressed at the hearing and argues 6 that this notion lacks support in the record. (Id.) 7 The Commissioner argues that the ALJ did properly evaluate the medical opinions 8 when determining Nudelman’s functional abilities and that her “findings were based on a 9 reasonable interpretation of the evidence.” (Doc. 23 at 7.) The Commissioner begins by 10 asserting that the ALJ reasonably found that the administrative medical findings of Dr. 11 Salk and Dr. Titus were persuasive. (Id. at 8.) The Commissioner highlights that Dr. Salk 12 and Dr. Titus found “that [Nudelman] did not have a severe mental impairment” based on 13 their review of the record. (Id. at 8; AR at 25–26, 99, 113.) For example, their findings 14 were consistent with his perfect score on a Mini-Mental State Exam. (AR 392.) The 15 Commissioner also argues that Dr. Salk’s and Dr. Titus’ opinions were consistent with Dr. 16 Patrick’s opinion, which found that Nudelman had no mental limitations. (Doc. 23 at 8; 17 AR at 393.) And so, the Commissioner asserts that the ALJ’s finding “that [Nudelman] had 18 a non-severe mental impairment that did not require any” RFC limitations was reasonable. 19 (Doc. 23 at 8.) 20 Next, the Commissioner argues that Nudelman’s “argument that the ALJ erred 21 because the State agency consultants did not review the entire record is meritless.” (Id.) 22 The Commissioner asserts that the ALJ, not physicians, is responsible for evaluating the 23 record and assessing a claimant’s functional abilities. (Id.) Additionally, the Commissioner 24 argues, “there is no requirement that the State agency medical consultants review the entire 25 record for the ALJ to rely on their opinions.” (Id.) Instead, the Commissioner argues, “[t]he 26 issue is whether the State agency prior administrative medical findings are supported and 27 consistent with the record.” (Id. at 9.) And so, the Commissioner asserts that the ALJ here 28 properly evaluated the record and that her conclusion was reasonable. (Id.) The 1 Commissioner also argues that the ALJ reasonably found that Dr. Coleman’s and Dr. 2 Bargan’s prior administrative medical findings were no more than partially persuasive. (Id.; 3 AR at 26, 99, 112.) Finally, the Commissioner asserted that “[Nudelman’s] argument that 4 the ALJ mischaracterized her deference to the State agency physicians is meritless” 5 because she properly weighed that evidence after considering the entire record. 6 (Doc. 23 at 10; see id.) 7 After that, the Commissioner argues that the ALJ reasonably considered the 8 opinions of Dr. Patrick and Dr. Bremmer. (See id.) The Commissioner asserts that if the 9 ALJ’s findings are not in-line with these opinions, it does not mean that the ALJ erred. (See 10 id.) Instead, the Commissioner asserts that those opinions were consistent with the 11 evidence in the record at the time, but evidence submitted later pointed to different 12 conclusions. (Id.) And that is why, the Commissioner argues, the ALJ did not adopt the 13 opinions despite finding that they were “persuasive to the extent [that] they supported a 14 finding that [Nudelman] had no mental limitations and did not require additional physical 15 limitations in the RFC.” (Id.) The Commissioner also highlights that Nudelman “has failed 16 to point to probative evidence that shows he is more limited.” (Id.) And, despite 17 Nudelman’s arguments, the Commissioner asserts “the ALJ was not required to further 18 develop the record because it was adequate for the ALJ to make a disability determination.” 19 (Doc. 23 at 10; see Doc. 23 at 10–11.) The Commissioner also argues that, although 20 Nudelman did not allege a hearing problem as a basis for disability when filing for benefits, 21 the ALJ reasonably evaluated the record regarding Nudelman’s hearing impairment claim. 22 (Doc. 23 at 11.) 23 Finally, the Commissioner argues that the ALJ reasonably found that Dr. 24 Livingstone’s and Dr. Kaperonis’ opinions were not persuasive. (Doc. 23 at 11–13.) The 25 Commissioner asserts the ALJ reasonably found that Dr. Livingstone’s opinion was not 26 persuasive because (1) his findings were not consistent with the record, (2) he did not 27 provide objective testing to support his medical findings, (3) his findings were not 28 consistent with Nudelman’s daily activities, and (4) his opinion concluded that Nudelman 1 was disabled almost 5 years before his alleged onset date. (Id. at 11–12.) The 2 Commissioner also argues that the ALJ reasonably found Dr. Kaperonis’ opinion was not 3 persuasive because (1) Dr. Kaperonis’ opinion was not supported by objective testing, (2) 4 it was inconsistent with the record, and (3) it was inconsistent with Dr. Kaperonis’ own 5 treatment notes. (Id. at 12–13.) Finally, the Commissioner argues that the ALJ reasonably 6 considered Dr. Livingstone’s and Dr. Kaperonis’ opinions because, even though their 7 opinions were consistent with each other, they were inconsistent with the rest of the 8 evidence. (Id. at 13.) 9 Nudelman counters that “it is well-settled that an ALJ cannot make her own, lay 10 assessment regarding a claimant’s physical condition.” (Doc. 29 at 6.) He argues that the 11 difference between the Agency consultant findings, the medical opinions of the persuasive 12 consultative examiners, and the ALJ’s ultimate conclusions indicate that the ALJ made her 13 own lay assessment of the record. (Id.) For example, he highlights that “the Agency 14 physician consultants and consultative examiners identified no physical or mental 15 limitations” and that the ALJ found these opinions persuasive. (Id.) But she “issued a 16 decision with many severe impairments and significant work-related limitations.” (Id.) He 17 also argues that her rejection of Dr. Livingstone’s medical opinion is indicative of “ends- 18 based reasoning.” (Id. at 7.) Finally, regarding his hearing loss, he asserts that “[t]here is 19 no statutory or case law provision that would preclude a medical condition from 20 consideration in a disability claim just because it was not listed on the initial application.” 21 (Id.) Instead, he argues, “[t]he ALJ’s interpretation of the evidence was based on her own 22 assumptions and a mis-representation of the evidence.” (Id.) 23 As more thoroughly addressed below, the ALJ’s assessment of the persuasive value 24 of each medical opinion was reasonable. Additionally, the ALJ reasonably interpreted the 25 evidence regarding Nudelman’s hearing loss. Therefore, this Court finds that the ALJ’s 26 assessment of Nudelman’s physical condition was reasonable and not the product of the 27 ALJ inappropriately inserting her own lay opinion. 28 1 1. Dr. Livingstone 2 In May 2016, Dr. Livingstone issued an opinion that Nudelman was permanently 3 and totally disabled from his work as a physician. (AR at 24, 343, 988–91.) He renewed 4 this opinion in March 2018 and in August 2018 he completed a form indicating that 5 Nudelman had been disabled since July 2011. (Id. at 24–25, 1007–8, 1032.) The ALJ 6 reasonably found that all three of these opinions were not persuasive. These opinions were 7 inconsistent with the findings of other physicians and psychologists who examined 8 Nudelman or his medical records. (Id. at 24, 99, 112–13, 393, 401.) Additionally, Dr. 9 Livingstone’s opinions, which include that “[Nudelman] is unable to engage in any work,” 10 (Id. at 24), are inconsistent with Nudelman’s history of travelling, golfing, bicycling, and 11 downhill skiing. (Id. 24–25, 341, 380, 1007, 1154.) The ALJ also reasonably noted that 12 “the claim that medications make it unsafe for the claimant to work is undermined by the 13 claimant’s ability to function sufficiently well, while on those same medications, to 14 perform activities like skiing.” (Id. at 25.) What is more, the March 2018 “opinion points 15 to no objective testing that supports its conclusion.” (Id.) Finally, the ALJ’s observation 16 that the August 2018 opinion indicating Nudelman had been disabled since July of 2011 17 contradicts Nudelman’s alleged onset date of May 2016 and conclusion that this 18 inconsistency contributes to the opinion being unpersuasive was reasonable. (Id. at 25, 19 1032.) 20 2. Dr. Kaperonis 21 In August 2016, Dr. Kaperonis issued an opinion determining that Nudelman was 22 “totally disabled.” (AR at 25, 360, 380.) The ALJ reasonably found that his opinion was 23 unpersuasive because it was inconsistent with the findings of other physicians and 24 psychologists who examined Nudelman or his medical records. (Id. at 24, 99, 112–13, 393, 25 401.) Additionally, the ALJ reasonably observed that Dr. Kaperonis’ opinion was 26 internally inconsistent with his “own notes which indicate the claimant was alert and 27 oriented, had normal speech, had a normal affect, no hallucinations, no thoughts of harming 28 himself or others, and adequate insight and judgment.” (Id. at 25; see id. at 99, 112–13.) 1 What is more, Dr. Kaperonis’ opinion “points to no compelling evidence, objective testing 2 for example, that would support the claim of total disability.” (Id. at 25.) 3 3. Dr. Patrick 4 In June 2017, Dr. Patrick issued an opinion determining that Nudelman “had no 5 conditions which would impose any limitations for 12 continuous months.” (Id. at 25; 6 see id. at 393.) After reviewing the relevant parts of the record, the ALJ determined that 7 “there [was] scant evidence that the claimant’s mental health [had] deteriorated in the years 8 since this examination to the extent that some accommodation would be necessary.” 9 (Id. at 25.) The ALJ also highlighted that Dr. Patrick’s opinion was consistent with the 10 findings of other physicians and psychologists who examined Nudelman’s records. 11 (Id. at 99, 112–13.) And so, the ALJ reasonably determined that Dr. Patrick’s opinion was 12 persuasive. 13 4. Dr. Bremmer 14 In August 2017, Dr. Bremmer issued an opinion determining that Nudelman “had 15 no conditions which would impose any limitations for 12 continuous months.” (AR at 25; 16 see id. at 401.) After reviewing the record, the ALJ found that while Dr. Bremmer’s opinion 17 was consistent with his examination of Nudelman, “the record does document” that 18 Nudelman suffered “a degree of impairment supported by records from the subsequent two 19 years.” (Id. at 25; see id. at 1157–60, 1165–66, 1167–70.) Given the conflict between 20 Nudelman’s medical record and Bremmer’s examination, the ALJ reasonably determined 21 that Dr. Bremmer’s opinion was partially persuasive 22 5. Dr. Salk and Dr. Titus 23 Dr. Salk and Dr. Titus are State agency psychological consultants who each 24 independently reviewed Nudelman’s medical records. In July 2017, Dr. Salk determined 25 that Nudelman did not have a severe mental health impairment. (AR at 25, 99.) In October 26 2017, Dr. Titus independently reconsidered the record and also concluded that Nudelman 27 did not have a severe mental health impairment. (Id. at 25, 113.) After reviewing the record, 28 the ALJ found that these opinions were consistent with Dr. Patrick’s opinion and that “there 1 is scant evidence that the claimant’s mental health has deteriorated in the years since this 2 examination to the extent that some accommodation would be necessary.” (Id. at 25–26; 3 see id. at 393.) And so, the ALJ reasonably determined that Dr. Salk’s and Dr. Titus’ 4 opinions was persuasive. 5 6. Dr. Coleman and Dr. Bargan 6 Dr. Coleman and Dr. Bargan are State agency medical consultants who each 7 independently reviewed Nudelman’s medical records. In August 2017, Dr. Coleman 8 determined that Nudelman “did not have a severe impairment from any physical 9 condition.” (AR at 26.) In October 2017, Dr. Bargan independently reconsidered the record 10 and reached the same conclusion. (AR at 26, 112.) The record demonstrates that Nudelman 11 “has persistent complaints of limited range of motion in his cervical spine, and at times in 12 his lumbar spine and hips.” (AR at 25; see, e.g., id. at 1101, 1154.) Thus, the ALJ 13 reasonably concluded that “[t]he record . . . support[s] more accommodations than 14 provided for in [those] opinions.” (AR at 26.) 15 7. Nudelman’s Hearing Loss 16 Nudelman alleged an impairment from hearing loss, and the ALJ reasonably 17 determined that his hearing loss is not a severe impairment. (AR at 21.) Although 18 Nudelman claimed that he was unable to use a stethoscope with the hearing aids he needed, 19 the fact that he had had this hearing loss since at least 2010 indicates that “he was able to 20 work with [the] condition, gainfully, for years.” (Id. at 21; see id. at 205, 391, 746, 483.) 21 Additionally, although Nudelman testified that he stopped working, in part, due to his 22 hearing loss, that testimony was weakened by his lengthy testimony that “he stopped 23 work[ing] in large part to get out of his work situation.” (Id. at 22.) Thus, the ALJ 24 reasonably determined that his hearing loss was not severe. (Id. at 21.) 25 8. The ALJ’s Decision is Consistent with the Record 26 The Court disagrees with Nudelman’s deduction that the difference between the 27 Agency consultant findings, the medical opinions of the persuasive consultative examiners, 28 and the ALJ’s ultimate conclusions indicate that the ALJ made her own lay assessment of 1 the record. Instead, the Court finds that the record indicates that the ALJ performed her job 2 as intended. She reasonably weighed the persuasive value of each piece of evidence and 3 made an RFC determination that synthesized the record at hand. 4 B. RFC Determination 5 In laymen’s terms, RFC is what the claimant can do in a work environment in spite 6 of their disabilities or limitations. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545(a), 416.945(a). The Social 7 Security regulations define RFC as the “maximum degree to which the individual retains 8 the capacity for sustained performance of the physical-mental requirements of jobs.” 9 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpt. P, App. 2, § 200.00(c). “The ALJ assesses a claimant’s RFC 10 based on all the relevant evidence in [the] case record,” to determine the claimant’s 11 capacity for work. Laborin v. Berryhill, 867 F.3d 1151, 1153 (9th Cir. 2017) (quotation 12 marks and citation omitted); see 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545(a), 416.945(a). The ALJ should 13 consider a claimant’s ability to meet physical and mental demands, sensory requirements, 14 and other functions. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545(b)–(d), 416.945(b)–(d). “[I]n assessing 15 RFC, the adjudicator must consider limitations and restrictions imposed by all of an 16 individual’s impairments, even those that are not ‘severe.’ The RFC therefore should be 17 exactly the same regardless of whether certain impairments are considered ‘severe’ or not.” 18 Buck v. Berryhill, 869 F.3d 1040, 1049 (9th Cir. 2017) (cleaned up). Additionally, 19 The RFC assessment must contain a thorough discussion and 20 analysis of the objective medical and other evidence, including 21 the individual’s complaints of pain and other symptoms and the adjudicator’s personal observations, if appropriate. In other 22 words, the ALJ must take the claimant’s subjective experiences 23 of pain into account when determining the RFC. 24 25 Laborin, 867 F.3d at 1153 (cleaned up). 26 “At step four, a claimant has the burden to prove that he cannot perform his past 27 relevant work ‘either as actually performed or as generally performed in the national 28 economy.’” Stacy v. Colvin, 825 F.3d 563, 569 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Lewis v. Barnhart, 1 281 F.3d 1081, 1083 (9th Cir. 2002)). “An individual shall be determined to be under a 2 disability only if his physical or mental impairment or impairments are of such severity 3 that he is not only unable to do his previous work but cannot, considering his age, 4 education, and work experience, engage in any other kind of substantial gainful work which 5 exists in the national economy . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A). An ALJ is free to consider 6 any activities that “may be seen as inconsistent with the presence of a condition which 7 would preclude all work activity.” Curry v. Sullivan, 925 F.2d 1127, 1130 (9th Cir. 1990). 8 It is well established that an ALJ is also empowered to note a claimant’s daily activities 9 that “‘involv[e] the performance of physical functions that are transferable to a work 10 setting.’” Orn, 495 F.3d at 639 (quoting Fair v. Bowen, 885 F.2d 597, 603 (9th Cir. 1989)). 11 A claimant can return to previous work if he or she can perform the “‘actual 12 functional demands and job duties of a particular past relevant job’” or “the functional 13 demands and job duties of the past occupation as generally required by employers 14 throughout the national economy.” Pinto v. Massanari, 249 F.3d 840, 845 (9th Cir. 2001) 15 (cleaned up). 16 Nudelman argues that the ALJ “never account[ing] for [his] admittedly severe CTS, 17 ulnar neuropathy, or cervical degenerative disc disease” was error. (Doc. 18 at 11.) He 18 begins by asserting that the ALJ found that “[he] had severe CTS, ulnar neuropathy, and 19 cervical degenerative disc disease.” (Id. at 12.) And, “[a]s a matter of law, a severe 20 impairment significantly limits a claimant’s ability to perform basic work activities.” 21 (Id. at 11.) And so, he argues, those severe limitations “significantly limit[] [his] ability to 22 perform basic work activities.” (Id. at 12.) He asserts, “[i]t is impossible to have severe 23 CTS and ulnar neuropathy without any limitations in manipulative ability. Neck and head 24 positioning or manipulative limitations must accompany a severe cervical disorder.” (Id.) 25 Because his “case was decided . . . at step four” and “[i]t would be nearly impossible for 26 him to effectively perform his job as a physician with any significant impairment in use of 27 his hands or significant limitations in neck movement,” he argues the ALJ’s RFC 28 determination that he could still work as a physician was in error. (Id.; see id. at 13.) 1 The Commissioner argues that the ALJ reasonably calculated Nudelman’s RFC. 2 (Doc. 23 at 5–6.) The Commissioner asserts that the ALJ properly considered Nudelman’s 3 severe impairments; activities he enjoys, like skiing; and the medical evidence in the 4 record. (Id. at 6.) The Commissioner also argues that “the medical evidence was generally 5 unremarkable.” (Id.) Specifically, the Commissioner highlights that Nudelman “had a 6 reduced range of motion in his cervical spine but normal gait, reflexes and a normal range 7 of motion in his upper and lower extremities including his hands;” had CTS which 8 improved with surgery; and presented the “ability to perform several strenuous activities.” 9 (Id.) Thus, the Commissioner asserts, the ALJ’s RFC assessment that “[Nudelman] could 10 perform light work with additional restrictions on climbing and the frequency of postural 11 activities” and that “support for additional accommodations is not present in the record” 12 was reasonable. (Id. at 6; AR at 23.) 13 Nudelman counters that the Commissioner’s arguments are irrelevant. He contends 14 that “[b]ecause the ALJ found [his carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar neuropathy, and cervical 15 degenerative disc disease] to be severe, it is undeniable that those impairments were 16 significantly impacting [his] working ability.” (Doc. 29 at 5.) And so, he maintains that 17 “remand must occur for an RFC finding that reflects all of [his] severe impairments.” 18 (Id. at 6.) 19 As a threshold matter, despite Nudelman’s arguments to the contrary, it is well 20 established that “[a] severe impairment need not necessarily correspond to limitations on a 21 claimant’s ability to perform basic work activities . . . .” Thomas v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. 22 Admin., 480 F. App’x 462, 463 (9th Cir. 2012) (cleaned up). Given the medical evidence, 23 the ALJ reasonably determined that Nudelman’s disability limited him to light work with 24 the additional restriction that he cannot climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds and the 25 clarification that he can frequently balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, or crawl.1 (AR at 21; 26 1 “Light work involves lifting no more than 20 pounds at a time with frequent lifting or 27 carrying of objects weighing up to 10 pounds. Even though the weight lifted may be very 28 little, a job is in this category when it requires a good deal of walking or standing, or when it involves sitting most of the time with some pushing and pulling of arm or leg controls. 1 see id. at 21–26.) As the ALJ’s opinion outlines, she properly considered the medical 2 evidence in the record after appropriately weighing the evidence before determining 3 Nudelman’s RFC. (See id. at 21–26.) The ALJ achieved this through not only an extensive 4 discussion of the medical record, but also by personalizing his RFC. (Id.) As previously 5 noted, the ALJ included a restriction on climbing, but made sure to explicitly allow 6 balancing, stooping, kneeling, crouching, and crawling in Nudelman’s RFC. (Id.) 7 The care the ALJ took when deciding this case is clear from the in-depth analysis 8 of Nudelman’s claim. For example, she documents his extensive medical history. 9 (Id. at 22–23.) In doing so, she reasonably determined that some medical opinions were 10 more persuasive than others. (See id. at 21–26.) Specifically, the ALJ found that Ms. 11 Yamamoto’s, Dr. Livingstone’s and Dr. Kaperonis’ medical opinions were not persuasive 12 and found that Dr. Patrick’s, Dr. Salk’s, Dr. Titus’, Dr. Coleman’s, Dr. Bargan’s, and Dr. 13 Bremmer’s opinions were persuasive or partially persuasive. (See id. at 24–26.) She also 14 considered his lifestyle choices and activities when making her RFC determination. 15 (See id. at 21–26.) Additionally, she reasonably concluded that “[s]upport for additional 16 accommodations is not present in the record; the claimant continues to engage in strenuous 17 activities such as golf, bicycling, and downhill skiing and the need to take pain medication 18 to participate does not undermine support for a finding the claimant can perform the much 19 less strenuous demands of light work.” (Id. at 23.) Finally, she observed that, although he 20 suffered from carpal tunnel syndrome, that was improved with surgery and no 21 accommodation was necessary. (Id.) Thus, her RFC determination was reasonable. 22 C. Mental Impairment 23 When evaluating mental impairment severity, the ALJ must follow a two-step 24 procedure. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520a(a), 416.920a(a). The first step requires evaluating 25

26 To be considered capable of performing a full or wide range of light work, you must have the ability to do substantially all of these activities. If someone can do light work, we 27 determine that he or she can also do sedentary work, unless there are additional limiting 28 factors such as loss of fine dexterity or inability to sit for long periods of time.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(b). 1 a claimant’s “pertinent symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings to determine whether 2 [claimant has] a medically determinable mental impairment[].” 20 C.F.R. 3 §§ 404.1520a(b)(1), 416.920a(b)(1). In doing so, the ALJ must also “specify the 4 symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings that substantiate the presence of [each 5 determined] impairment and document [the] findings . . . .” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520a(b)(1), 6 416.920a(b)(1). 7 The second step involves the ALJ rating “the degree of functional limitation 8 resulting from [claimant’s] impairment.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520a(b)(2), 416.920a(b)(2). 9 This process varies case-by-case. For every claimant, the ALJ must consider every piece 10 of relevant evidence and determine the degree to which the claimant’s “ability to function 11 independently, appropriately, effectively, and on a sustained basis” is hindered by his or 12 her mental impairment. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520a(c), 416.920a(c). The ALJ does this by 13 rating the claimant’s degree of functional limitation in four areas: “Understand, remember, 14 or apply information; interact with others; concentrate, persist, or maintain pace; and adapt 15 or manage oneself.” Id. The rating system is based on a five-point scale: “None, mild, 16 moderate, marked, and extreme.” Id. Beyond this determination, an “ALJ [is] not required 17 to make any more specific findings of the claimant’s functional limitations.” Hoopai v. 18 Astrue, 499 F.3d 1071, 1077–78 (9th Cir. 2007). Next, the ALJ determines the severity of 19 the mental impairment. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520a(d), 416.920a(d). During this process, 20 to explain and record his or her administrative review, an ALJ must provide the proper 21 documentation including a standard document accounting how the technique was applied. 22 See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520a(e), 416.920a(e). Later reviews by written decision must also 23 “document application of the technique.” See id. 24 Nudelman argues that the RFC determination “must include all of the limitations 25 the ALJ has found to be supported by the evidence of record, whether from severe 26 impairments or non-severe impairments.” (Doc. 18 at 3.) He argues that because she “found 27 that [he] had at least mild limitations in his ability to understand, remember, and apply 28 information,” which are “not negligible or non-existent,” and did not “[identify] limitations 1 in mental functioning in her decision[;] the ALJ indisputably failed to accommodate any 2 mental limitations she found credible in the RFC finding.” (Id. at 4–6.) This is because, he 3 asserts, “no limitation in the RFC finding reflected the mild limitations the ALJ concluded 4 [he] was experiencing.” (Id. at 6.) He continues by arguing that “all limitations found 5 credible by the ALJ must be incorporated into the RFC in some form.” (Id. at 6.) 6 Citing Solomon v. Commissioner of Social Security, 376 F.Supp.3d 1012 (D. Ariz. 7 2019), he argues that this is not harmless error as “[t]he omission of mild mental functional 8 limitations is absolute legal error when the issue involves performing skilled work.” 9 (Id. at 7.) And, in this case, “[her] decision depended upon [his] ability to perform his 10 skilled past relevant work.” (Id. at 7.) He asserts that reconciling how he could perform his 11 past relevant skilled work given the mental limitations she found was not attempted or 12 addressed in her opinion. (Id. at 8.) He also argues that the ALJ failed to explain how he 13 could “[perform] the job of a physician as defined in the DOT” given his mild impairment. 14 (Id at 8; see id. at 8–10.) Finally, he asserts that she erred by failing to perform a “function- 15 by-function analysis at step four” when determining his RFC. (Id. at 11.) 16 The Commissioner argues that “[t]he ALJ was not required to include mental 17 limitations for Plaintiff’s non-severe mental impairment” and that this determination was 18 a reasonable interpretation of the record. (Doc. 23 at 2; see id. at 2–3.) The Commissioner 19 asserts that, after reviewing the record, the ALJ reasonably determined that Nudelman’s 20 depression did not significantly limit his ability to work. (Id. at 3.) The Commissioner 21 highlights that the other mental health findings the ALJ made were also consistent with her 22 determination. (See id. at 3–4.) The Commissioner also argues that the ALJ’s decision was 23 consistent with Dr. Patrick’s, Dr. Salk’s, and Dr. Titus’ opinions. (See id. at 4.) And so, the 24 Commissioner explains, “[b]ecause the ALJ considered the limiting effects of Plaintiff’s 25 impairment and properly found that his mental limitations were minimal, she was not 26 required to include them in the RFC.” (Id. at 4.) The Commissioner also asserts that the 27 ALJ did not err by omitting mild mental limitations when Nudelman’s past skilled work 28 was at issue because, “[u]nlike in Solomon, the ALJ [reasonably] considered Plaintiff’s 1 mental impairment at step four” and “the record showed generally unremarkable findings 2 including good memory and concentration.” (Id.; id. at 5; see id. at 4–5.) Finally, the 3 Commissioner argues that the ALJ reasonably concluded that Nudelman’s mild limitation 4 in understanding, remembering or applying information “did not cause even a minimal loss 5 of work-related function.” (Id. at 5.) Therefore, the Commissioner concludes, it was 6 reasonable for the ALJ to determine that Nudelman could perform his past work. (Id.) 7 Nudelman counters that “there was no explanation from the ALJ regarding her 8 decision to exclude the proven limitations from Dr. Nudelman’s non-severe mental 9 impairment.” (Doc. 29 at 2; see id.) He also asserts that her explanation for why she did 10 not include a mental function limitation in the RFC finding was insufficient boilerplate 11 language. (See id. at 3–4.) Citing Solomon, he argues that “fail[ing] to include mental 12 limitations in an RFC finding despite finding mild limitations at step three” is legal error. 13 (Id. at 4; see id.) He argues this is particularly concerning in this case because his former 14 career as a physician is skilled work. (See id. at 4–5.) 15 Solomon concerned a 66-year-old man previously worked as a civil engineer. 16 376 F.Supp.3d at 1015. He applied for disability benefits and an ALJ denied his 17 application. Id. He then appealed the ALJ decision to the District of Arizona. Id. at 1016. 18 The court held that the ALJ erred by failing to consider his mental limitations when 19 calculating his RFC in step 4 and omitting his mental limitations from the hypotheticals 20 the ALJ posed to a vocational expert. Id. at 1020–1021. Thus, the court held that while an 21 ALJ is not required to include mental limitations for non-severe mental impairments, they 22 must be considered at step 4. See id. 23 This case presents an unusual situation. From the briefs, it is clear that the parties 24 agree that the ALJ performed both steps accurately, they only disagree over her formulation 25 of Nudelman’s RFC. (See generally, Docs. 18, 23, 29.) Nudelman’s argument that “all 26 limitations found credible by the ALJ must be incorporated into the RFC in some form” is 27 without merit. (Doc. 18 at 6.) See Solomon, 376 F.Supp.3d at 1020–21. What is more, there 28 is sufficient evidence to support the ALJ’s decision regarding the exclusion of any mental 1 limitation accommodations. Her conclusion to refrain from adding a mental impairment 2 accommodation is consistent with Dr. Patrick’s, Dr. Salk’s, and Dr. Titus’ opinions. 3 (See AR at 99, 113, 393.) Her conclusion was also consistent with much of the record. 4 (See AR at 19-20). Finally, she, unlike the ALJ in Solomon, did consider Nudelman’s mild 5 mental impairment and reasonably determined that “there is insufficient support for a 6 finding that the claimant experiences even a minimal loss of work-related function from 7 those conditions.” (AR at 27; see AR at 26–27.) Additionally, in contrast to Solomon, the 8 ALJ’s hypotheticals posed to the vocational expert properly considered Nudelman’s mental 9 limitations. (AR at 27, 75–92.) Thus, the ALJ’s RFC determination was reasonable and 10 will be affirmed. 11 D. Separation of Powers 12 Relying on Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, --- U.S. ---, 13 140 S. Ct. 2183 (2020), Nudelman argues that “the appointment of a single commissioner 14 of the social security administration who is removable only for cause and serves a longer 15 term than the president” under 42 U.S.C. § 902(a)(3)’s removal restriction “violates 16 separation of powers.” (Doc. 18 at 22.) He argues that the SSA’s structure is 17 unconstitutional and leads to an ALJ with an illegitimate delegation of authority deciding 18 his case based on regulations that are illegitimately promulgated. (Id. at 22–23.) Thus, he 19 asserts that the United States deprived him of a valid administrative adjudicatory process. 20 (See id.) He also argues that, given the ruling in Carr v. Saul, --- U.S. ---, 141 S. Ct. 1352 21 (2021), the SSA cannot argue he has forfeited his constitutional challenges by not raising 22 them before the SSA. (Doc. 18 at 23.) Additionally, he asserts that if the Government 23 opposes his arguments, then it needs to explain its change in position regarding the 24 constitutionality of the SSA’s structure. (See id. at 23–24.) Finally, he argues that the 25 Government could have easily avoided this constitutional issue “if Mr. Saul had simply 26 stepped down in the wake of” new Supreme Court jurisprudence. (Id. at 24; see id. at 24– 27 25.) Therefore, as in Lucia v. Securities and Exchange Commission, --- U.S. ---, 138 S. Ct. 28 2044, 2055 (2018), he argues “[t]his case should be remanded for a de novo hearing before 1 a new ALJ who does not suffer from the unconstitutional taint of having previously heard 2 and decided this case when the ALJ had no lawful authority to do so.” (Doc. 18 at 25.) 3 The Commissioner argues that while the Parties agree that § 902(a)(3) violates 4 separation of powers, “without more, that conclusion does not support setting aside an 5 unfavorable SSA disability benefits determination.” (Doc. 23 at 14; see id at 13–14.) The 6 Commissioner asserts that, under Collins v. Yellen, --- U.S. ---, 141 S. Ct. 1761 (2021), 7 “even where an unconstitutional statutory removal restriction exists, a plaintiff seeking 8 relief on that basis must show that the restriction actually caused him harm.” (Id. at 14.) 9 Quoting from Collins, the Commissioner also argues that this case is similar to Collins in 10 that “the relevant agency officials were ‘properly appointed’ pursuant to a statute that 11 exhibited ‘no constitutional defect in the . . . method of appointment[.]’” (Id. at 15.) Thus, 12 the Commissioner asserts, because Nudelman has not shown that § 902(a)(3) has caused 13 him any compensable harm, the SSA’s actions in this case were legitimate and Nudelman 14 cannot receive a new hearing. (See id.) 15 The Commissioner argues that § 902(a)(3) does not apply because the ALJ who 16 adjudicated Nudelman’s case was appointed by an Acting Commissioner. An Acting 17 Commissioner, the Commissioner asserts, is an at-will employee who serves at the behest 18 of the President. (See id. at 14–17.) And so, the Commissioner asserts that there is no nexus 19 between the harm Nudelman alleges, an illegitimate administrative adjudication, and 20 § 902(a)(3). (See id. at 15–17.) Thus, the Commissioner argues, Nudelman cannot receive 21 a new hearing. (See id.) 22 Even if § 902(a)(3) applied to an Acting Commissioner, the Commissioner argues 23 that Nudelman’s claim still fails because he cannot show that § 902(a)(3) inflicts 24 compensable harm on him. (Id. at 17.) Under Collins, the Commissioner asserts that the 25 ALJ’s actions are not voided because Nudelman has failed to show that § 902(a)(3) has 26 caused a denial of his benefits. (See id. at 17–18.) This is clear, the Commissioner argues, 27 because Nudelman has not and cannot show “how the President’s supposed inability to 28 remove the Commissioner without cause might possibly have affected any ALJ’s disability 1 benefits decision, much less the decision on Plaintiff’s specific claim.2” (Id. at 18; 2 see id. at 18–19.) 3 Nudelman counters that whether an ALJ was appointed by a Commissioner or an 4 Acting Commissioner of the SSA is irrelevant because § 902(a)(3) applies broadly to “[a]n 5 individual serving in the Office of Commissioner,” including an Acting Commissioner of 6 the SSA, making the Acting Commissioner’s tenure unconstitutional. (See Doc. 29 at 8– 7 11.) What is more, he argues that the Commissioner’s arguments against remand on this 8 point fail because his challenge regards the delegation of authority from the Acting 9 Commissioner to the ALJ and Appeals Council. (See id. at 14–15.) He asserts that the 10 removal statute is unconstitutional and establishes that the Acting Commissioner’s power 11 is unconstitutionally grounded. (See id.) As a result, the delegation of that authority to the 12 ALJ and Appeals Council is also tainted. (See id.) 13 Nudelman next argues that causation and harm should be presumed in his case. 14 (Id. at 16–17.) He asserts that applying Collins is a mistake here because this case involves 15 “government actors exercising power which those government actors did not lawfully 16 possess.” (Id. at 16.) “Specifically,” he argues “neither the ALJ nor the Appeals Council 17 here had a lawful delegation of authority under which to adjudicate and decide this 18 disability claim.” (Id.) Thus, he asserts, Collins supports the argument that harm and 19 causation should be presumed in this case. (See id. at 16–17.) 20 Finally, Nudelman argues that “[e]ven if a causal connection . . . [was] 21 required . . . [he] has . . . satisfied that requirement.” (Id. at 18.) He asserts that causation 22 exists here because but for “the unlawful delegation of authority to this ALJ and the 23 Appeals Council judges,” his injuries would have never happened because they “were only 24 able to adjudicate and decide [his case] based [on] their constitutionally unsound delegation 25 26 2 The Commissioner makes other arguments in support of affirming the ALJ’s decision and 27 Nudelman responds to these additional arguments. (Id. at 20–24.) But the Court does not 28 address them because they are not necessary for the Court’s decision regarding whether the ALJ’s decision violates the separation of powers. 1 of authority from Mr. Saul.”3 (Id.) 2 In Seila Law, the Supreme Court decided the question of whether the Dodd-Frank 3 Act conferred unconstitutional removal protection to the Director of the Consumer 4 Financial Protection Bureau.4 140 S. Ct. at 2191–95. The Court held that for-cause 5 restrictions on the President’s ability to remove the Director of an agency “led by a single 6 Director and vested with significant executive power” infringes on the President’s Article 7 II power to remove executive officers at will.5 Id. at 2201; see id. at 2197. The Court also 8 concluded that the offending provision was severable from the remainder of the statute and 9 remanded for a factual determination of whether the challenged act had been ratified by an 10 Acting Director who was unprotected from the unconstitutional for-cause removal 11 restriction. Id. at 2210–11. 12 Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) ALJs are considered “Officers of the 13 United States” within the meaning of the Appointments Clause, as they exercise 14 “significant authority” and discretion. See Lucia, 138 S. Ct. at 2052–53. Lucia involved a 15 challenge to the authority of the ALJs of the SEC under the Appointments Clause.6 See id. 16 at 2049–51. The ALJ in Lucia was not appropriately appointed because the ALJ was 17 appointed by SEC staff members rather than the Commission itself, a Court of Law, or the 18

19 3 Nudelman defines his constitutional injuries in this case as the fact that (1) he did not receive “a constitutionally valid hearing and adjudication” from a validly appointed ALJ, 20 (2) “he did not receive a constitutionally valid decision from an ALJ to which he was 21 entitled,” (3) “he received an unfavorable decision from this constitutionally illicit ALJ adjudication process,” (4) “he did not receive a constitutionally valid adjudication process 22 from SSA’s Appeals Council to which he was entitled,” (5) “he did not receive a 23 constitutionally valid determination by the Appeals Council to which he was entitled,” and (6) “he received an unfavorable determination from this constitutionally illicit Appeals 24 Council adjudication process.” (Doc. 29 at 11–12.) 4 The Dodd-Frank Act limited the President’s ability to remove the Director to instances of 25 “inefficiency, neglect, or malfeasance.” Id. at 2191. 26 5 The Court recognized limited exceptions set forth in precedent. Id. at 2192. 6 Under the Appointments Clause, the President alone commands the power to appoint 27 “Officers of the United States,” except that “the Congress may by Law vest the 28 Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.” U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 2. 1 President. Id. at 2050. The Court determined that this was a constitutional error and 2 remanded for a new hearing before a properly appointed ALJ or the Commission itself 3 “[t]o cure the constitutional error.” Id. at 2055; see id. at 2049–56. 4 In Collins, the Supreme Court considered a shareholder suit challenging the 5 Constitutionality of certain acts undertaken by the Federal Housing Finance Agency 6 (“FHFA”) as conservator for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac—two federally-chartered 7 mortgage financing companies—in the wake of the 2008 housing crisis. 141 S. Ct. at 1770– 8 76. The Court held that while the Housing and Economic Recovery Act’s for-cause 9 removal provision insulated the FHFA’s Director from at-will termination by the President 10 in violation of Article II, “there was no constitutional defect in the statutorily prescribed 11 method of appointment to that office. As a result, there is no reason to regard any of the 12 actions taken by the FHFA in relation to the [challenged law] as void.” Id. at 1787. The 13 Supreme Court distinguished the facts of Collins from those of Lucia, which “involved a 14 Government actor’s exercise of power that the actor did not lawfully possess.” Id. at 1788 15 (citation omitted). The Court found no basis to conclude “that any head of the FHFA lacked 16 the authority to carry out the functions of the office.” Id. at 1788. The Court further 17 explained, “[s]ettled precedent also confirms that the unlawfulness of the removal 18 provision does not strip the Director of the power to undertake the other responsibilities of 19 his office, including implementing the [challenged act.]” Id. at 1788 n. 23. (citing Seila 20 Law, 140 S. Ct., at 2207–2211.) 21 As the Collins Court’s discussion of Lucia makes clear, the ALJ’s decision is only 22 per se unconstitutional if he lacked the authority to make it—for example, if he was not 23 properly appointed under the Appointments Clause. Id. at 1788; Lucia, 138 S. Ct. at 2055 24 (“This Court has also held that the appropriate remedy for an adjudication tainted with an 25 appointments violation is a new hearing before a properly appointed official.”) (cleaned 26 up). Unconstitutional for-cause removal challenges alone, however, will not automatically 27 serve to invalidate the ALJ’s decision. See Collins, 141 S. Ct. at 1788–89. The 28 unconstitutional provision must have caused “compensable harm.” See Collins, 141 S. Ct. 1 at 1789. As the majority explained in Collins, while Seila Law was “all but dispositive” on 2 the removal question, it does not dictate that the Court should invalidate as unconstitutional 3 the challenged decision or act.7 Collins, 141 S. Ct. at 1783. 4 The Court disagrees with Nudelman’s argument that the removal statute establishes 5 that the Acting Commissioner’s power is unconstitutionally grounded such that the 6 delegation of that authority to the ALJ and Appeals Council is also tainted. To begin, the 7 constitutionality of the removal statute is not at issue here because the Court does not need 8 to decide whether the statute is constitutional. Regardless of the statute’s constitutionality, 9 Nudelman’s argument fails. If the statute is constitutional, Nudelman’s argument clearly 10 fails because that is the initial premise of his argument. 11 If the statute is unconstitutional, Nudelman’s argument still fails. As explained in 12 Collins, an unconstitutional removal provision alone does not imply the Commissioner, 13 and by extension the ALJ, “lacked the authority to carry out the functions of the office.” 14 Collins, 141 S. Ct. at 1788. Thus, unconstitutional for-cause removal provisions do not 15 automatically invalidate the ALJ’s decision. See id. at 1788–89. 16 The provision must be unconstitutional and must have caused “compensable harm” 17 to Nudelman. See id. at 1789. Nudelman’s argument that there exists a but-for causal chain 18 linking his denial of benefits and § 902(a)(3) is insufficient. There is no immediately 19 apparent connection between the ALJ denying Nudelman’s claims and § 902(a)(3). The 20 ALJ’s opinion was well-reasoned, contained no harmful legal error, considered the entire 21 record, and was supported by the record. Beyond arguing a constitutional taint flowing 22 23 7 Importantly, the Collins court explained the difference between what is sufficient to show standing and what is sufficient to show entitlement to relief: “What we said about standing 24 in Seila Law should not be misunderstood as a holding on a party's entitlement to relief based on an unconstitutional removal restriction. We held that a plaintiff that challenges a 25 statutory restriction on the President's power to remove an executive officer can establish 26 standing by showing that it was harmed by an action that was taken by such an officer and that the plaintiff alleges was void. But that holding on standing does not mean that actions 27 taken by such an officer are void ab initio and must be undone.” Collins, 141 S. Ct. at 1788 28 n. 24 (internal citations omitted). from § 902(a)(3), Nudelman fails to point out which, if any, defective regulations were promulgated in this case, how they applied to his claim, and how they affected the outcome 3 || such that he suffered a compensable harm. While it is conceivable that this constitutional 4|| defect could cause compensable harm, Plaintiff has not shown that connection. A broadly 5 || construed but-for causal chain is insufficient. For this reason, the Court declines to opine 6 || on whether § 902(a)(3)’s protection applies to an Acting Commissioner of the SSA because 7\| evenif § 902(a)(3) applies, there is simply no evidence of any harm, let alone compensable 8 || harm, inflicted in in this case by § 902(a)(3). IV. CONCLUSION 10 Accordingly, 11 IT IS ORDERED affirming the February 5, 2020 ALJ decision (AR at 13-34). 12 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED directing the Clerk to enter final judgment 13 | consistent with this Order and close this case. 14 Dated this 11th day of January, 2022. 15 : Michael T. gi burde Michael T. Liburdi 18 United States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

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