NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0665-23
N.T.,1
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
C.T.,
Defendant-Respondent. _________________________
Argued December 11, 2024 – Remanded December 30, 2024 Resubmitted February 24, 2025 – Decided April 16, 2025
Before Judges Paganelli and Torregrossa-O'Connor.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Somerset County, Docket No. FM-18-0909-20.
N.T., appellant, argued the cause pro se (Thomas J. DeCataldo and Andrew J. Rhein, on the brief).
1 To protect confidentiality, given our discussion of mental health diagnoses and allegations of domestic violence, we use initials and general party designations and refrain from using the minor child's name pursuant to Rule 1:38-3(a)(2) and (d)(10). Respondent has not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM
In this post-judgment matrimonial matter concerning custody and
parenting time for the parties' young child, plaintiff appeals from the family
court's September 18, 2023 order (1) suspending the parties' prior agreement to
mediate and arbitrate post-divorce disputes and (2) continuing its prior orders
suspending indefinitely plaintiff's custody and parenting time. Plaintiff
contends the trial court lacked jurisdiction to continue to rule substantively on
custody and parenting time restrictions given the parties' agreement, which was
intended to control all post-judgment disputes regarding the child. He further
asserts the court erred in restricting his custody and parenting time without first
conducting a plenary hearing. 2
Having reviewed plaintiff's contentions in light of applicable legal
principles, we affirm the family court's exercise of jurisdiction and its temporary
2 Plaintiff filed this appeal on November 1, 2023, and days prior to oral argument in December 2024, we received a consent order filed with the family court on November 22, 2024, executed by both parties, indicating plaintiff relinquished his custody and parenting time rights to the minor child. After oral argument, we retained jurisdiction but remanded to the family court to clarify the consent order's impact on this appeal. The trial court advised that the consent order was vacated on January 6, 2025.
A-0665-23 2 suspension of the parties' arbitration agreement, but we remand for further
proceedings to consider further the issues of custody and parenting time.
I.
A.
Plaintiff, a physician, and defendant, a psychologist, were married in 2005
and divorced in 2021. Their one child—a daughter—was born in 2012. Plaintiff
filed for divorce in 2020 after defendant advised she wanted to end the marriage
and obtained a series of domestic violence temporary restraining orders against
plaintiff. Defendant described plaintiff's erratic behavior that led to plaintiff's
psychiatric hospitalization and resulted in his termination from employment.
Defendant alleged both physical and emotional abuse. The parties ultimately
entered into a consent order for civil restraints, requiring plaintiff to undergo a
psychiatric evaluation and restricting him to supervised parenting time.
The parties entered into a Marital Settlement Agreement (MSA) that was
incorporated into their Dual Judgment of Divorce entered on June 1, 2021. The
parties agreed to joint legal custody, with defendant designated the parent of
primary residence; and plaintiff being "afforded reasonable parenting time as
agreed upon by [the parties], not to exceed four . . . weekends per month." They
agreed they would "maximize [their child's] emotional and physical well-
A-0665-23 3 being . . . and afford her a sense of security and the affection of both parents"
and neither would "directly or indirectly" alienate the child from the other. The
MSA incorporated the civil restraints.
In January 2022, the parties entered into a subsequent consent order
replacing their prior civil restraints agreement but memorializing their
obligation to refrain from engaging in harassing or abusive behavior. The
consent order also contained the following alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
provision:
In the event the parties have a disagreement around the terms of their [MSA] or subsequent post- [j]udgment issues, they agree to first use a therapist . . . . If they cannot come to an agreement within one . . . month, the parties agree to use a mediator agreed upon by both parties. If they cannot reach [an] agreement within two . . . months, they shall proceed to binding arbitration.
The consent order provided plaintiff with five additional parenting days between
February and April but left open the permanency of plaintiff's parenting-time
schedule. The order further required the parties to agree on a detailed parenting
time schedule by November 1, 2022.
However, even after the parties secured a parenting coordinator and co-
parenting therapist "to assist the parties in implementing their parenting plan,"
their discord continued. Defendant claimed that plaintiff continuously engaged
A-0665-23 4 in conduct violating their prior agreements and court orders, citing instances of
plaintiff's involving the child in the details of the litigation and sending
harassing communications to defendant, her attorney, her friends, and the
parenting coordinator. On the eve of defendant's remarriage in November 2022,
plaintiff drafted and physically delivered to defendant's home, accompanied by
the child, a letter, signed by the child, alleging, among other disparaging claims,
defendant and her now-husband had an extra-marital affair before the parties
were divorced.
B.
We provide the following brief chronology of the pertinent post-judgment
decisions challenged by plaintiff.
Orders to Show Cause Regarding Custody and Parenting Time
After plaintiff's delivery of the letter and what defendant perceived to be
concerning behavior including threats to her new husband and others involving
and posing risk to her daughter, defendant filed an Order to Show Cause (OTSC)
on December 9, 2022, asking the family court to: suspend plaintiff's parenting
time for their then-ten-year-old daughter; compel plaintiff to undergo a
psychological evaluation; compel plaintiff's payment of defendant's counsel
fees; and refer plaintiff to the prosecutor's office for alleged harassment of
A-0665-23 5 defendant's counsel in violation of prior consent orders agreeing to refrain from
contact.
Defendant expressed fear that without court intervention, plaintiff's
"inappropriate and dangerous outbursts" and "mental, emotional[,] and physical
abuse" of the child "will escalate" and cause "irreparable harm." Defendant
provided examples and attached exhibits showing plaintiff, undeterred by orders
requiring him to refrain from harassment, continued to send "ranting[]"
correspondence to defendant and others about defendant and this matter.
Defendant reported the child's claim that plaintiff told her to choose between
plaintiff and defendant's husband, and when she refused, he "threw a backpack
at her," telling her to "pack her bags and leave."
The same day, the court entered an order suspending plaintiff's parenting
time "until further [o]rder of the [c]ourt," and scheduled a return date on
December 21, 2022.
Plaintiff responded by filing a separate OTSC, seeking reconsideration of
the parenting time restraint in light of what he claimed were favorable
recommendations by the parties' parenting coordinator. Plaintiff also objected
to defendant's OTSC as bypassing the parties' ADR agreement. The court denied
plaintiff's OTSC, simultaneously granting defendant's request to prohibit
A-0665-23 6 plaintiff from contacting her, her husband, or the child pending the December
21, 2022 return date for defendant's OTSC. Plaintiff also responded to
defendant's original OTSC, seeking that the court refer the matter to mediation
per the parties' January 2022 consent order and remove the newly imposed
restraints and restrictions on his parenting time.
The parties submitted conflicting interpretations of the recommendations
of parenting coordinator Linda Schofel, Esq., LCSW. Specifically, plaintiff
submitted an email from the coordinator, clarifying that she had not
recommended suspension of plaintiff's parenting time principally because she
had not "received any communication" from the parties' daughter expressing
fear or reluctance to see her father. Ms. Schofel added, however, that she
previously expressed concerns about plaintiff's behavior, and added her
concerns heightened around the time of defendant's wedding.
The judge3 temporarily suspended plaintiff's prior parenting time
arrangement, but restored daily FaceTime contact, and provided two specific
days of supervised in-person visitation, again ordering that the parties refrain
from discussing the litigation with the child. The judge emphasized that
3 Other than the December 21, 2022 proceeding, all prior and subsequent proceedings were conducted by the family court judge who originally suspended defendant's parenting time on December 9, 2022. A-0665-23 7 parenting time would not be suspended indefinitely and ordered plaintiff to
submit to an evaluation at his own expense,4 to assist in determining the
appropriate parenting time moving forward. The parties subsequently agreed by
consent order that Dr. David Gomberg, Ph.D., would conduct a psychological
evaluation and risk assessment. However, Dr. Gomberg notified the court that
he received "a barrage of emails" from plaintiff questioning the doctor and the
process causing the doctor to conclude he could not serve as the evaluator.
The judge rejected plaintiff's challenge to the court's jurisdiction,
invoking its obligation, particularly in emergent circumstances, to "put the
children first," and adding, "there's no contract that's going to stop that."
Plaintiff then filed an OTSC in March 2023, seeking the restoration of his
parenting time and allowing him to choose the mental health provider to conduct
his court-ordered evaluation. Defendant countered that plaintiff did not attend
the evaluation with Dr. Gomberg and defied past court orders requiring his
compliance. The court denied the March OTSC designating it as "non-
emergent" and noting plaintiff "is already receiving parenting time with [the
child]."
4 We denied plaintiff's application for emergent relief, noting that some parenting time had been restored and plaintiff could "file a new application with the trial court to schedule further parenting time . . . after December 30." A-0665-23 8 The court held a conference the following month at plaintiff's request to
consider, among other questions, the recurring issue of whether these matters
should be referred to mediation and arbitration to address the restricted
parenting time. Defendant asserted that plaintiff continued to display
"frightening," "dangerous," and "unpredictable" behavior, toward her and others
including emails to providers, third parties, and now the court, and opposed
proceeding with any ADR process until an evaluation was completed.
The court acknowledged that plaintiff had contacted the court directly,
and offered a gift, and admonished plaintiff against such ex parte contact. The
court addressed plaintiff's concern that no prospective parenting time schedule
had been set, despite allowing for supervised parenting time. The court
indicated it "was not aware of that" and directed the parties to "confer to rectify
that situation" and file a motion if unable to agree. The court explained that it
had not scheduled a plenary hearing as it was awaiting plaintiff's completing his
evaluation, but noted plaintiff was "responsible for that situation."
Regarding the parties' ADR agreement, the court explained:
[L]et me be clear. The fact that . . . I perceive a danger to this child based on [plaintiff's] actions means that the actions that the [c]ourt has taken trump any issue of mediation or arbitration or parent coordination. As I indicated before, I believe that he is entitled to a plenary hearing after there's been a proper psychological
A-0665-23 9 evaluation to be performed in accordance with this [c]ourt's order. Maybe he's entitled to mediation under the mediation provision after there's been a . . . psychological evaluation . . . .
The court clarified that unless the parties agreed after the completed evaluation
that mediation or arbitration would be appropriate, the court would "decide that
issue by way of a motion." The court stated that it viewed plaintiff as a
"disturbed person" and remained concerned about expanding time with the child.
The court found, given plaintiff's "frightening [and] disturbing conduct," it was
not appropriate to enlist the parent coordinator to resolve these custody issues
at that juncture.
Contempt Finding and Incarceration
On June 15, 2023, defendant filed another OTSC, seeking among other
relief that the court suspend entirely plaintiff's parenting time and hold plaintiff
"in contempt of [c]ourt" for numerous violations of court orders and
"immediate[ly] incarcerat[e]" him. Defendant alleged plaintiff posed a threat of
imminent harm to the child by defying the standing order that he have only
supervised visitation. Defendant cited plaintiff showing up places unannounced,
including to the child's sporting event intending to participate in it. Defendant
reported that plaintiff violated prior orders by showing up at her home,
contacting the court, pledging he would continue to inform their daughter about
A-0665-23 10 the litigation, and continuing to harass defendant's counsel. The court granted
initial relief suspending plaintiff's parenting time pending the return date.
On June 26, 2023, the family court conducted a hearing, first stating it was
considering detaining plaintiff "pending the hearing before [a specific criminal
judge] or other . . . court and to order a psychiatric evaluation of him." It then
heard testimony regarding plaintiff's alleged non-compliance with court orders
and his appearances at and communications with defendant's counsel's office
and found defendant "in contempt of [multiple] [c]ourt[] orders."
The court rendered a decision to incarcerate plaintiff:
I find probable cause that [plaintiff] has engaged in contempt of the [c]ourt's orders. I find that he has repeatedly violated court orders in such a manner that is contrary to the best interest[s] of the parties' child. I find that he certainly appears to me to be a danger to others, possibly himself. I know he's been . . . psychiatrically hospitalized . . . for concerns of suicidal ideation.
. . . [W]hen [defendant's counsel] call[ed] his conduct disturbing, that is an understatement. It's very frightening to me.
So I am going to incarcerate him now. . . .
I am going to order a psychiatric evaluation.
He's incarcerated until further court order. He will appear before another judge . . . in connection with this contempt proceeding.
A-0665-23 11 In the accompanying order the court: found probable cause; ordered
incarceration; and citing to criminal competency statutes, N.J.S.A. 2C:4-4, -5,
directed a competency evaluation by Ann Klein Forensic Center, setting the
return for a case conference in forty-five days.
On July 5, 2023, plaintiff filed an OTSC seeking his release from
incarceration and appointment of a private expert to fulfill the psychological
examination requirement in the June 26 order. By order of July 11, the court
granted, in part, plaintiff's application, and ordered defendant's appearance to
"show cause as to why an order granting plaintiff's request to engage [his private
expert] Dr. Gianni Pirelli to conduct the psychological evaluation ordered
[on] . . . June 26, 2023 . . . should not be granted."
At the July 21, 2023 hearing, plaintiff's criminal counsel was present, as
was an assistant prosecutor, in addition to counsel in the family matter. The
court heard arguments and considered the July 15, 2023 report of Dr. Mathias
R. Hagovsky, Ph.D., who had conducted a risk assessment, after multiple
interviews with plaintiff and defendant.
Dr. Hagovsky concluded that plaintiff's risk level was "[m]oderate to
[h]igh," explaining plaintiff's "[p]rior history of depression, mania, thought
disorder, and acting out . . . represent[ed] impaired judgment, [and] difficulty
A-0665-23 12 accepting/maintaining proper boundaries with individuals" like defendant and
his daughter, and the judiciary. He found plaintiff's efforts "to preserve his
relationship with his daughter" have "preserved, enhanced, [but also] negatively
affected" that relationship. In his report, the doctor opined that plaintiff
"dedicated himself to destroying any person or process that would interfere with
his efforts" to preserve his relationship with the parties' daughter. The doctor
suggested "[m]itigating factors . . . to reduce the level of risk," including
engagement with regular psychiatric consultation and individual therapy.
After arguments, the court ordered plaintiff's release indicating it did not
believe it had the authority to detain plaintiff without a criminal contempt
charge, but continued the suspension of parenting time.
September 2023 Motion Order Suspending Arbitration
Shortly after plaintiff's release, defendant filed a notice of cross-motion5
seeking along with other relief the "vacati[on] of Paragraph 13 of the January
31, 2022 consent order as it pertains to the use of alternate forms of dispute
resolution." Plaintiff responded asserting "[a]ny emergent circumstances that
may have previously existed have now abated," and because this was the basis
5 Plaintiff's counsel had filed a motion seeking to be relieved as counsel which was pending throughout the contempt proceedings in response to which defendant filed this "cross-motion." A-0665-23 13 upon which the court initially exercised jurisdiction to suspend plaintiff's
parenting time in December 2022, "the matter [wa]s now ripe for mediation,
discovery, and a plenary hearing to be held if necessary in arbitration." Plaintiff
further claimed defendant's application was untimely under Rule 4:50-2, for
failure to raise the issue in prior proceedings.
On September 15, the court heard arguments. Defendant's counsel
recounted plaintiff's history of non-compliant, obstreperous, and harassing
behavior, and claimed plaintiff had proven himself incapable of mediating,
cooperating with a parenting coordinator, or arbitrating disputes.
Plaintiff's counsel agreed that back in December 2022, the situation
allowed for the court to exercise jurisdiction to "triage an emergency," but
argued that now the court should transfer the matter under the ADR agreement
to allow for the process agreed upon by the parties. Plaintiff also argued that
the next step for the court or the arbitrator would be to conduct a plenary hearing
regarding custody and parenting time and asserted that an arbitrator would be
equally equipped to conduct the necessary hearing.
The court found, as it had in the past, that plaintiff's behavior continued
to be of concern, and stated it was "confident" that it had the "jurisdiction
and . . . responsibility to protect children." The court reiterated its view that
A-0665-23 14 plaintiff "engaged in . . . frightening behavior." It concurred that an arbitrator
"can do just as good a job as" a court at dispute resolution, but emphasized again
it must be satisfied that the child is safe and secure in that alternative process.
The court stated, "[s]uch agreements between parents about children are
enforceable only in equity and they are subject to the [c]ourt's power to exercise
continued supervisory control."
Accordingly, the court suspended the ADR provisions of the parties'
January 2022 consent agreement. It clarified that it was "suspend[ing]
enforcement of that order, until a time that . . . [it was] satisfied that . . . there's
little enough risk to the parties' child, principally, that that's an appropriate way
to proceed, mediation, arbitration, ADR." It found that plaintiff's behavior,
emblematic of his "dedicat[ing] himself to destroying any person or process that
would interfere with his efforts to be with his child," rendered the case
unsuitable at that juncture for mediation and arbitration.
The court then acknowledged plaintiff is "entitled to a hearing at some
point, absolutely." Citing to administrative delays in conducting trials, the court
encouraged plaintiff "to be compliant with his medication and his treatment,
[and] demonstrate by his behavior that he's not a risk to himself, his daughter,
or anyone else" and then "he c[ould] start seeing his daughter again."
A-0665-23 15 Plaintiff filed this appeal on November 1, 2023.
II.
On appeal, plaintiff argues: (1) all of the court's orders after December
9, 2022 should be vacated as the court lacked jurisdiction and was required to
refer these post-judgment issues to binding arbitration; 6 (2) the court improperly
deprived plaintiff of a plenary hearing before suspending indefinitely his
parenting time; (3) the court erred in sua sponte, de facto suspending his joint
legal custody by suspending use of the parenting coordinator; (4) the court failed
throughout the motion proceedings to fashion a path to restoration of his
parenting time by creating benchmarks; (5) the court improperly incarcerated
plaintiff without any legal justification or possibility of release; and (6) if
remanded and not referred to arbitration, the case must be removed from
Somerset County or transferred to a new judge if it remains in that vicinage.
6 Plaintiff also contends that defendant's September 2023 application to suspend the prior agreement was time-barred under Rule 4:50-1, as not filed within a reasonable time, as required by Rule 4:50-2. Plaintiff raised the claim in his motion submission, but not before the family court; nor did the court decide the issue. Nevertheless, we are satisfied that defendant both explicitly and implicitly sought to suspend the ADR agreement from the outset of this motion practice in December 2022. As such, we conclude plaintiff's procedural challenge lacks merit.
A-0665-23 16 III.
It is well-settled that the scope of our review of Family Part orders is
limited. See Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411 (1998). We afford substantial
deference to the Family Part's findings of fact based on adequate, substantial
and credible evidence in the record, understanding the court's special expertise
in family matters. Id. at 412-13; see MacKinnon v. MacKinnon, 191 N.J. 240,
253-54 (2007). Jurisdictional issues are matters of law which this court
considers de novo. See Mastondrea v. Occidental Hotels Mgmt. S.A., 391 N.J.
Super. 261, 268 (App. Div. 2007).
No special deference is accorded to the judge's legal conclusions. See
Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).
However, we recognize
we "should not disturb the factual findings and legal conclusions of the trial judge unless . . . convinced that they are so manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests of justice" or when we determine the court has palpably abused its discretion.
[Parish v. Parish, 412 N.J. Super. 39, 47 (App. Div. 2010) (quoting Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412).]
We first address plaintiff's challenge to the family court's jurisdiction and
A-0665-23 17 decision to suspend the parties' ADR agreement We review the controlling legal
principles.
"New Jersey has long espoused a policy favoring the use of consensual
agreements to resolve marital controversies." Konzelman v. Konzelman, 158
N.J. 185, 193 (1999). "Voluntary agreements that address and reconcile
conflicting interests of divorcing parties support our 'strong public policy
favoring stability of arrangements' in matrimonial matters." Ibid. (quoting
Smith v. Smith, 72 N.J. 350, 360 (1977)). "[F]air agreements arrived at by
mutual consent 'should not be unnecessarily or lightly disturbed.'" Edgerton v.
Edgerton, 203 N.J. Super. 160, 171 (App. Div. 1985) (quoting Smith, 72 N.J. at
358).
Similarly, parents have the right "to choose the forum in which their
disputes over child custody and rearing will be resolved, including arbitration."
Fawzy v. Fawzy, 199 N.J. 456, 461-62 (2009). This entitlement derives from
the well-settled deference granted to parental autonomy to raise their children,
that, while sweeping and weighty, "is not absolute." Id. at 474 (quoting V.C. v.
M.J.B., 163 N.J. 200, 218 (2000)).
"Indeed, the [S]tate has an obligation, under the parens patriae doctrine,
to intervene where it is necessary to prevent harm to a child." Id. at 474-75.
A-0665-23 18 The court's responsibility to protect the health and welfare of children extends
to "both physical and emotional harm." Segal v. Lynch, 413 N.J. Super. 171,
188 (App. Div. 2010). Our Supreme Court has held, "[w]hen no harm threatens
a child's welfare, the State lacks a sufficiently compelling justification for the
infringement on the fundamental right of parents to raise their children as they
see fit. However, when harm is proved and the presumption in favor of a fit
parent's decision making is overcome," courts are empowered to intervene to
secure the "child's best interests." Fawzy, 199 N.J. at 475-76 (quoting Moriarty
v. Bradt, 177 N.J. 84, 115 (2003)). This is particularly so in custody disputes.
See In re Adoption of a Child by W.P., 163 N.J. 158, 195 (2000) ("In New
Jersey, pursuant to their equity and parens patriae jurisdiction, family courts
routinely decide issues of custody, visitation, child support, and myriad other
aspects of domestic relations that affect parents' authority to raise their children
without interference from the [S]tate.").
The Supreme Court in Fawzy instructed, "where no harm to the child is
threatened, there is no justification for the infringement on the parents' choice
to be bound by the arbitrator's decision." 199 N.J. at 478 (recognizing this
principle in assessing whether the arbitrator's determination was in the best
interests of the child). Importantly, however, the Court has clarified, "where
A-0665-23 19 harm is claimed and a prima facie case advanced, the court must determine the
harm issue" and "[i]f there is a finding of harm, the presumption in favor of the
parents' choice of arbitration will be overcome and it will fall to the court to
decide what is in the child's best interests." Id. at 478-79.
Here, defendant did not dispute the validity of the parties' ADR
agreement. Likewise, the family court did not, in its September 2023 decision
or at any point prior to that, question the legality or enforceability of the ADR
provision, the parties' right to agree to ADR, or an arbitrator's "theoretical"
jurisdiction or suitability to address custody disputes. Instead, invoking its well-
settled authority to intervene in child custody matters, the court considered
whether judicial intervention was necessary to protect the best interests of the
child.
We perceive no error in the family court's concluding it had the authority
to consider whether to exercise its parens patriae authority to temporarily
suspend the parties' ADR agreement. Indeed, plaintiff's counsel agreed the court
properly interceded to "triage" the situation initially in December 2022.
Even as it suspended the ADR provisions in September 2023, the trial
court did not foreclose the restoration of the parties' mediation and arbitration
process when the risk was abated. The court did not assume jurisdiction
A-0665-23 20 permanently nor did it vacate or suspend the parties' prior agreement with
finality. We therefore must determine only whether the court abused its
discretion in finding plaintiff's behavior so concerning as to risk harm sufficient
to warrant the temporary suspension of the ADR process in the best interests of
the child.
From the initial granting of defendant's OTSC in December 2022, the
court indicated it was intervening to address the emergent situation caused by
plaintiff's concerning conduct, directly involving and threatening the emotional
welfare of the child, particularly around the time of defendant's remarriage. The
court restricted plaintiff's unsupervised parenting time, subject to further order
of the court, and ordered plaintiff to undergo a psychological evaluation.
Plaintiff did not comply with the order.
The record is replete with consistent and escalating examples of plaintiff's
alarming conduct and communications with defendant, her counsel, the
providers, the court, and most importantly the child. Also pervading the record
are instances in which the family court communicated clearly that it would
consider lifting the parenting time restrictions and returning the matter to
mediation and parenting coordination if plaintiff conformed his conduct,
obtained the evaluation, and adhered to the court's orders. Plaintiff remained
A-0665-23 21 non-compliant.
By September 2023, the court had the benefit of Dr. Hagovsky's risk
assessment in which he characterized "[plaintiff's] thinking [as] convoluted,
unreasonable, and even bizarre," adding plaintiff "did not anticipate or appear
concerned about the potential negative consequences to him and/or his
daughter." The court relied upon this risk assessment to conclude mediation,
parenting coordination, and arbitration were not safe or productive alternatives.
Thus, we discern no abuse of discretion in the court's determinations that were
grounded in the record and will not disturb the court's decision, acting under its
parens patriae authority, to compel an evaluation of plaintiff before referring the
matter to other modes of dispute resolution despite the prior agreement.
Mindful of the protection afforded parental rights, as well as the right of
parents to select the forum for determination of child custody matters, on this
record, we nonetheless perceive no error in the court's exercise of its supervisory
obligation to protect the best interests of the child and retaining jurisdiction until
such time it deems plaintiff capable of participating in the agreed-upon ADR
process. Plaintiff's prior alarming behavior in dealing with defendant, the court
and counsel, providers, and their child was directly tethered to the safety of the
child. We are satisfied the court reasonably found a risk of harm to the child
A-0665-23 22 inherent in transferring the matter for what would most certainly be contentious
and virtually futile ADR and appropriately suspended the ADR agreement.
Next, we turn to plaintiff's claim that the court erred in restricting and later
suspending his parenting time without a plenary hearing, and request that we
reverse the court's prior orders and remand for a plenary hearing. Importantly,
before reviewing the well-settled applicable law, we note the family court
acknowledged consistently plaintiff's right to a plenary hearing. Thus, there is
no disagreement that disputed custody and parenting time matters in alleged
changed circumstances such as this require a hearing.
"A party seeking to modify custody [or parenting time] must demonstrate
changed circumstances that affect the welfare of the children." Hand v. Hand,
391 N.J. Super. 102, 105 (App. Div. 2007). "Where there is already a judgment
or an agreement affecting [parenting time] in place, it is presumed it 'embodies
a best interests determination' and should be modified only where there is a
'showing [of] changed circumstances which would affect the welfare of the
children.'" A.J. v. R.J., 461 N.J. Super. 173, 182 (App. Div. 2019) (second
alteration in original) (quoting Todd v. Sheridan, 268 N.J. Super. 387, 398 (App.
Div. 1993)). An evaluation of changed circumstances consists of assessing the
A-0665-23 23 circumstances around the time prior to the entry of a parenting time order. See
Donnelly v. Donnelly, 405 N.J. Super. 117, 127-28 (App. Div. 2009).
A court may resolve genuine issues of material fact as to the existence of
changed circumstances through a plenary hearing. See Hand, 391 N.J. Super. at
105. "A plenary hearing is required when the submissions show there is a
genuine and substantial factual dispute regarding the welfare of the child [], and
the trial judge determines that a plenary hearing is necessary to resolve the
factual dispute." Ibid.; see Lepis v. Lepis, 83 N.J. 139, 159 (1980); see also R.
5:8-6. "In some cases, there is clearly a need for an evidentiary hearing to
resolve custody or parenting time issues." Hand, 391 N.J. Super. at 105.
As we have stated, we are satisfied the court found an emergent need to
restrict and temporarily suspend plaintiff's parenting time, but throughout the
proceedings anticipated conducting a plenary hearing. The court ordered an
evaluation and made clear it would schedule the proceedings upon the
evaluation's completion. In these unique circumstances, largely of plaintiff's
creation due to non-compliance, the delay was not unreasonable.
We therefore remand for further proceedings, recognizing that much may
have changed in the year-and-a-half since the court's last decision. We leave to
the court's discretion to determine the impact, if any, of changed circumstances
A-0665-23 24 on the court's existing suspension of the parties' prior ADR agreement.
C.
To the extent plaintiff has raised additional issues, we consider them either
moot, see Redd v. Bowman, 223 N.J. 87, 104 (2015) ("An issue is 'moot when
[the court's] decision sought in a matter, when rendered, can have no practical
effect on the existing controversy.'" (quoting Deutsche Bank Nat'l Tr. Co. v.
Mitchell, 422 N.J. Super. 214, 221-22 (App. Div. 2011))), or lacking merit to
warrant further discussion in a written decision, see R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E). We
briefly offer the following guidance regarding plaintiff's claim that the court
improperly incarcerated him without process for review or release.
Although the matter is now moot, as plaintiff was released in July 2023,
we express our agreement with the family court's own later recognition that it
lacked any authority to engage in pretrial detention proceedings when there was
no criminal complaint warrant pending. The court perhaps utilized incarceration
to allow for expedited evaluation of plaintiff finding he presented a risk, but the
criminal competency process was not an available alternative and detention was
inappropriate.
Addressing plaintiff's final request that we remand this matter to a
different judge, although this court possesses "the authority to direct that a case
A-0665-23 25 be assigned to a new judge upon remand," we exercise this power "sparingly."
Graziano v. Grant, 326 N.J. Super. 328, 349-50 (App. Div. 1999). "That power
may be exercised when there is a concern that the trial judge has a potential
commitment to his or her prior findings." Id. at 349. We do not have that
concern here, even on this tumultuous record with prior rulings adverse to
plaintiff, as the family court indicated the temporary nature of its rulings and its
willingness to restore parenting time should plaintiff commit himself to
compliance with court orders and therapeutic direction. See Strahan v. Strahan,
402 N.J. Super. 298, 318 (App. Div. 2008) ("Bias cannot be inferred from
adverse rulings against a party." (citing Matthews v. Deane, 196 N.J. Super. 441,
444-47, (Ch. Div.1984))).
We further note that "an application for disqualification pursuant to [Rule]
1:12-1 should initially be made to the motion judge." Graziano, 326 N.J. Super.
at 50; see Bonnet v. Stewart, 155 N.J. Super. 326, 330 (App. Div. 1978)
(determining "the issue [wa]s inappropriately raised on . . . appeal because [the]
plaintiff never moved to challenge the judge himself, as would have been the
proper practice").
Affirmed in part, and remanded for proceedings in accordance with this
opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
A-0665-23 26