UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) NOVENERGIA II – ENERGY & ) ENVIRONMENT (SCA), ) ) Petitioner, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 18-cv-01148 (TSC) ) THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN, ) ) Respondent. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Petitioner Novenergia II – Energy & Environment (SCA) (“Novenergia”) seeks to
enforce a € 53.3 million final arbitral award issued by the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm
Chamber of Commerce (“SCC Arbitration Institute”) against Respondent, the Kingdom of Spain.
Spain has moved to dismiss the Petition or, alternatively, to stay the proceedings until a foreign
court resolves Spain’s application to set aside the award. Having considered the parties’
arguments, and for the reasons stated below, the court finds that a temporary stay is warranted,
and therefore Spain’s motion to stay will be GRANTED.
I. BACKGROUND
Novenergia is an investor in renewable energy facilities based in Luxembourg. (ECF No.
1 (“Petition”) ¶ 10.) In 2007, it invested in eight solar energy plants in Spain to capitalize on
Spain’s guaranteed tariffs for renewable energy producers. (Id.) Spain later changed its
regulations and revoked the incentives that had drawn Novenergia to invest in the projects. (Id. ¶
11.) These regulatory changes allegedly caused Novenergia significant damages, and the
1 company sought to arbitrate the dispute with Spain under the Energy Charter Treaty (“ECT”).
(Id. ¶¶ 11–23.)
The ECT is a multilateral treaty signed by 54 nations and organizations, including Spain
and Luxembourg, and is intended to promote international cooperation in the energy sector.
(ECF No. 2-2 (“ECT”) at 2.) Article 26 of the ECT provides that “[d]isputes between a
Contracting Party and an Investor of another Contracting Party relating to an Investment of the
latter in the Area of the former” may be submitted to the SCC Arbitration Institute. (Id. page 24;
Energy Charter Treaty, art. 26(1), (4)(c), 2002, 2080 U.N.T.S. 100.)
After Spain’s regulatory changes, Novenergia requested arbitration against Spain with the
SCC Arbitration Institute on May 8, 2015. (Petition ¶ 14.) Novenergia claimed that Spain’s
actions violated its obligation under the ECT to accord “fair and equitable” treatment to investors
from signatory states. (Id. ¶ 9.) The SCC Arbitration Institute held arbitration proceedings in
Stockholm and unanimously held that it had jurisdiction and that Spain had violated Article 10 of
the ECT. (Id. ¶ 23.) Spain then sought suspension of the award with the Swedish Svea Court of
Appeal on May 14, 2018. (ECF No. 18-1 (“Resp. Br.”) at 15.) (Novenergia omitted this fact in
its Petition.) Three days later the Svea Court of Appeal ruled the final award could not be
enforced pending its decision on Spain’s application. 1
Two days after Spain filed with the Svea Court of Appeal, Novenergia filed a petition in
this court to confirm the arbitral award pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act, which provides
for confirmation of arbitral awards falling under the Convention on the Recognition and
1 The parties dispute whether the Svea Court of Appeal “suspended” the arbitral award as defined in the New York Convention. (ECF No. 22 (“Pet. Br.”) at 14–17, ECF No. 25 (“Resp. Reply”) at 6.) At this stage, the court need not resolve this question because the parties agree that the Svea Court of Appeal prohibited enforcement of the award in Sweden and is currently adjudicating the set-aside application. (Pet. Br. at 15; Resp. Reply at 6.)
2 Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of June 10, 1958 (the “New York Convention”). See
9 U.S.C. §§ 201–207. MOL Hungarian Oil and Gas PLC filed an amicus brief in support of
Novenergia’s opposition to the motion to dismiss or stay the proceedings (ECF No. 37), and the
European Commission filed an amicus brief in support of Spain (ECF No. 38).
II. DISCUSSION
A. Jurisdiction
Spain moves to dismiss on several grounds, including that the court lacks subject-matter
jurisdiction to hear the merits under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act because no
arbitration agreement exists. (Resp. Br. at 22–29.) Neither side challenges the court’s power to
enter a stay. Nonetheless, courts “have an independent obligation to determine whether subject-
matter jurisdiction exists, even in the absence of a challenge from any party.” Arbaugh v. Y&H
Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 514 (2006). Despite this obligation, a court may decide “certain non-
merits, nonjurisdictional issues . . . because ‘[j]urisdiction is vital only if the court proposes to
issue a judgment on the merits.’” Pub. Citizen v. U.S. Dist. Court for D.C., 486 F.3d 1342, 1348
(D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Sinochem Int’l Co. v. Malaysia Int’l Shipping Co., 549 U.S. 422, 432
(2007) (internal quotation and citation omitted)). When confronted with such a non-merits,
nonjurisdictional threshold issue, and “when considerations of convenience, fairness, and judicial
economy so warrant,” a district court can “bypass[] questions of subject-matter and personal
jurisdiction.” Sinochem Int’l Co., 549 U.S. at 432.
Courts in this District have held that stays are a threshold, non-merits issue which a court
may consider before resolving jurisdictional issues. See Gretton Ltd. v. Republic of Uzbekistan,
No. 18-cv-1755, 2019 WL 464793, at *2–3 (D.D.C. Feb. 6, 2019) (staying petition to enforce an
arbitral award before determining subject-matter jurisdiction); Hulley Enters., Ltd. v. Russian
3 Fed’n, 211 F. Supp. 3d 269, 277–80 (D.D.C. 2016) (same) (“A stay of proceedings in this case is
exactly the type of nonmerits action the Sinochem decision contemplates.”); Seneca Nation of
Indians v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 144 F. Supp. 3d 115, 118–19 (D.D.C. 2015)
(staying an action before agency decision and before determining subject-matter jurisdiction).
Accordingly, the court will resolve the threshold stay issue before the thornier jurisdictional
issues which involve sovereign immunity and international treaties.
B. Stay
The parties address whether a stay is warranted under the New York Convention, which
permits staying actions to confirm arbitral awards while set-aside proceedings are ongoing in the
originating country. New York Convention, art. VI, Jun. 7, 1959, 330 U.N.T.S. 38. A stay
under the New York Convention would first require the court to determine jurisdiction, and here,
jurisdiction turns on one of the ultimate issues—whether an agreement to arbitrate exists.
Because the court has not yet ruled on this issue, its authority to issue a stay arises under its
inherent powers. See Hulley Enters. Ltd., 211 F. Supp. 3d at 286 (issuing a stay under the court’s
inherent powers before deciding subject-matter jurisdiction).
However, the test for determining whether a stay is warranted under the New York
Convention articulated in Europcar Italia, S.p.A. v. Maiellano Tours, Inc., 156 F.3d 310, 317 (2d
Cir. 1998) is instructive. The widely-accepted Europcar test is on all fours with this case:
whether to issue a stay when a foreign proceeding is ongoing in a foreign arbitral award matter.
See Hulley Enters. Ltd., 211 F. Supp. 3d at 286–87 (finding the Europcar factors “apply
forcefully” to parallel foreign proceedings). Therefore, the court will evaluate whether a stay is
warranted under both its inherent authority and the Europcar factors.
4 1. Inherent Authority
“[T]he power to stay proceedings is incidental to the power inherent in every court to
control the disposition of the causes on its docket with economy of time and effort for itself, for
counsel, and for litigants.” Landis v. N. Am. Co., 299 U.S. 248, 254 (1936). District courts
“have broad discretion” in deciding whether to stay proceedings “pending the resolution of
independent legal proceedings.” Id. In considering a stay, courts must “‘weigh competing
interests and maintain an even balance’ between the court’s interests in judicial economy and any
possible hardship to the parties.” Belize Soc. Dev. Ltd. v. Belize, 668 F.3d 724, 732–33 (D.C.
Cir. 2012) (quoting Landis, 299 U.S. at 254–55). The party seeking the stay bears the burden
and “‘must make out a clear case of hardship or inequity in being required to go forward, if there
is even a fair possibility that the stay for which he prays will work damage to some one else.’”
Philipp v. Federal Republic of Germany, 253 F. Supp. 3d 84, 88 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Landis,
299 U.S. at 255). And, as here, when a party seeks an indefinite stay, the stay “must be
supported by ‘a balanced finding that such need overrides the injury to the party being stayed.’”
Belize Soc. Dev., 668 F.3d at 732–33. A court may not “order[] a stay ‘of indefinite duration in
the absence of a pressing need.’” Id. (quoting Landis, 299 U.S. at 255).
Here, the court’s interest in judicial economy favors a stay. “Litigating essentially the
same issues in two separate forums is not in the interest of judicial economy or in the parties’
best interests.” Naegele v. Albers, 355 F. Supp. 2d 129, 141 (D.D.C. 2005) (quoting Nat’l
Shopmen Pension Fund v. Folger Adam Sec., 274 B.R. 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2002)). Spain’s response to
Novenergia’s petition raises many of the same arguments already before the Svea Court of
Appeal in the set-aside proceedings, which means the outcome of the Swedish proceedings “may
affect this Court’s determinations, at a minimum, by virtue of the[ir] persuasive value.” Hulley
5 Enters. Ltd., 211 F. Supp. 3d at 284; cf. Clientron Corp. v. Devon IT, Inc., No. 13-cv-05634,
2014 WL 940406, at *5 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 10, 2014) (explaining a stay was not warranted where the
result of the foreign proceedings would have no effect on the confirmation proceedings).
Novenergia contends that Spain’s arguments to the Svea Court of Appeal are the same
ones it lost before the arbitral tribunal and therefore the Swedish proceedings are an improper
“second bite at the apple.” (Pet. Br. at 42.) But Novenergia does not acknowledge that the
Swedish proceedings are “integral” to the arbitration proceedings. See CPConstruction Pioneers
Baugesellschaft Anstalt (Liechtenstein) v. Republic of Ghana, Ministry of Roads & Transp., 578
F. Supp. 2d 50, 54 (D.D.C. 2008) (“Far from being at odds with the nature of arbitration
confirmation proceedings, adjournments pending the completion of set-aside proceedings are an
integral part of such proceedings.”). Spain challenged the arbitral tribunal’s authority to hear the
case from the start and continues challenge it in the Svea Court of Appeal and in this court. This
consistent argument regarding jurisdiction in fact weighs in favor of a stay. See CPConstruction
Pioneers, 578 F. Supp. 2d at 54 (issuing a stay and noting Ghana had “consistently asserted” that
the arbitral tribunal did not have jurisdiction).
Moreover, the Svea Court of Appeal has prohibited Novenergia from enforcing the award
in Sweden pending the set-aside proceedings and affirmed that prohibition after a request for
reconsideration. (ECF No. 22-27 (“Zettermarck Decl.”) ¶ 14.) This prohibition weighs heavily
in favor of a stay. See In re Arbitration of Certain Controversies Between Getma Int’l &
Republic of Guinea (Getma Int’l), 142 F. Supp. 3d 110, 116 (D.D.C. 2015) (internal citation
omitted) (finding the unenforceability of the award, pending review, weighed in favor of a stay).
Indeed, Swedish courts have prohibited enforcement of awards in similar cases (see ECF No.
36), and the European Commission has noted the importance of the underlying issues to the
6 European Union (ECF No. 38 at 20–21). Under these circumstances, the prudent course of
action is for this court to permit some delay pending a ruling from the Svea Court of Appeal.
The court acknowledges that this dispute has dragged on for over four years and a ruling
in the Swedish court may not be imminent. The parties anticipated a decision sometime in 2019
and a referral to the EU Court of Justice could extend the proceedings into 2021 or 2022.
(Zettermarck Decl. ¶¶ 15, 19; ECF No. 25-16 (“Lindskog Reply Decl.”) ¶ 6.) Novenergia argues
that the delay from the Swedish proceedings weighs heavily against a stay. (Pet. Br. at 38.)
However, the length of delay is not the only consideration here. The Svea Court of Appeal has
prohibited enforcement of the award, but none of the cases cited by Novenergia involved a
foreign court prohibiting enforcement of the award. See Rusoro Mining Ltd. v. Bolivarian
Republic of Venezuela, 300 F. Supp. 3d 137, 150 (D.D.C. 2018); G.E. Transp. S.P.A. v. Republic
of Albania, 693 F. Supp. 2d 132, 138 (D.D.C. 2010). A hasty resolution resulting in inconsistent
rulings is not in the interest of judicial economy. Consequently, despite the delay, a stay pending
the outcome of the Swedish proceedings will conserve judicial resources.
Thus, in the short run, while a stay may well “delay the resolution” of the dispute, in the
long run, a stay will “still ‘likely be shorter than the possible delay that would occur if this Court
were to confirm the award and the [Svea Court of Appeal were to] . . . then set it aside.’” Getma
Int’l, 142 F. Supp. 3d at 114 (quoting Jorf Lasfar Energy Co., S.C.A. v. AMCI Exp. Corp., No.
05-cv-0423, 2005 WL 3533128, at *3 (W.D. Pa. Dec. 22, 2005)).
Balancing the hardships to each party also favors a stay. Litigating the validity of arbitral
awards in two forums would burden Spain, which filed its appeal in the originating country
before Novenergia filed here. Moreover, the risk of premature enforcement could result in Spain
trying to recover assets seized during this action if it were to prevail in the Swedish proceedings.
7 Getma Int’l, 142 F. Supp. 3d 110, 118 (D.D.C. 2015). Novenergia argues that it will suffer
hardship from continued delay in recovering its award and this outweighs any hardship to Spain,
a sovereign state with ample resources. (Pet. Br. at 42–43.) But the Swedish court has already
stayed enforcement of the award, and if Novenergia ultimately prevails it will be compensated
for any delay because the award includes interest. (Pet. ¶ 25.) Thus, the hardship to Spain,
which could be significant, outweighs the hardship to Novenergia.
2. Europcar Factors
While neither the New York Convention nor the Federal Arbitration Act provide factors
to consider in deciding a stay, courts in this Circuit have looked to the six factors set forth in
Europcar Italia, S.p.A. v. Maiellano Tours, Inc., 156 F.3d 310, 317 (2d Cir. 1998). See, e.g.,
Gretton Ltd., 2019 WL 464793, at *3; Hardy Expl. & Prod. Inc. v. India, 314 F. Supp. 3d 95,
105 (D.D.C. 2018); Hulley Enters. Ltd., 211 F. Supp. 3d at 286–87; Stati v. Republic of
Kazakhstan, 199 F. Supp. 3d 179, 192 (D.D.C. 2016). Europcar instructs courts to consider:
(1) the general objectives of arbitration—the expeditious resolution of disputes and the avoidance of protracted and expensive litigation; (2) the status of the foreign proceedings and the estimated time for those proceedings to be resolved; (3) whether the award sought to be enforced will receive greater scrutiny in the foreign proceedings under a less deferential standard of review; (4) the characteristics of the foreign proceedings . . . ; (5) [a] balance of the possible hardships to the parties . . . ; and (6) [a]ny other circumstances that could tend to shift the balance in favor of or against adjournment . . . .
156 F.3d at 317–18. These factors “balance the Convention’s policy favoring confirmation of
arbitral awards against the principle of international comity embraced by the Convention.” Four
Seasons Hotels and Resorts, B.V. v. Consorcio Barr S.A., 377 F.3d 1164, 1172 (11th Cir. 2004);
see also G.E. Transp. S.P.A., 693 F.Supp.2d at 138. Here, comity considerations favor a stay:
8 the Swedish proceedings were initiated before this action, the Swedish court has already acted to
prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award, and the issue is of importance to the EU and better
suited for initial review in their courts. While this delays confirmation proceedings, the risk of
inconsistent results and the interest in international comity outweigh the interest in a quick
resolution of this case.
The first and fifth Europcar factors involve judicial economy and balance hardships
between the parties, factors that the court considered in exercising its inherent authority.
Europcar Italia, S.p.A., 156 F.3d at 317. As explained above, while a stay here will delay the
resolution, it promotes judicial economy, and the balance of the hardships favors Spain.
The second, third, and fourth Europcar factors involve the status and characteristics of
the foreign proceedings. Id. at 317. In totality, these factors favor a stay.
The second factor considers the status of the foreign proceedings. Id. As explained
above, despite the length of time to resolve the Swedish proceedings, the fact that the award
cannot be enforced pending the Swedish litigation weighs against a stay. See Getma Int’l, 142 F.
Supp. 3d at 116 (internal citation omitted).
The third factor concerns the standard of review in the foreign proceedings. Europcar
explains that the New York Convention’s “limited scope of review” “favors deference to
proceedings in the originating country that involve less deferential standards of review on the
premise that, under these circumstances, a foreign court well-versed in its own law is better
suited to determine the validity of the award.” 156 F.3d at 317. The parties disagree about the
standard of review the Svea Court of Appeal will apply. (Resp. Br. at 40–41; Pet. Br. at 34–35.)
This disagreement mirrors their position on the merits regarding whether EU law applies, and for
the reasons noted above, the court declines to reach this question. Therefore, while it is unclear
9 whether the Svea Court of Appeal will apply a less deferential standard of review, the possibility
that the court will set aside the award “weighs mildly in favor of granting a stay.” See Getma
Int’l, 142 F. Supp. 3d at 116 (internal quotations omitted).
The fourth factor looks at the characteristics of the foreign proceedings, including
whether they were brought to enforce the award, who initiated them and when, and whether the
circumstances evince a desire to hinder or delay resolution of the dispute. Europcar Italia,
S.p.A., 156 F.3d at 318. Here, Spain brought the Swedish proceedings to set aside the award,
which weighs against a stay. Id. at 318. But the Swedish proceedings were initiated two days
before this case, which therefore raise issues of international comity, weighing in favor of a stay.
See Getma Int’l, 142 F. Supp. 3d at 116–17 (collecting cases). Despite Novenergia’s argument
that Spain is unfairly relitigating issues before the Svea Court of Appeal, there is nothing to
suggest that Spain brought the Swedish proceedings to delay enforcement of the arbitral award.
Id. (“It goes without saying that issues necessarily have to be ‘relitigated’ in an appellate-like
proceeding.”).
Thus, while some aspects of the status and characteristics of the foreign proceedings
weigh against a stay, in totality, they weigh in favor of a stay.
The sixth factor looks to “any other circumstances that could tend to shift the balance in
favor of or against adjournment.” Europcar Italia, S.p.A., 156 F.3d at 317. Spain emphasizes
that international comity requires a stay because the issues are important to the European Union
and should be resolved within the Union’s judicial system. (Resp. Br. at 36.) Novenergia
responds that Spain is hiding behind jurisdictional arguments already rejected by several arbitral
tribunals. (Pet. Br. at 43–44.) While Novenergia may prevail on the merits, the court agrees
10 with Spain that the more prudent course of action is to allow courts within the EU to first decide
the issues.
In sum, Spain has met its burden to show a “pressing need” for a stay pending the
outcome of the set aside proceedings in Sweden. However, in an effort to ensure that the
proceedings are not unduly delayed, by separate order, the court will provide for prompt and
regular review of the ongoing proceedings before the Svea Court of Appeal and, if Novenergia
prevails in those proceedings, will promptly address the merits in this case.
C. Adequate Security
Novenergia argues that any stay should be conditioned on Spain posting bond for the full
amount of the final award plus interest, pursuant to Article VI of the New York Convention.
(Pet. Br. at 45.) As explained above, the court has not determined whether it has jurisdiction
under the New York Convention, and therefore cannot order security under the Convention.
Further, courts in this Circuit generally have not required foreign sovereigns to post security
because they are “presumably . . . solvent and will comply with legitimate orders issued by
courts in this country or in [their home jurisdiction.]” DRC, Inc. v. Republic of Honduras, 774 F.
Supp. 2d 66, 76 (D.D.C. 2011); see also Getma Int’l, 142 F. Supp. 3d at n.10; cf. Stati, 199 F.
Supp. 3d at n.7 (not imposing security because parties anticipated relatively short stay).
Therefore, at this time, the court will not require Spain to post bond.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, Respondent’s motion to stay is hereby GRANTED and
proceedings are stayed until resolution of the current set-aside proceedings in Sweden. A
corresponding Order will issue separately.
11 Date: January 27, 2020
Tanya S. Chutkan TANYA S. CHUTKAN United States District Judge