Northwest Publishing v. Montana Department of Labor & Industry

846 P.2d 1030, 256 Mont. 360, 50 State Rptr. 110, 1993 Mont. LEXIS 34
CourtMontana Supreme Court
DecidedFebruary 10, 1993
DocketNo. 91-530
StatusPublished
Cited by13 cases

This text of 846 P.2d 1030 (Northwest Publishing v. Montana Department of Labor & Industry) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Montana Supreme Court primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Northwest Publishing v. Montana Department of Labor & Industry, 846 P.2d 1030, 256 Mont. 360, 50 State Rptr. 110, 1993 Mont. LEXIS 34 (Mo. 1993).

Opinions

JUSTICE GRAY

delivered the Opinion of the Court.

Northwest Publishing (Northwest) appeals a decision of the District Court for the Eleventh Judicial District, Flathead County, affirming a decision of the Board of Labor Appeals. We affirm.

The issue is whether the District Court erred in affirming the decision of the Board of Labor Appeals that traveling salespeople under contract with Northwest are not “independent contractors” as defined by Section 39-51-201(14), MCA.

Northwest is a sole proprietorship which prints and publishes vacation and travel guides in Kalispell, Montana. Its sales representatives travel throughout the northwestern United States and [362]*362Canada soliciting the purchase of advertisements to appear in Northwest’s magazines. These salespeople operate under an “Independent Contractor Agreement” and receive a set commission rate for all advertisements sold. They are provided lodging, sales forms, reporting forms, a company telephone credit card number, and company gas credit cards; one salesperson occasionally was provided a car owned by Northwest’s owner for use on sales trips.

In January 1990, the Unemployment Insurance Division of the Montana Department of Labor and Industry determined that commission sales representatives working for Northwest were employees of Northwest for purposes of unemployment insurance taxation. Northwest unsuccessfully appealed that determination to the Department of Labor and Industry and the Montana Board of Labor Appeals, arguing that the salespeople are independent contractors. It then appealed to the Eleventh Judicial District Court, which affirmed the decision of the Board of Labor Appeals. This appeal followed.

Did the District Court err in affirming the decision of the Board of Labor Appeals that traveling salespeople under contract with Northwest are not “independent contractors” as defined by Section 39-51-201(14), MCA?

Under Section 39-51-2410(5), MCA, factual findings of the Board are conclusive if they are supported by the evidence and there has been no fraud, and the jurisdiction of a reviewing court is confined to questions of law. “Supported by the evidence” means supported by substantial evidence, which is “something more than a scintilla of evidence, but may be less than a preponderance of the evidence.” Gypsy Highview Gathering System v. Stokes (1986), 221 Mont. 11, 15, 716 P.2d 620, 623.

Once disputes about the underlying facts are resolved, the issue of whether salespeople are independent contractors or employees is a question of law. Carlson v. Cain (1983), 204 Mont. 311, 317, 664 P.2d 913, 916; appeal after remand (1985), 216 Mont. 129, 700 P.2d 607. Our standard of review of a question of law is whether the conclusion is correct. Steer, Inc. v. Department of Revenue (1990), 245 Mont. 470, 474, 803 P2d 601, 603.

Northwest specifically challenges the finding that “[t]he two commission sales persons testifying at the hearing did not have an advertising sales business which they owned or operated either before or after association with [Northwest].” Northwest points out that one of the salespeople testified that he had published a paper, [363]*363for which he sold advertising, prior to working for Northwest. However, the brief reference to the paper indicates that the business in which the person was engaged was publishing a paper, not selling advertising. The other salesperson who testified stated that she worked in sales for another employer after working for Northwest. Owning or operating a sales business is different from working in sales for someone else. We conclude that the finding that the salespeople did not own or operate their own sales businesses was supported by substantial evidence. Therefore, the finding is conclusive under Section 39-51-2410(5), MCA.

Northwest’s chief arguments relate to the definition of an “independent contractor” set forth at Section 39-51-201(14), MCA, and commonly called the “AB test.” As stated above, the issue of whether the salespeople are independent contractors or employees is an issue of law.

Section 39-51-201(14), MCA, provides:

“Independent contractor” means an individual who renders service in the course of an occupation and:
(a) has been and will continue to be free from control or direction over the performance of the services, both under his contract and in fact; and
(b) is engaged in an independently established trade, occupation, profession, or business.

Because the conjunctive “and” is used in the definition of “independent contractor,” the absence of either the “A” or the “B” part of the test results in a conclusion of employment. Thus, Northwest must establish both “A” and “B” in order to prevail, as a matter of law, on its contention that the salespeople are independent contractors. Because we determine that the Board did not err in concluding that Northwest failed to establish the “B” part of the test, we need not address whether the “A” (control) component was met.

Quoting the definition of a “profession” from Black’s Law Dictionary, Northwest argues that sales is an independently established profession within the purview of Section 39-51-201(14)(b), MCA. It cites no legal authority for such an assertion, and we have discovered none. Northwest claims that the salespeople’s belief that sales is an independent profession and that the ability to make a sale is an independent skill, together with the fact that one of the salespeople was re-employed as a salesperson after leaving Northwest, are sufficient to establish that its salespeople are “engaged in an inde[364]*364pendently established trade, occupation, profession, or business” under Section 39-51-201(14)(b), MCA.

Notwithstanding the trend in recent years for people in many occupations to prefer the term “profession” to “occupation,” Northwest’s argument boils down to an assertion that because sales is a recognized occupation or profession involving marketable skills, it has met the “B” part of the independent contractor test. Accepting such a premise would equate the “B” test of being engaged in an independently established business or occupation with merely rendering services in the course of an occupation, as is already separately required in the first clause of Section 39-51-201(14), MCA. Such an interpretation would render the “B” requirement a nullity.

We have previously rejected the notion that possessing a saleable skill was the equivalent of being engaged in an independently established business, trade or occupation. In our leading case on this subject, Standard Chem. Mfg. Co. v. Employment Sec. (1980), 185 Mont. 241, 605 P.2d 610, Standard Chemical asserted that its commission salespeople were independent contractors rather than employees. With specific regard to the “independently established business” criterion and based on its finding that the salespeople had a saleable skill, the district court determined that they were independent contractors. We reversed, holding that the salespeople were employees. Standard Chem.,

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846 P.2d 1030 (Montana Supreme Court, 1993)

Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
846 P.2d 1030, 256 Mont. 360, 50 State Rptr. 110, 1993 Mont. LEXIS 34, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/northwest-publishing-v-montana-department-of-labor-industry-mont-1993.