SCHWAB, C.J.
On this appeal from an order dismissing a petition for writ of review, two questions are presented. (1) When a governmental agency and a citizen disagree on whether the agency must conduct a contested case hearing before taking action, what is the proper court in which to resolve such a dispute? (2) When an agency plans to issue a permit, must the agency grant a contested case hearing to citizens who favor or oppose the issuance of the permit?
Cascade Steel Bolling Mills, Inc., operates a factory in McMinnville. As required by OBS ch 449, Cascade applied to the Mid-Willamette Valley Air Pollution Authority (MWVAPA) for an air contaminant discharge permit. MWVAPA then scheduled a public hearing to allow citizens to express views on Cascade’s application. The hearing was conducted by one of MWVAPA’s Board members, and as far as the present record discloses, all interested citizens were heard.
Northwest Environmental Defense Center (NEDC), a nonprofit corporation, and some of its individual members who live near Cascade’s factory appeared by counsel at the MWVAPA hearing. Counsel moved that NEDC and its members be allowed to formally intervene in the MWVAPA proceedings. The thrust of
this motion was that NEDC wanted to be able to subpoena witnesses and records, and cross-examine witnesses. MWVAPA' denied the request to intervene, reasoning that the proceeding was an “informational” hearing rather than a “trial-type” hearing
Like other citizens, NEDC members were able, to express their views during the MWVAPA hearing. They were, however, denied subpoena power and the ability to cross-examine. ' .
The MWVAPA Board member who had presided at the hearing recommended that Cascade’s permit application be granted. The full Board' of Directors met and NEDC’s counsel renewed the motion to intervene. Thé Board denied NEDC’s motion and approved the issuance of a permit to Cascade.'
. NEDC then initiated this writ of review proceeding seeking a determination • that the procedures followed by .MWVAPA in issuing Cascade’s permit were defective in that NEDC had not been permitted to subpoena or cross-examine. MWVAPA moved to quash NEDC’s petition for a writ of review. The trial court granted the motion to quash and dismissed the proceedings. NEDC appeals.
Some . confusion arises in . this case because MWVAPA has made two separate. determinations. First, the agency denied NEDC’s request to intervene. Second, the agency granted a permit to Cascade. It should be emphasized that in this proceeding NEDC attacks only the first, i.e., attacks only the procedures MWVAPA followed in issuing Cascade’s permit. NEDC does not challenge the second, he., does not contend that on substantive grounds the issuance of the permit was invalid. Were that the case, different considerations would be involved.
In a written opinion the trial court concluded that it lacked jurisdiction over NEDC’s claim of invalid procedures:
“In the petition for a writ of review, petitioners allege that they requested intervention as a party and the right to exercise certain rights, but were denied the exercise of those rights and that the defendant acted ‘erroneously, in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Oregon Constitution and the Rules and Regulations of the MWVAPA in refusing to grant rights.’
“Inasmuch as petitioners claim the right to be heard as a party and denial of constitutional rights, they have, on the face of the petition, brought themselves under the provisions of APA review of contested eases. Jurisdiction for that review is in the Court of Appeals.”
The part of the petition for a writ of review referred to by the trial court reads:
“On or about June 12, 1973 *
*
* NEDC on behalf of itself and other named petitioners * * * [requested] leave to intervene in all proceedings before * * * [MWVAPA] regarding the application of Cascade Steel Rolling Mills, Inc. for an Air Contaminant Discharge Permit and requested] the right to appear, present and rebut testimony, subpoena records, cross-examine witnesses, and do each and every other thing allowed to full parties by law in administrative proceedings * *
The statute relied upon by the trial court, ORS 183.480 (2), reads:
“Jurisdiction for judicial review of contested eases is conferred upon the Court of Appeals, and the jurisdiction for judicial review of orders other than contested cases is conferred upon the Circuit Court for Marion County * *
The trial court erroneously interpreted the petition for a writ of review and the relevant statute. The petition did
not
allege that the MWVAPA proceedings were conducted as a contested case hearing. On the contrary, the essence of the claim advanced by the petition, albeit somewhat inartfully, was that the MWVAPA proceedings
should have teen tut were not
conducted as a contested ease hearing. NEDC’s claim of procedural irregularity stands or falls on the determination of whether MWVAPA
should have
held a contested case hearing.
Thus, the question is whether a given matter— issuance of a permit to Cascade — should or should not have been decided only after a contested case hearing. NEDC claims a contested case hearing was necessary. MWVAPA claims the contrary.
OES 183.480 (2) requires that these conflicting claims be resolved in the circuit court. MWVAPA’s denial of NEDC’s request to convert the Cascade license application proceedings into a contested case hearing was an agency order within the meaning of OES 183.310 (4), which provides:
“ ‘Order’ means any agency action expressed verbally or in writing directed to a named person or persons * * * which grants, denies, modifies, suspends or revokes any [claimed] right or privilege of such person.”
OES 183.480 (2) requires that orders that have been preceded by a contested case hearing be reviewed in this court, and orders that have not been preceded by a contested case hearing be reviewed in the circuit court. Obviously, MWVAPA’s order that it would not hold a contested case hearing was not preceded by a contested case hearing on NEDC’s request.
While the circuit court was the proper forum in which to proceed in this case, a writ of review was not the proper manner in which to proceed. The judicial review provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act are exclusive. NEDC now concedes this in light of our recent decision in
School Dist. No. 48 v. Fair Dis. App. Bd.,
14 Or App 35, 512 P2d 799 (1973). NEDC asks, however, that we direct the trial court to disregard the caption on their pleading and treat it as a petition for judicial review pursuant to OES 183.480 (2). In view of our decision on the merits, it is unnecessary to consider whether it is possible for us to do so.
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SCHWAB, C.J.
On this appeal from an order dismissing a petition for writ of review, two questions are presented. (1) When a governmental agency and a citizen disagree on whether the agency must conduct a contested case hearing before taking action, what is the proper court in which to resolve such a dispute? (2) When an agency plans to issue a permit, must the agency grant a contested case hearing to citizens who favor or oppose the issuance of the permit?
Cascade Steel Bolling Mills, Inc., operates a factory in McMinnville. As required by OBS ch 449, Cascade applied to the Mid-Willamette Valley Air Pollution Authority (MWVAPA) for an air contaminant discharge permit. MWVAPA then scheduled a public hearing to allow citizens to express views on Cascade’s application. The hearing was conducted by one of MWVAPA’s Board members, and as far as the present record discloses, all interested citizens were heard.
Northwest Environmental Defense Center (NEDC), a nonprofit corporation, and some of its individual members who live near Cascade’s factory appeared by counsel at the MWVAPA hearing. Counsel moved that NEDC and its members be allowed to formally intervene in the MWVAPA proceedings. The thrust of
this motion was that NEDC wanted to be able to subpoena witnesses and records, and cross-examine witnesses. MWVAPA' denied the request to intervene, reasoning that the proceeding was an “informational” hearing rather than a “trial-type” hearing
Like other citizens, NEDC members were able, to express their views during the MWVAPA hearing. They were, however, denied subpoena power and the ability to cross-examine. ' .
The MWVAPA Board member who had presided at the hearing recommended that Cascade’s permit application be granted. The full Board' of Directors met and NEDC’s counsel renewed the motion to intervene. Thé Board denied NEDC’s motion and approved the issuance of a permit to Cascade.'
. NEDC then initiated this writ of review proceeding seeking a determination • that the procedures followed by .MWVAPA in issuing Cascade’s permit were defective in that NEDC had not been permitted to subpoena or cross-examine. MWVAPA moved to quash NEDC’s petition for a writ of review. The trial court granted the motion to quash and dismissed the proceedings. NEDC appeals.
Some . confusion arises in . this case because MWVAPA has made two separate. determinations. First, the agency denied NEDC’s request to intervene. Second, the agency granted a permit to Cascade. It should be emphasized that in this proceeding NEDC attacks only the first, i.e., attacks only the procedures MWVAPA followed in issuing Cascade’s permit. NEDC does not challenge the second, he., does not contend that on substantive grounds the issuance of the permit was invalid. Were that the case, different considerations would be involved.
In a written opinion the trial court concluded that it lacked jurisdiction over NEDC’s claim of invalid procedures:
“In the petition for a writ of review, petitioners allege that they requested intervention as a party and the right to exercise certain rights, but were denied the exercise of those rights and that the defendant acted ‘erroneously, in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Oregon Constitution and the Rules and Regulations of the MWVAPA in refusing to grant rights.’
“Inasmuch as petitioners claim the right to be heard as a party and denial of constitutional rights, they have, on the face of the petition, brought themselves under the provisions of APA review of contested eases. Jurisdiction for that review is in the Court of Appeals.”
The part of the petition for a writ of review referred to by the trial court reads:
“On or about June 12, 1973 *
*
* NEDC on behalf of itself and other named petitioners * * * [requested] leave to intervene in all proceedings before * * * [MWVAPA] regarding the application of Cascade Steel Rolling Mills, Inc. for an Air Contaminant Discharge Permit and requested] the right to appear, present and rebut testimony, subpoena records, cross-examine witnesses, and do each and every other thing allowed to full parties by law in administrative proceedings * *
The statute relied upon by the trial court, ORS 183.480 (2), reads:
“Jurisdiction for judicial review of contested eases is conferred upon the Court of Appeals, and the jurisdiction for judicial review of orders other than contested cases is conferred upon the Circuit Court for Marion County * *
The trial court erroneously interpreted the petition for a writ of review and the relevant statute. The petition did
not
allege that the MWVAPA proceedings were conducted as a contested case hearing. On the contrary, the essence of the claim advanced by the petition, albeit somewhat inartfully, was that the MWVAPA proceedings
should have teen tut were not
conducted as a contested ease hearing. NEDC’s claim of procedural irregularity stands or falls on the determination of whether MWVAPA
should have
held a contested case hearing.
Thus, the question is whether a given matter— issuance of a permit to Cascade — should or should not have been decided only after a contested case hearing. NEDC claims a contested case hearing was necessary. MWVAPA claims the contrary.
OES 183.480 (2) requires that these conflicting claims be resolved in the circuit court. MWVAPA’s denial of NEDC’s request to convert the Cascade license application proceedings into a contested case hearing was an agency order within the meaning of OES 183.310 (4), which provides:
“ ‘Order’ means any agency action expressed verbally or in writing directed to a named person or persons * * * which grants, denies, modifies, suspends or revokes any [claimed] right or privilege of such person.”
OES 183.480 (2) requires that orders that have been preceded by a contested case hearing be reviewed in this court, and orders that have not been preceded by a contested case hearing be reviewed in the circuit court. Obviously, MWVAPA’s order that it would not hold a contested case hearing was not preceded by a contested case hearing on NEDC’s request.
While the circuit court was the proper forum in which to proceed in this case, a writ of review was not the proper manner in which to proceed. The judicial review provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act are exclusive. NEDC now concedes this in light of our recent decision in
School Dist. No. 48 v. Fair Dis. App. Bd.,
14 Or App 35, 512 P2d 799 (1973). NEDC asks, however, that we direct the trial court to disregard the caption on their pleading and treat it as a petition for judicial review pursuant to OES 183.480 (2). In view of our decision on the merits, it is unnecessary to consider whether it is possible for us to do so.
Turning to the merits, we hold that MWVAPA was not required to conduct a contested case hearing before issuing a permit to Cascade.
Buies .stated in four different places govern when a contested case hearing is necessary: (1) the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States .Constitution; (2) the Administrative Procedures. Act, OBS ch 183; (3) other Oregon statutes, specifically for present purposes, OBS ch 449; and (4) the rules of the agency in question.
(1) The Due Process Clause provides that no state shall “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” Based on the prohibition against
depriving
liberty and property, the Due Process Clause requires a hearing before an administrative agency can revoke,
or in some cases refuse to issue a permit or license.
There is no constitutional requirement that agencies have trial-type hearings before they
issue,
the hundreds of kinds of permits that are required for so many daily activities.
(2) The Administrative Procedures Act, in its definition of a contested case, OBS 183.310 (2), specifies some of the situations in which such a hearing must be held:
“ ‘Contested case’ means a proceeding before an agency:
“(a) In which the individual legal rights, duties or privileges of specific parties are required by statute or Constitution to be determined only after an agency hearing at which such specific parties are entitled to appear and be heard; or
“(b) Where the agency has discretion to suspend or revoke a right or privilege of a person; or “(c) For the suspension, revocation or refusal to renew or issue a license required to pursue any
commercial activity, trade, occupation or profession where the licensee or applicant for a license deniands such hearing '; or
“(d) Where the agency "by rule or order provides for hearings substantially of the character required by OES 183.415, 183.425 and 183.450 to 183.470.” .
Subsection (a) does not itself define when hearings are required, but requires looking to the Constitution or other .statutes.
See,, Papadopoulos v. Bd. of Higher Ed.,
14 Or. App 130, 511 P2d 854, Sup’ Ct
review denied
(1973). As noted above, the Constitution does' not require MWVAPA, once it decided to grant the. permit to Cascade, to hold any hearing. As noted below, no other statute imposes such a requirement. Nothing in subsections (b), (c) or (d) imposes such a requirement.
(3) The activities of MWVAPA are governed by OES ch 449. While the legislature is free to require contested case hearings preceding issuance of any air contaminant discharge permit, nothing in OES eh 449 now does so.
(4) OES 183.310 (2) (d) provides that even though a contested case hearing is not statutorily or constitutionally required in a given situation, if an agency by rule provides that there shall be a hearing which is substantially of the character defined as a contested case hearing, then such hearing must comply with the statutory procedures governing the conduct of contested cases. We find nothing in MW VAPA’s rules requiring a contested case hearing before issuance of permits, as distinguished from denial of permits. MW VAPA’s rules require at most an informational hearing:
“Public notice shall be made within fifteen (15)
days after the application [for an air contaminant discharge permit] is accepted for filing. The public notice shall allow thirty (30) days for written comment from the public and interested state and federal agencies.” Rule 22-030.
NEDC’s reliance on Rules 41-005 through 45-015 does not support its contention that a contested case hearing should have been held because the purpose of these rules “is to prescribe the procedure to be followed * *
*
in contested cases,” Rule 41-005 (1), and not to define situations when contested case hearings should be held.
Affirmed.