The opinion of the court was delivered by
Scott, J.
— Appellee was a passenger from St. Paul to Sprague on one of appellant’s cars, which was one of a class known as “free emigrant cars;” and during the passage she was injured by the falling of an upper berth while away from her seat, and standing by the stove. Just before she [386]*386left her seat at that particular time, some person passed through the car and raised the upper berth nearest to the stove, but did not push it up far enough so that the fastenings caught or locked. The berth might remain in such a position temporarily, but would be in constant danger oí falling. The fastenings of such berths were so arranged as to be further secured by locking with a padlock. As to whether it was customary to keep them so locked when raised, was not shown, but this one was not locked in this way at the time. The conductor testified, however, that if the berth had been pushed up high enough for the fastening to catch it could not have fallen. Appellee testified that she left her seat and went to the stove, and that while standing there the train started, giving a quick jerk; that she put out her hand and caught hold of the post by one of the berths, when the upper berth came down and caught two of her fingers and crushed them; that the injury caused her a great deal of pain, and one of the fingers was in danger of remaining permanently stiff; and that she thought her medicine and nurse bill would amount to $200. On cross-examination she testified that she thought it was a brakeman who pushed up the berth. The testimony of the physician who treated her was introduced. He said that her forefinger might remain permanently stiffened as an effect of the injury.
Appellant contends that appellee had no right to leave her seat unless there was a necessity for so doing, and that such necessity should have been pleaded in her complaint and supported by proof, and that without such an allegation any proof thereof was inadmissible. Appellee testified that she went to the stove for the purpose of getting warm. This testimony was objected to by appellant upon the ground aforesaid, that there was no allegation thereof in the complaint, which objection was overruled. This point was subsequently again raised by a request to charge, submitted by appellant, that “the seats constructed in the [387]*387cars used in the operation and running of trains by defendant railroad company áre constructed for the convenience of passengers, and by such passengers to be occupied while the train is moving, and not to be left or deserted while the train is in motion except where a necessity therefor arises, and if an injury occurred to any passenger after having left his or her seat which would not have occurred had such passenger remained in his or her seat the railroad company would not be liable except when a necessity arose for leaving the seat, which necessity should have been pleaded and sustained by evidence.” This instruction was refused by the court, and rightfully so. Of course, if the plaintiff’s proof had shown that she was guilty of any negligent act which contributed to the injury, she could not recover unless the defendant, with knowledge of the situation, could, by reasonable care and diligence, have prevented the accident. Her leaving her seat as she did, according to her testimony, was not negligence upon her part under the circumstances j and she was not bound to show, in making her case, that she was not guilty of contributory negligence. This was a matter for the defense to establish, if it was relied upon, and consequently there was no necessity for an allegation in the complaint of the kind contended for, and the proof of the plaintiff as to why she left her seat was incidental and immaterial. As to the burden of proof being upon the defense to show contributory negligence, see Hocum v. Weitherick, 22 Minn. 152; Paducah, etc., R. R. Co., v. Hoehl, 12 Bush, 41 ; Railroad Co. v. Gladmon, 15 Wall. 401 ; Railway Co. v. Pointer, 14 Kan. 37. We are aware that there is a conflict of authority upon this point, but deem the above rule the better one, after an examination of many authorities thereon pro and con submitted to us.
Appellant further contends that the following instruction given to the jury is erroneous, to wit: “You are instructed that if you find from the evidence that the bunk [388]*388in question was so arranged that it might be raised up, and when so raised would so remain temporarily without being fully locked, and when so raised was in a dangerous condition, and was so at the time plaintiff was injured, and the injury was caused thereby, you may from this find negligence upon the part of defendant,” — because it does not contain the further requirement that the berth must have been so raised by an employé of the company, or by the direction of one of its agents or employés, in order to make it liable, unless by due care and diligence it could have known of its unsafe situation had it been raised by another party. Standing alone, this instruction may be faulty in the particular claimed, but from the whole charge we do not think that the court intended to eliminate that condition from the elements of liability, or that the jury could have so understood it, for the court elsewhere in its instructions expressly told the jury that the mere occurrence of the accident did not raise a presumption of negligence on the part of the railroad company; that it must appear that the injury was the result of negligence on the part of the defendant, its agents or employés; and that if the berth, the falling of which caused the injury, was loosened or negligently pushed up by some person not in the employ of the company, that it would not be liable, and said further that the defendant was bound to exercise the highest degree of care and skill to preserve the safety of the passenger.
Taken as a whole, these instructions were as favorable to the defendant as it could ask, and there was no error therein that it could complain of, either as to the. point above mentioned or as to the degree of care required. It is a fundamental principle of the law pertaining to passenger carriers that those thus engaged are under an obligation, arising out of the nature of their employment, and on grounds of public policy, to provide for the safety of [389]*389passengers whom they have assumed for hire to carry from one place to another. Public policy and safety require that they be held to the greatest care and diligence in order that the personal safety of passengers be not left to chance or the negligence of careless agents; that, although the carrier does not warrant the safety of passengers against all events, yet his undertaking and liability as to them go to the extent that he, or his agents where he acts by agents, shall, so far as human care and foresight can go, transport them safely, and observe the utmost caution characteristic of careful, prudent men; that he is responsible for injuries received by passengers in the course of transportation which might have been avoided or guarded against by the exercise upon his part of extraordinary vigilance, and this caution and vigilance must necessarily be extended to all agencies or means employed by the carrier in the transportation of passengers.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Scott, J.
— Appellee was a passenger from St. Paul to Sprague on one of appellant’s cars, which was one of a class known as “free emigrant cars;” and during the passage she was injured by the falling of an upper berth while away from her seat, and standing by the stove. Just before she [386]*386left her seat at that particular time, some person passed through the car and raised the upper berth nearest to the stove, but did not push it up far enough so that the fastenings caught or locked. The berth might remain in such a position temporarily, but would be in constant danger oí falling. The fastenings of such berths were so arranged as to be further secured by locking with a padlock. As to whether it was customary to keep them so locked when raised, was not shown, but this one was not locked in this way at the time. The conductor testified, however, that if the berth had been pushed up high enough for the fastening to catch it could not have fallen. Appellee testified that she left her seat and went to the stove, and that while standing there the train started, giving a quick jerk; that she put out her hand and caught hold of the post by one of the berths, when the upper berth came down and caught two of her fingers and crushed them; that the injury caused her a great deal of pain, and one of the fingers was in danger of remaining permanently stiff; and that she thought her medicine and nurse bill would amount to $200. On cross-examination she testified that she thought it was a brakeman who pushed up the berth. The testimony of the physician who treated her was introduced. He said that her forefinger might remain permanently stiffened as an effect of the injury.
Appellant contends that appellee had no right to leave her seat unless there was a necessity for so doing, and that such necessity should have been pleaded in her complaint and supported by proof, and that without such an allegation any proof thereof was inadmissible. Appellee testified that she went to the stove for the purpose of getting warm. This testimony was objected to by appellant upon the ground aforesaid, that there was no allegation thereof in the complaint, which objection was overruled. This point was subsequently again raised by a request to charge, submitted by appellant, that “the seats constructed in the [387]*387cars used in the operation and running of trains by defendant railroad company áre constructed for the convenience of passengers, and by such passengers to be occupied while the train is moving, and not to be left or deserted while the train is in motion except where a necessity therefor arises, and if an injury occurred to any passenger after having left his or her seat which would not have occurred had such passenger remained in his or her seat the railroad company would not be liable except when a necessity arose for leaving the seat, which necessity should have been pleaded and sustained by evidence.” This instruction was refused by the court, and rightfully so. Of course, if the plaintiff’s proof had shown that she was guilty of any negligent act which contributed to the injury, she could not recover unless the defendant, with knowledge of the situation, could, by reasonable care and diligence, have prevented the accident. Her leaving her seat as she did, according to her testimony, was not negligence upon her part under the circumstances j and she was not bound to show, in making her case, that she was not guilty of contributory negligence. This was a matter for the defense to establish, if it was relied upon, and consequently there was no necessity for an allegation in the complaint of the kind contended for, and the proof of the plaintiff as to why she left her seat was incidental and immaterial. As to the burden of proof being upon the defense to show contributory negligence, see Hocum v. Weitherick, 22 Minn. 152; Paducah, etc., R. R. Co., v. Hoehl, 12 Bush, 41 ; Railroad Co. v. Gladmon, 15 Wall. 401 ; Railway Co. v. Pointer, 14 Kan. 37. We are aware that there is a conflict of authority upon this point, but deem the above rule the better one, after an examination of many authorities thereon pro and con submitted to us.
Appellant further contends that the following instruction given to the jury is erroneous, to wit: “You are instructed that if you find from the evidence that the bunk [388]*388in question was so arranged that it might be raised up, and when so raised would so remain temporarily without being fully locked, and when so raised was in a dangerous condition, and was so at the time plaintiff was injured, and the injury was caused thereby, you may from this find negligence upon the part of defendant,” — because it does not contain the further requirement that the berth must have been so raised by an employé of the company, or by the direction of one of its agents or employés, in order to make it liable, unless by due care and diligence it could have known of its unsafe situation had it been raised by another party. Standing alone, this instruction may be faulty in the particular claimed, but from the whole charge we do not think that the court intended to eliminate that condition from the elements of liability, or that the jury could have so understood it, for the court elsewhere in its instructions expressly told the jury that the mere occurrence of the accident did not raise a presumption of negligence on the part of the railroad company; that it must appear that the injury was the result of negligence on the part of the defendant, its agents or employés; and that if the berth, the falling of which caused the injury, was loosened or negligently pushed up by some person not in the employ of the company, that it would not be liable, and said further that the defendant was bound to exercise the highest degree of care and skill to preserve the safety of the passenger.
Taken as a whole, these instructions were as favorable to the defendant as it could ask, and there was no error therein that it could complain of, either as to the. point above mentioned or as to the degree of care required. It is a fundamental principle of the law pertaining to passenger carriers that those thus engaged are under an obligation, arising out of the nature of their employment, and on grounds of public policy, to provide for the safety of [389]*389passengers whom they have assumed for hire to carry from one place to another. Public policy and safety require that they be held to the greatest care and diligence in order that the personal safety of passengers be not left to chance or the negligence of careless agents; that, although the carrier does not warrant the safety of passengers against all events, yet his undertaking and liability as to them go to the extent that he, or his agents where he acts by agents, shall, so far as human care and foresight can go, transport them safely, and observe the utmost caution characteristic of careful, prudent men; that he is responsible for injuries received by passengers in the course of transportation which might have been avoided or guarded against by the exercise upon his part of extraordinary vigilance, and this caution and vigilance must necessarily be extended to all agencies or means employed by the carrier in the transportation of passengers.
It was claimed that no one was appointed to look after cars of this class, and for this reason a less rate of fare was charged upon them than upon other passenger cars; that this fact was generally known, and was understood by plaintiff at the time she bought her ticket; and that she selected this class of cars from choice by reason of the cheapness of the fare. But this would not excuse the company from liability for any negligence imputable to it, and it was a part of its duty to use due care to see that the berths were properly secured, and that the passengers therein were reasonably protected from injury.
It was further contended by the company that it would not be liable unless the injury in question resulted from the carelessness or negligence of one of its agents or servants in raising the berth, and that the proof showed that it was raised by a newsboy; that, although the appellee testified upon cross-examination that she thought it was a brakeman who raised it, she also testified that she would have [390]*390known better soon after tbe accident occurred as to who did it than she would at the later time of the trial. Certain exhibits were offered in evidence by the defendant below, being letters written by appellee to the superintendent of the company, in one of which she stated she was injured by the carelessness of one of 'the company’s employés, which was written a short time after the injury. A few days later she wrote another letter, stating therein that it was a newsboy who pushed up the berth. Appellant contends that this testimony showed clearly that it was a newsboy who raised the berth, and that there was no evidence that it was raised by an employé of the company, and consequently the company would not be liable, there being no evidence to sustain the claim that the injury resulted by reason of the neglect of an agent of the company. We think, however, that there was sufficient evidence in this particular to sustain the verdict. The jury might have believed the testimony of the plaintiff wherein she stated that it was a brakeman who raised the berth. No proof was introduced as to the duties of a newsboy or brakeman in this particular. The plaintiff did state in one of her letters to the superintendent of the company that the act was performed by an employé of the company, and a few days later she stated that it was a newsboy who raised the berth. This0, also, was some evidence that it was an employé of the company who performed the act.
It was claimed in the argument of the cause here that the damages allowed were excessive; that the injury could not have been serious, as the appellee was able to write with the injured hand soon after the accident. But this point was waived in consequence of its not being saved or raised in appellant’s brief. There was no proof, however, as to which hand was injured, or that she used the injured hand in writing the letters aforesaid.
[391]*391It was further argued that the evidence of the amount incurred for medical treatment and nursing was inadmissible under the pleading; that it was in the nature of special damage, and should have been specially pleaded. Appellant moved to strike this testimony, but the record does not show that any ground was stated for the motion. The court denied it. The evidence was admissible, as the complaint did contain an allegation that the plaintiff had been compelled to expend $150 for medical treatment and nursing. It was not necessary that it should have been separately pleaded as a distinct cause of action, but, unless an amendment was asked and permitted, the amount of the recovery therefor should have been limited to the sum claimed in the complaint. But the appellant did not ask to have this done, either by a ruling of the court at the time, or by requesting an instruction to that effect to the jury; and no point over it of which this court can take notice was raised. The charge does seem to have been exorbitant, and no special circumstances appear to account for it ; but the matter was not inquired into upon cross-examination, nor was the amount claimed to have been incurred dispute^ or questioned in any way except by the motion, as stated, nor do we know what the jury in fact allowed therefor. None of the points claimed by appellant are well taken, and the judgment is affirmed.
Hoyt and Dunbar, JJ., concur.