Mr. Justice Wilkin
delivered the opinion of the Court:
A peremptory writ of mandamus is here sought on the petition of a private individual. No public rights are involved. The petition must therefore clearly show that petitioner has a personal interest in the thing he seeks to compel the respondents to do. He must clearly show that he has been injured in his personal interest by the refusal of the defendants to do a duty imposed upon them by law. The People ex rel. v. Masonic Benevolent Ass. 98 Ill. 637; High on Extraordinary Remedies, sec. 431.
Mandamus will not lie, on the petition of a private citizen, merely to settle some doubtful question, but to entitle him to the writ he must clearly show that he has a legal right which has been denied, and that the denial of such right affects his personal interest. The writ is never awarded to settle mere abstract rights, unaccompanied with substantial or practical benefits. (Gormley v. Bay, 114 Ill. 185.) “The writ of mandamus is a high prerogative writ, to be awarded in the discretion of the court, and ought not to issue in any case unless the party applying for it shall show a clear legal right to have the thing sought by it done, and in the manner and by the person or body sought to be coerced, and must be effectual as a remedy if enforced, and it must be in the power of the party, .and his duty also, to do the act sought to be done. It is well settled that in a doubtful case this writ should not be awarded. It is never awarded unless the right of the relator is clear and undeniable, and the party sought to be coerced is bound to act.” The People v. Hatch, 33 Ill. 140; The People v. Glann et al. 70 id. 232.
Our statute dispensing with the alternative writ has not Telieved the relator from the common law requirement of show,ing a clear and indubitable right to the relief demanded, and every material fact necessary to show that it is the legal duty of the defendant to do the thing demanded must be averred, in the petition which now takes the place of the alternative-writ. (The People ex rel. v. Davis et al. 93 Ill. 133; The People v. Madison County, 125 id. 341.) The writ is only issued in a clear case, and in the discretion of the court. Brokaw v. Comrs. of Highways, 130 Ill. 482.
The petitioner here seeks to compel the defendants to readmit him to the University of Illinois without requiring him. to obey one of its rules, and without requiring him to ask tc -be excused from obedience thereto. First, does he show by ,'his petition that his purpose in so doing is to vindicate a personal right or protect an individual interest? He states no .facts in his petition from which it can be seen that he will be-injured in any way if the writ is denied. He simply shows,, that after nearly five years of acquiescence in the action of the faculty and board of trustees suspending him, he “applied': for admission to classes in said university, and was refused', because of said suspension.” What classes he made application to enter and what his purpose was in making such application,—whether to pursue his course of studies therein or merely for the purposes of this suit,—he does not say. After these years of unexplained delay he can not even claim that-it should be inferred that he made such application with the-desire and intention of in good faith resuming his course of study in said university. But if he could, as we have seen, his right and interest are not to be left to inference, but must-be clearly averred when this extraordinary writ is invoked. More than this, when his allegation of application for readmission is considered in connection with the other averments of the petition, it is clear that the application was-made, not for the purpose of securing an individual right, but for the sole purpose of questioning the right of the board of trustees to adopt the rule, which he condemns as an infringement upon the constitutional rights of students, generally, in' the institution. By his own showing, from .the inception of his disobedience his purpose has been, not to protect a personal interest, but to compel respondents to abrogate one of the long-established regulations of the university. This motive- , was clearly disclosed in his communication to Dr. Peabody,, dated April 23, 1885. He there says, to ask to be excused; would be asking a favor for himself not accorded to others,, which he will never do. He also says, the first thing to be, settled is, whether or not the faculty has the legal authority: to adopt the rule which he had violated,—thus clearly showing that he had resolved to disregard the rule, not because it interfered with his personal or individual interests, but because he sought an opportunity to test the legality of a regu.lation of the university as applied to all students attending the same. His theory throughout has been, that even though he could receive absolute immunity for himself from the requirement by asking it, yet, the rule existing, he was, within the meaning of the constitution, required to attend a place of worship without his consent.
■ It needs no citation of authorities, or argument, to show,, that if respondents have exceeded their authority in adopting rules for the government of students, and any one desires to-question such rules on behalf of the public, he must do so in the name of the People of the State of Illinois. But, independently of this question, we think the petition wholly fails-to show that the defendants have acted unlawfully, or been '.guilty of any wrong. Their answer avers that they had thedawful right to adopt all reasonable rules and regulations for the government of the university, and in pursuance of that-right did adopt the rule in question. This averment the demurrer to the answer admits. Moreover, the act of the legislature establishing the institution- clearly confers upon them such power. It follows, that in enacting such rules they exercise an official discretion, (McCormick v. Burt, 95 Ill. 263,). and with that discretion courts will not interfere by mandamus. “The rule is, that in all matters requiring the exercise of official judgment, or resting in the sound discretion of the person to whom a duty is confided by law, mandamus will not lie, ■either to control the exercise of that discretion, or to determine upon the decision which shall be finally given.” High on '^Extraordinary Remedies, see. 42.
It certainly will not be insisted that the rule requiring students to attend chapel exercises is unreasonable or unlawful as applied to those who are willing to obey it. The legality of the rule is questioned on the sole ground that it violates that clause of section 3 of article 2 of the constitution of this State which says, “No person shall be required to attend or support any ministry or place of worship against his consent.” It is not pretended by the petitioner that the exercises at the ■chapel meetings were sectarian, and therefore objectionable, but the only objection to those exercises was and is, that they were in part religious worship, within "the meaning of the above quoted language of the constitution. In the view we take of -the case that fact may be conceded. The real question on -this branch of the case is, was it a violation of that constitutional provision for respondents to adopt the rule, and require obedience thereto by those. attending the university, unless ■excused therefrom.
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Mr. Justice Wilkin
delivered the opinion of the Court:
A peremptory writ of mandamus is here sought on the petition of a private individual. No public rights are involved. The petition must therefore clearly show that petitioner has a personal interest in the thing he seeks to compel the respondents to do. He must clearly show that he has been injured in his personal interest by the refusal of the defendants to do a duty imposed upon them by law. The People ex rel. v. Masonic Benevolent Ass. 98 Ill. 637; High on Extraordinary Remedies, sec. 431.
Mandamus will not lie, on the petition of a private citizen, merely to settle some doubtful question, but to entitle him to the writ he must clearly show that he has a legal right which has been denied, and that the denial of such right affects his personal interest. The writ is never awarded to settle mere abstract rights, unaccompanied with substantial or practical benefits. (Gormley v. Bay, 114 Ill. 185.) “The writ of mandamus is a high prerogative writ, to be awarded in the discretion of the court, and ought not to issue in any case unless the party applying for it shall show a clear legal right to have the thing sought by it done, and in the manner and by the person or body sought to be coerced, and must be effectual as a remedy if enforced, and it must be in the power of the party, .and his duty also, to do the act sought to be done. It is well settled that in a doubtful case this writ should not be awarded. It is never awarded unless the right of the relator is clear and undeniable, and the party sought to be coerced is bound to act.” The People v. Hatch, 33 Ill. 140; The People v. Glann et al. 70 id. 232.
Our statute dispensing with the alternative writ has not Telieved the relator from the common law requirement of show,ing a clear and indubitable right to the relief demanded, and every material fact necessary to show that it is the legal duty of the defendant to do the thing demanded must be averred, in the petition which now takes the place of the alternative-writ. (The People ex rel. v. Davis et al. 93 Ill. 133; The People v. Madison County, 125 id. 341.) The writ is only issued in a clear case, and in the discretion of the court. Brokaw v. Comrs. of Highways, 130 Ill. 482.
The petitioner here seeks to compel the defendants to readmit him to the University of Illinois without requiring him. to obey one of its rules, and without requiring him to ask tc -be excused from obedience thereto. First, does he show by ,'his petition that his purpose in so doing is to vindicate a personal right or protect an individual interest? He states no .facts in his petition from which it can be seen that he will be-injured in any way if the writ is denied. He simply shows,, that after nearly five years of acquiescence in the action of the faculty and board of trustees suspending him, he “applied': for admission to classes in said university, and was refused', because of said suspension.” What classes he made application to enter and what his purpose was in making such application,—whether to pursue his course of studies therein or merely for the purposes of this suit,—he does not say. After these years of unexplained delay he can not even claim that-it should be inferred that he made such application with the-desire and intention of in good faith resuming his course of study in said university. But if he could, as we have seen, his right and interest are not to be left to inference, but must-be clearly averred when this extraordinary writ is invoked. More than this, when his allegation of application for readmission is considered in connection with the other averments of the petition, it is clear that the application was-made, not for the purpose of securing an individual right, but for the sole purpose of questioning the right of the board of trustees to adopt the rule, which he condemns as an infringement upon the constitutional rights of students, generally, in' the institution. By his own showing, from .the inception of his disobedience his purpose has been, not to protect a personal interest, but to compel respondents to abrogate one of the long-established regulations of the university. This motive- , was clearly disclosed in his communication to Dr. Peabody,, dated April 23, 1885. He there says, to ask to be excused; would be asking a favor for himself not accorded to others,, which he will never do. He also says, the first thing to be, settled is, whether or not the faculty has the legal authority: to adopt the rule which he had violated,—thus clearly showing that he had resolved to disregard the rule, not because it interfered with his personal or individual interests, but because he sought an opportunity to test the legality of a regu.lation of the university as applied to all students attending the same. His theory throughout has been, that even though he could receive absolute immunity for himself from the requirement by asking it, yet, the rule existing, he was, within the meaning of the constitution, required to attend a place of worship without his consent.
■ It needs no citation of authorities, or argument, to show,, that if respondents have exceeded their authority in adopting rules for the government of students, and any one desires to-question such rules on behalf of the public, he must do so in the name of the People of the State of Illinois. But, independently of this question, we think the petition wholly fails-to show that the defendants have acted unlawfully, or been '.guilty of any wrong. Their answer avers that they had thedawful right to adopt all reasonable rules and regulations for the government of the university, and in pursuance of that-right did adopt the rule in question. This averment the demurrer to the answer admits. Moreover, the act of the legislature establishing the institution- clearly confers upon them such power. It follows, that in enacting such rules they exercise an official discretion, (McCormick v. Burt, 95 Ill. 263,). and with that discretion courts will not interfere by mandamus. “The rule is, that in all matters requiring the exercise of official judgment, or resting in the sound discretion of the person to whom a duty is confided by law, mandamus will not lie, ■either to control the exercise of that discretion, or to determine upon the decision which shall be finally given.” High on '^Extraordinary Remedies, see. 42.
It certainly will not be insisted that the rule requiring students to attend chapel exercises is unreasonable or unlawful as applied to those who are willing to obey it. The legality of the rule is questioned on the sole ground that it violates that clause of section 3 of article 2 of the constitution of this State which says, “No person shall be required to attend or support any ministry or place of worship against his consent.” It is not pretended by the petitioner that the exercises at the ■chapel meetings were sectarian, and therefore objectionable, but the only objection to those exercises was and is, that they were in part religious worship, within "the meaning of the above quoted language of the constitution. In the view we take of -the case that fact may be conceded. The real question on -this branch of the case is, was it a violation of that constitutional provision for respondents to adopt the rule, and require obedience thereto by those. attending the university, unless ■excused therefrom. There is certainly nothing in this section of our constitution prohibiting this and like institutions of learning from adopting reasonable rules requiring their students to attend chapel exercises of a religious nature, and to use at least moral suasion and all argumentative influences :to induce obedience thereto. It is a well known fact that such institutions do generally adopt similar regulations, and that, with rare exceptions, those attending them yield cheerful obedience thereto, regardless of their personal views on the subject of religion. Many esteem it a privilege to be allowed to attend such exercises. Parents placing their children in colleges and universities often desire that they shall be brought under such influences. Shall a court say such a requirement is, in and of itself, a violation of said constitutional provision, merely because some one or more students attending the university may object to obeying it? More especially, should this be done when, as is here shown by the answer, the rules expressly provide that for good cause students may be ekcused from ■obedience to such regulation? We have said in construing this section of the constitution: “Religion and religious worship are not so far placed under the ban of the constitution that they may not be allowed to become the recipients of any incidental benefit whatever from the public bodies or authorities of the State.” (Welch et al. v. Sherer et al. 93 Ill. 64.) It may be said with greater reason that there’ is nothing in that instrument so far discountenancing religious worship that colleges and other public institutions of learning may not lawfully adopt all reasonable regulations for the inculcation of moral and religious principles in those attending them.
We are clearly of opinion that the rule is not unlawful. At most it could only be fairly contended, that, under said •clause of the constitution, one so desiring it should, for reasonable cause, be excused from its observance. The whole of said section 3 being considered, it is clear that it is designed to protect the citizen in the free exercise of his religious opinions, and it should be liberally construed to that end. It is ■doubtless true that one owing obedience to no one else can not be required to explain or give an excuse why he does not attend places of religious worship; but a moment’s reflection will convince any one that the reasons for so holding can not be applied to those who voluntarily place themselves under the government of others, or who are, by parents and guardians, placed in institutions of learning, where a code of rules must be adopted for the general government of all students attending them. In the one case, the citizen has the right to use his time as he pleases, and so long .as he does not interfere with the rights of others, he may go where' he will, and conduct-himself as he sees proper. This he may do independently of all questions of conscience. In the other case, however, the will of the student is necessarily subservient to that of those who are for the time being his masters. By voluntarily entering the university, or being placed there by those having the right to control him, he necessarily surrenders very many of his individual rights. How his time shall be occupied; what his habits shall be; his general deportment; that he shall not visit certain places; his hours of study and recreation,—in all these matters, and many others, he must yield obedience to those who, for the time being, are his masters; and yet, were it not for the fact that he is under the government of the university, he could find ample provision in the constitution to protect him against the enforcement of all rules thus abridging hi's personal liberty. In this case, petitioner could not say the faculty had not the right to require him to spend his time in attending chapel, because they, and not himself, had the right to say how he should spend his time. He admits that the rule requiring him to attend chapel was obligatory upon him, and that he was bound to obey it as to all exercises held there except those of a religious character. What personal right, then, has he been deprived of that the faculty did not have complete legal authority to take away from him, unless it be a right of conscience ? But this right he expressly stated to the faculty was not in any way interfered with. - The answer expressly avers, and this the demurrer admits, that he arbitrarily, and in defiance of the authority of said “board of trustees and faculty, refused to attend chapel meetings, and also refused to ask to be excused therefrom, and denied the right or authority of said trustees to ask such attendance.”
We think the conclusion is irresistible, that in his controversy with the faculty petitioner was not attempting to protect himself in the .exercise of a, constitutional privilege, but was only using that clause of the constitution as a shield for insubordination himself, and endeavoring to furnish others an excuse for disobedience. In placing an estimate upon his conduct toward the authorities of the institution, it is to be noted that the rule in question was in force from the time he became a student therein to the time he began to disobey it, and that he not only gave his consent to obey it, but for more than five years, without objection, did obey it. Will it be contended that during that period he was compelled to attend a place of worship without his consent ? Was the rule unconstitutional as to him during that time ? According to his own showing, when he made up his mind to no longer observe the rule, he did not so much as inform the faculty of that determination, much less make a request to be allowed to withdraw his former consent to obey it. As we have seen, he was requested to base his application to be excused from attending chapel exercises, on the only reasonable ground that it could be based. He not only refused to do that, but, according to the allegations of the answer, which he admits, refused to ask to be excused on any ground. His expulsion was the result of his own wrong. Neither the respondents nor the faculty have been guilty of a violation of law or the doing of any wrong.
The authorities cited by counsel for petitioner do not militate against this conclusion. The case of The State ex rel. v. District No. 8, 76 Wis. 177, is much relied upon as sustaining petitioner’s right to the writ. The ease is wholly unlike this. The relators in that case were members of the Boman Catholic church, and tax-payers in the school district. Their children attending the district school were also members of that church. The complaint was, that bible readings in the school were exclusively from the “King James version,” and therefore sectarian instruction, in violation of section 3 of article 10 of the constitution of that State, “which ordains that no sectarian instruction shall be allowed in the district schools of this State.” Lyon, J., who wrote the principal opinion in the case, confines his discussion and decision to that question, only, and, as we read the petition, that was the only constitutional question raised by it. In the concurring opinions filed by Casody and Orton, JJ., there is a discussion of the question as to whether or not such bible reading, as alleged in the petition, was a violation of the rights of conscience, and amounted to compelling the relators to aid in the support of a place of worship without their consent, within the prohibition of other, sections of that constitution. It is manifest that all that is said in that case could not be approved by this court, consistently with our former decisions, as is there expressly recognized ;■ but if it could, still it would by no means follow that a peremptory writ should issue in this case. None of the questions ■there decided are necessarily involved here.
We are clearly of opinion that there is no sufficient ground here shown to authorize the ordering of the peremptory writ of mandamus, and it is therefore denied.
Mandamus denied.
Separate opinion by Soholfield, C. J.:
I place my concurrence in the refusal to award a pererdptory mandamus in this case on this ground only: A peremptory mandamus will never issue in favor of a private party, unless' it shall be made to affirmatively appear that .he will otherwise be deprived of something of substantial value to him. It will never be granted, however clear may be the abstract right, to settle a question to merely gratify vanity or curiosity, nor will it be granted if the application be made too late to give to the relator that which the relator asks. The People v. Curyea, 16 Ill. 547; Christman v. Peck, 90 id. 150; Tapping on Mandamus, 68, *16.
There is no allegation in this petition that the relator is desirous of again becoming a pupil in this university, and that if the writ shall be granted he will do so, and the facts stated dn the petition authorize an inference to the contrary. They ¡are, that he entered the university as a pupil in September, 1879, and remained a student therein until the 30th of April, 1885, when he was suspended, and that if he had remained’, in the university until the June immediately following his suspension, he would have graduated therefrom at that time. He shows that he acquiesced in that suspension by taking no legal steps to be restored until in March, 1890,—a period of almost five years,—when this petition was filed. If now really desirous of re-entering the university, to again, in good faith, resume his studies therein, he should have so stated.
Magruder, J.: I concur in the views expressed by Chief Justice SCHOLFIELD.