CHILTON, J.
This was an indictment for grand larceny. Plea not guilty. The defendant below was convicted and sentenced by the presiding judge to three years imprisonment in the penitentiary.
A bill of exceptions was sealed at the trial, from which it appears that the father of the prisoner was introduced as a witness, who testified that his son was about seventeen years of age at the time of the commission of the alleged act: That he had lived with him from his infancy (birth,) and he testified to many facts, consisting of the acts and declarations of the prisoner, tending to show, that for a series of years he had been insane, and was of unsound and diseased mind at the time of the commission of the supposed larceny. Upon the part of the defence, it was then proposed to prove by the witness, that it was his opinion, founded on the acts and declara* tions thus deposed to, that the prisoner was of unsound mind at the time of the alleged offence, but the court refused to permit the witness to give his opinion as evidence to the jury. The witness then staled that he knew of numerous little acts and circumstances, which he had not the power to detail or explain, but which would go to show the condition of the defendant’s mind for a series of years, up to the time he committed the alleged act, and which aided Witness in the formation [778]*778of his opinion as to the mental condition of the prisoner. The proposition to admit his opinion was thereupon renewed, but rejected by the court. One Haman was also introduced in behalf of the prisoner, who swore that he had been, teaching school since 1841; that the defendant was his pupil in .1847, and so continued up to within a short period of the alleged act: That the conduct of the prisoner had attracted his peculiar attention ever since he had become his pupil:. That he had been in the habit of closely observing the peculiar mental characteristics of his pupils, and of noticing their ability to comprehend and to learn; that he- had particularly observed the mental condition of the prisoner, and felt capable from this, as well as from bis general observation of the minds of all his scholars, of giving a correct opinion as to. the character and condition of the defendant’s mind úp to the- time he left his school. The defence then proposed to prove by this witness, that in his opinion, the prisoner was insane and incapable of distinguishing between right and wrong. This proof was also rejected by the presiding judge, and the several- decisions of the prim-ary- court, rejecting the opinions of said witnesses, are now insisted on in this court as erroneous.
Although as a general rule, the opinions of witnesses are not to be received as evidence, yet there are exceptions to the rule, arising cither out of the nature of the fact to be proved, or dependent upon the character of the witness by whom the proof is to be made. Of the first class, we may instance the familiar practice of receiving as evidence a witness’s belief or opinion of the identity of a person; his- hand writing-;, of the value of property, and the like. So of the second, experts or persons skilled in the science; profession or trade, to which ihe question has relation, may give their opinion in evidence. The opinions of medical men as to tire cause of disease — the tendency of wounds, as well as the menial condition, are con- - stantly received. — 1 Greenl. Ev. § 4-40. But upon the ques-i tion of sanity or insanity, the exception seems to extend be-j yond the opinion of medical men, and to allow the opinion of | such witnesses, as from long intimacy, or familiar and fre-„ quent intercourse with the party alleged to be insane, peculiarly fit them to judge of his mental condition. Such opinion, however, must be preceded by the facts and circumstances [779]*779upon which it is predicated. — Boling v. Boling, ex’r, 8 Ala. Rep. 538; State v. Brinyea, 5 ib. 243; Roberts v. Traywick, 13 ib. 84; Clarke v. The State, 12 Ohio Rep. 483; Clary v. Clary, 2 Iredell’s Rep. 78. In the ease last cited, it is well observed “ if the witness may be permitted to state he has known the individual for many years, has repeatedly conversed with him and heard others converse with him, and had noticed that in these conversations he was incoherent and silly;that in his habits, he was occasionally highly pleased and greatly vexed, without a cause; and that in his conduct he was irrational, extravagant and crazy; what would this be but to declare the opinion of the witness of what is incoherent or foolish in conversation, what reasonable cause of pleasure or resentment — and what the indicia of sound or disordered intellect ? The court in that case held, that a witness who has had an opportunity of knowing and observing a person whose sanily is impeached, may not only depose to the facts he knows, but may also give his opinion or belief of his sanity or insanity. Such evidence seems generally to have been admitted in the Ecclesiastical Courts of England. — See Wheeler v. Alderson, 3 Hogg’s Ecc. Rep. 574; 1 Greenl. Ev. 3d ed. 595, n. 6, and authorities cited; Phil.Ev.C. & H. notes, 759 n. 529. A person may be insane — -he may.carry along with him such marked and unmistakable indications of a diseased intellect, as to satisfy every one familiar with his habits and peculiarities that he is insane, yet perhaps but few per-' sons, without giving an opinion, could so describe the pathological condition of his mind, as to communicate to a jury a distinct idea of his true condition. Shall the witness be confined to facts alone? Does not even a casual observer of mental phenomena fully recognize the impossibility of communicating to another the facts, and almost numberless minute circumstances, indicating a morbid action of the brain, and consequent mental aberration, the main force of which may consist in some peculiar characteristic, which none but the observer can folly appreciate? The jury,unlike the witnesses, have no knowledge of the condition of the accused from personal observation. How then shall they be placed in posses- ■, sion of those mysterious and indescribable phases which insanity wears, which, though they make a correct and vivid [780]*780impression upon the mind of the observer, yet lose much of their 'force by an attempted •description ? Must the prisoner lose the benefit of such testimony altogether, or shall the witness be required to furnish as well as he may, a pantomimic delineation of the wild look, the vacant stare, the unnatural gait, the distorted countenance, the idiotic laugh, as well as the numberless caprices and Sudden and apparently causeless exhibitions of joy and sorrow ? Were such the law, the force of the testimony would be made to depend upon the powers of the witness for imitation. Besides, the whole would resolve itself into matters -of opinion at last, since the witness would but exhibit, as well as he could, the conception or opinion, formed in his own mind, of the appearance and conduct of the prisoner. “ But judgment,” says Judge -Gaston, in the case of Clary v. Clary, supra, “ founded on actual observation of the capacity, disposition, temper, character, peculiarities of habits, form, features, or hand writing of others, is more than mere opinion. It approaches to knowledge, and is knowledge so far as the imperfection of human nature will permit knowledge of these things to be acquired, and the result thus acquired should be communicated to the jury, because they have not had the opportunities of personal observation, and because in no other way can they effectually have the benefit of the knowledge gained by the observation of others.”
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CHILTON, J.
This was an indictment for grand larceny. Plea not guilty. The defendant below was convicted and sentenced by the presiding judge to three years imprisonment in the penitentiary.
A bill of exceptions was sealed at the trial, from which it appears that the father of the prisoner was introduced as a witness, who testified that his son was about seventeen years of age at the time of the commission of the alleged act: That he had lived with him from his infancy (birth,) and he testified to many facts, consisting of the acts and declarations of the prisoner, tending to show, that for a series of years he had been insane, and was of unsound and diseased mind at the time of the commission of the supposed larceny. Upon the part of the defence, it was then proposed to prove by the witness, that it was his opinion, founded on the acts and declara* tions thus deposed to, that the prisoner was of unsound mind at the time of the alleged offence, but the court refused to permit the witness to give his opinion as evidence to the jury. The witness then staled that he knew of numerous little acts and circumstances, which he had not the power to detail or explain, but which would go to show the condition of the defendant’s mind for a series of years, up to the time he committed the alleged act, and which aided Witness in the formation [778]*778of his opinion as to the mental condition of the prisoner. The proposition to admit his opinion was thereupon renewed, but rejected by the court. One Haman was also introduced in behalf of the prisoner, who swore that he had been, teaching school since 1841; that the defendant was his pupil in .1847, and so continued up to within a short period of the alleged act: That the conduct of the prisoner had attracted his peculiar attention ever since he had become his pupil:. That he had been in the habit of closely observing the peculiar mental characteristics of his pupils, and of noticing their ability to comprehend and to learn; that he- had particularly observed the mental condition of the prisoner, and felt capable from this, as well as from bis general observation of the minds of all his scholars, of giving a correct opinion as to. the character and condition of the defendant’s mind úp to the- time he left his school. The defence then proposed to prove by this witness, that in his opinion, the prisoner was insane and incapable of distinguishing between right and wrong. This proof was also rejected by the presiding judge, and the several- decisions of the prim-ary- court, rejecting the opinions of said witnesses, are now insisted on in this court as erroneous.
Although as a general rule, the opinions of witnesses are not to be received as evidence, yet there are exceptions to the rule, arising cither out of the nature of the fact to be proved, or dependent upon the character of the witness by whom the proof is to be made. Of the first class, we may instance the familiar practice of receiving as evidence a witness’s belief or opinion of the identity of a person; his- hand writing-;, of the value of property, and the like. So of the second, experts or persons skilled in the science; profession or trade, to which ihe question has relation, may give their opinion in evidence. The opinions of medical men as to tire cause of disease — the tendency of wounds, as well as the menial condition, are con- - stantly received. — 1 Greenl. Ev. § 4-40. But upon the ques-i tion of sanity or insanity, the exception seems to extend be-j yond the opinion of medical men, and to allow the opinion of | such witnesses, as from long intimacy, or familiar and fre-„ quent intercourse with the party alleged to be insane, peculiarly fit them to judge of his mental condition. Such opinion, however, must be preceded by the facts and circumstances [779]*779upon which it is predicated. — Boling v. Boling, ex’r, 8 Ala. Rep. 538; State v. Brinyea, 5 ib. 243; Roberts v. Traywick, 13 ib. 84; Clarke v. The State, 12 Ohio Rep. 483; Clary v. Clary, 2 Iredell’s Rep. 78. In the ease last cited, it is well observed “ if the witness may be permitted to state he has known the individual for many years, has repeatedly conversed with him and heard others converse with him, and had noticed that in these conversations he was incoherent and silly;that in his habits, he was occasionally highly pleased and greatly vexed, without a cause; and that in his conduct he was irrational, extravagant and crazy; what would this be but to declare the opinion of the witness of what is incoherent or foolish in conversation, what reasonable cause of pleasure or resentment — and what the indicia of sound or disordered intellect ? The court in that case held, that a witness who has had an opportunity of knowing and observing a person whose sanily is impeached, may not only depose to the facts he knows, but may also give his opinion or belief of his sanity or insanity. Such evidence seems generally to have been admitted in the Ecclesiastical Courts of England. — See Wheeler v. Alderson, 3 Hogg’s Ecc. Rep. 574; 1 Greenl. Ev. 3d ed. 595, n. 6, and authorities cited; Phil.Ev.C. & H. notes, 759 n. 529. A person may be insane — -he may.carry along with him such marked and unmistakable indications of a diseased intellect, as to satisfy every one familiar with his habits and peculiarities that he is insane, yet perhaps but few per-' sons, without giving an opinion, could so describe the pathological condition of his mind, as to communicate to a jury a distinct idea of his true condition. Shall the witness be confined to facts alone? Does not even a casual observer of mental phenomena fully recognize the impossibility of communicating to another the facts, and almost numberless minute circumstances, indicating a morbid action of the brain, and consequent mental aberration, the main force of which may consist in some peculiar characteristic, which none but the observer can folly appreciate? The jury,unlike the witnesses, have no knowledge of the condition of the accused from personal observation. How then shall they be placed in posses- ■, sion of those mysterious and indescribable phases which insanity wears, which, though they make a correct and vivid [780]*780impression upon the mind of the observer, yet lose much of their 'force by an attempted •description ? Must the prisoner lose the benefit of such testimony altogether, or shall the witness be required to furnish as well as he may, a pantomimic delineation of the wild look, the vacant stare, the unnatural gait, the distorted countenance, the idiotic laugh, as well as the numberless caprices and Sudden and apparently causeless exhibitions of joy and sorrow ? Were such the law, the force of the testimony would be made to depend upon the powers of the witness for imitation. Besides, the whole would resolve itself into matters -of opinion at last, since the witness would but exhibit, as well as he could, the conception or opinion, formed in his own mind, of the appearance and conduct of the prisoner. “ But judgment,” says Judge -Gaston, in the case of Clary v. Clary, supra, “ founded on actual observation of the capacity, disposition, temper, character, peculiarities of habits, form, features, or hand writing of others, is more than mere opinion. It approaches to knowledge, and is knowledge so far as the imperfection of human nature will permit knowledge of these things to be acquired, and the result thus acquired should be communicated to the jury, because they have not had the opportunities of personal observation, and because in no other way can they effectually have the benefit of the knowledge gained by the observation of others.”
In the case before us, the witnesses whose opinions were offered, although not physicians, were nevertheless well qualified, from their long intimacy with the prisoner, and peculiar opportunities of observing his mental aberrations, to form a correct judgment concerning his true condition. Certainly no one than a parent has a better opportunity of knowing the mental condition of a child upon whom Providence has laid an afflicting hand ; and next to the parent, the person to whom such child may bo turned over for instruction. We feel satisfied, both from reason and authority, the proof should have been received.
We do not agree with the attorney general that such opinions are confined to cases arising under contested wills, or in civil controversies. We see no reason and find no authority thus limiting the exception. Neither does the fact that a father may be induced to commit perjury to save life of the son, [781]*781in giving an incorrect opinion as to his sanity,, render the proof illegal Th.e fact of relationship goes to the credit, not to the competency of the witness, and although some may be found base enough to yield to such temptation, and the guilty thereby escape, there will doubtless be cases where the unfortunate victim of disease or grief, whose derangement of mind deprives him of free agency, will be rescued from the gallows or penitentiary, so that he may share the benefit of some provision to be made for his restoration.
Our conclusion is that the opinions of the witnesses offered ttnder the circumstances, should have been allowed to go to the jury for what they were worth, that the jury having sean-ed them might have determined whether the party was really insane when he committed the alleged offence, or whether his insanity was simulated.
Let the judgment be reversed, and the cause remanded.