RENDERED: AUGUST 16, 2018 TO BE PUBLISHED 1 □
2016-SC-000248-DG
NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS V. CASE N0.2014-CA-001298-MR BOYLE CIRCUIT COURT NO. 12-CI-00262
SHARON JOHNSON APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE WRIGHT
REVERSING
Appellant, Sharon Johnson, was employed by the Danville Police
Department as a patrol officer. Johnson fell down an embankment and was
injured while pursuing a suspect on foot. Johnson brought suit against
Norfolk Southern Railway Company and Centre College. The circuit court
granted a directed verdict in favor of Norfolk Southern, finding that the
Fireman’s Rule bars Johnson’s recovery as a matter of law. Johnson appealed
that verdict to the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals reversed and
remanded to the circuit court, holding that the Fireman’s Rule did not bar
Johnson’s claim. Because we agree with the circuit court that the Fireman’s
Rule bars Johnson’s claim, we reverse the Court of Appeals and reinstate the
circuit court’s ruling directing a verdict in favor of Norfolk Southern.
1 Centre College was granted summary judgment after Norfolk Southern conceded that the fall took place on its property. I. BACKGROUND
On June 16, 2011, Johnson responded to a dispatch call regarding an
individual on Dillehay Street who “was possibly intoxicated, maybe on
something” and was “stripping his clothes off and walking up towards the
stockyards.” Sergeant Chris Matano also responded to the dispatch call. Once
on the scene, Matano and Johnson pursued the suspect on foot. The foot
pursuit led to a tree line and embankment located on Norfolk Southern’s
property. Matano was in front of Johnson in the pursuit, and descended the
embankment without issue. However, this was not the case for Johnson. She
fell to the bottom of the embankment, injuring her wrist and eye as a result of
the fall. Johnson acknowledged that the embankment was a natural condition,
not caused by Norfolk Southern.
Matano, having descended the embankment safely, placed the suspect
into custody. Upon realizing Johnson had fallen, Matano contacted dispatch
and requested emergency medical services.
Johnson filed suit against Norfolk Southern, claiming the embankment
was a dangerous condition on its premises and that the company is liable to
her for the fall. Norfolk Southern moved for a directed verdict based upon the
common-law Firefighter’s Rule and the open-and-obvious danger defense. The
circuit court concluded that Johnson’s claim was barred by the Firefighter’s
Rule and granted Norfolk Southern’s motion. Johnson appealed this judgment
to the Court of Appeals, which reversed the circuit court and held that the case
at hand did not satisfy the three factors under the Firefighter’s Rule and remanded the case for further proceedings consistent with its opinion. We
reverse the Court of Appeals and reinstate the circuit court’s directed verdict.
II. ANALYSIS
Our predecessor Court adopted the Firefighter’s Rule in Buren v. Midwest
Indus., Inc., 380 S.W.2d 96 (Ky. 1964). The Rule is a public policy
consideration that bars firefighters from recovering from injuries sustained
while in the course of their duties. The constitutionality of this rule was
challenged in Hawkins v. Sunmark Indus., Inc., in which this Court held:
for reasons of public policy, our rule is that firemen are required to assume the ordinary risks of their employment, a dangerous occupation, to the extent necessary to serve the public purpose of fire control, and this means providing the Fireman’s Rule as a defense for those who are the owners or occupiers of the property he is employed to protect.
727 S.W.2d 397, 400 (Ky. 1986).
The Rule was expanded by the Court of Appeals to include police officers
in Fletcher v. Illinois Central Gulf Railroad Co., 679 S.W.2d 240 (Ky. App.1984).
This Court acknowledged that extension in Sallee v. GTE S., Inc., 839 S.W.2d
277, 279 (Ky. 1992).
The elements that must be satisfied for the Firefighters Rule to bar a
claim are enumerated in Sallee, 839 S.W.2d at 279:
There are three prongs necessary to the application of the Firefighter’s Rule as adopted in Kentucky:
1) The purpose of the policy is to encourage owners and occupiers, and others similarly situated, in a situation where it is important to themselves and to the general public to call a public protection agency, and to do so free from any concern that by so doing they may encounter legal liability based on their negligence in creating the risk.
2) The policy bars public employees (firefighters, police officers, and the like) who, as an incident of their occupation, come to a given location to engage a specific risk; and
3) The policy extends only to that risk.
Id. at 279 (footnote omitted). In Sallee, a paramedic was responding to a call
when he fell into a shallow trench on the property. Sallee brought suit against
the utility company which dug the trench. This Court held that Sallee was not
injured by a risk inherent in his occupation and, therefore, the Firefighter’s
Rule did not bar his claim.
Here, the Court of Appeals held that, like the utility company in Sallee,
Norfolk Southern does not fit within the first prong of the rule. It reasoned that
Norfolk Southern is neither an owner, occupier, nor person otherwise falling
within the description of those who (in the specific situation presented herein)
need to be protected so they will call upon the appropriate public protection
agency. Further, the Court of Appeals stated that:
there is no evidence that Norfolk [Southern] placed the call regarding the suspect, or was even aware of the incident in question. More importantly, Norfolk [Southern] in no manner negligently created a risk that necessitated or was the cause of Johnson’s presence on the property. Instead, Johnson’s entering onto the property and subsequently falling down the embankment was the result of wholly independent factors not involving Norfolk [Southern].
However, Sallee is distinguishable from the case at hand. Sallee brought suit
against the utility company—not the property owner. Here, all parties and the
courts have conceded that Norfolk Southern is the owner and occupier of the land in question. Further, although Norfolk Southern did not place the call
regarding the suspect, the company is considered to be an owner or occupier
who should be able to contact a public protection agency without the concern
of legal liability.
We are of the opinion that Norfolk Southern fits within the first prong of
the Firefighter’s Rule. The Court of Appeals erred in reasoning that Norfolk
Southern did not satisfy the first prong because they did not contact law
enforcement regarding the suspect. To affirm such reasoning, that for the
Firefighter’s Rule to apply the property owner must be the one who contacts
law enforcement, would narrow this policy substantially. We see no need to do
so.
Johnson also fits within the second prong of the Firefighter’s Rule. As
stated, the Court of Appeals expanded the Firefighter’s Rule to include police
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
RENDERED: AUGUST 16, 2018 TO BE PUBLISHED 1 □
2016-SC-000248-DG
NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS V. CASE N0.2014-CA-001298-MR BOYLE CIRCUIT COURT NO. 12-CI-00262
SHARON JOHNSON APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE WRIGHT
REVERSING
Appellant, Sharon Johnson, was employed by the Danville Police
Department as a patrol officer. Johnson fell down an embankment and was
injured while pursuing a suspect on foot. Johnson brought suit against
Norfolk Southern Railway Company and Centre College. The circuit court
granted a directed verdict in favor of Norfolk Southern, finding that the
Fireman’s Rule bars Johnson’s recovery as a matter of law. Johnson appealed
that verdict to the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals reversed and
remanded to the circuit court, holding that the Fireman’s Rule did not bar
Johnson’s claim. Because we agree with the circuit court that the Fireman’s
Rule bars Johnson’s claim, we reverse the Court of Appeals and reinstate the
circuit court’s ruling directing a verdict in favor of Norfolk Southern.
1 Centre College was granted summary judgment after Norfolk Southern conceded that the fall took place on its property. I. BACKGROUND
On June 16, 2011, Johnson responded to a dispatch call regarding an
individual on Dillehay Street who “was possibly intoxicated, maybe on
something” and was “stripping his clothes off and walking up towards the
stockyards.” Sergeant Chris Matano also responded to the dispatch call. Once
on the scene, Matano and Johnson pursued the suspect on foot. The foot
pursuit led to a tree line and embankment located on Norfolk Southern’s
property. Matano was in front of Johnson in the pursuit, and descended the
embankment without issue. However, this was not the case for Johnson. She
fell to the bottom of the embankment, injuring her wrist and eye as a result of
the fall. Johnson acknowledged that the embankment was a natural condition,
not caused by Norfolk Southern.
Matano, having descended the embankment safely, placed the suspect
into custody. Upon realizing Johnson had fallen, Matano contacted dispatch
and requested emergency medical services.
Johnson filed suit against Norfolk Southern, claiming the embankment
was a dangerous condition on its premises and that the company is liable to
her for the fall. Norfolk Southern moved for a directed verdict based upon the
common-law Firefighter’s Rule and the open-and-obvious danger defense. The
circuit court concluded that Johnson’s claim was barred by the Firefighter’s
Rule and granted Norfolk Southern’s motion. Johnson appealed this judgment
to the Court of Appeals, which reversed the circuit court and held that the case
at hand did not satisfy the three factors under the Firefighter’s Rule and remanded the case for further proceedings consistent with its opinion. We
reverse the Court of Appeals and reinstate the circuit court’s directed verdict.
II. ANALYSIS
Our predecessor Court adopted the Firefighter’s Rule in Buren v. Midwest
Indus., Inc., 380 S.W.2d 96 (Ky. 1964). The Rule is a public policy
consideration that bars firefighters from recovering from injuries sustained
while in the course of their duties. The constitutionality of this rule was
challenged in Hawkins v. Sunmark Indus., Inc., in which this Court held:
for reasons of public policy, our rule is that firemen are required to assume the ordinary risks of their employment, a dangerous occupation, to the extent necessary to serve the public purpose of fire control, and this means providing the Fireman’s Rule as a defense for those who are the owners or occupiers of the property he is employed to protect.
727 S.W.2d 397, 400 (Ky. 1986).
The Rule was expanded by the Court of Appeals to include police officers
in Fletcher v. Illinois Central Gulf Railroad Co., 679 S.W.2d 240 (Ky. App.1984).
This Court acknowledged that extension in Sallee v. GTE S., Inc., 839 S.W.2d
277, 279 (Ky. 1992).
The elements that must be satisfied for the Firefighters Rule to bar a
claim are enumerated in Sallee, 839 S.W.2d at 279:
There are three prongs necessary to the application of the Firefighter’s Rule as adopted in Kentucky:
1) The purpose of the policy is to encourage owners and occupiers, and others similarly situated, in a situation where it is important to themselves and to the general public to call a public protection agency, and to do so free from any concern that by so doing they may encounter legal liability based on their negligence in creating the risk.
2) The policy bars public employees (firefighters, police officers, and the like) who, as an incident of their occupation, come to a given location to engage a specific risk; and
3) The policy extends only to that risk.
Id. at 279 (footnote omitted). In Sallee, a paramedic was responding to a call
when he fell into a shallow trench on the property. Sallee brought suit against
the utility company which dug the trench. This Court held that Sallee was not
injured by a risk inherent in his occupation and, therefore, the Firefighter’s
Rule did not bar his claim.
Here, the Court of Appeals held that, like the utility company in Sallee,
Norfolk Southern does not fit within the first prong of the rule. It reasoned that
Norfolk Southern is neither an owner, occupier, nor person otherwise falling
within the description of those who (in the specific situation presented herein)
need to be protected so they will call upon the appropriate public protection
agency. Further, the Court of Appeals stated that:
there is no evidence that Norfolk [Southern] placed the call regarding the suspect, or was even aware of the incident in question. More importantly, Norfolk [Southern] in no manner negligently created a risk that necessitated or was the cause of Johnson’s presence on the property. Instead, Johnson’s entering onto the property and subsequently falling down the embankment was the result of wholly independent factors not involving Norfolk [Southern].
However, Sallee is distinguishable from the case at hand. Sallee brought suit
against the utility company—not the property owner. Here, all parties and the
courts have conceded that Norfolk Southern is the owner and occupier of the land in question. Further, although Norfolk Southern did not place the call
regarding the suspect, the company is considered to be an owner or occupier
who should be able to contact a public protection agency without the concern
of legal liability.
We are of the opinion that Norfolk Southern fits within the first prong of
the Firefighter’s Rule. The Court of Appeals erred in reasoning that Norfolk
Southern did not satisfy the first prong because they did not contact law
enforcement regarding the suspect. To affirm such reasoning, that for the
Firefighter’s Rule to apply the property owner must be the one who contacts
law enforcement, would narrow this policy substantially. We see no need to do
so.
Johnson also fits within the second prong of the Firefighter’s Rule. As
stated, the Court of Appeals expanded the Firefighter’s Rule to include police
officers in Fletcher, 679 S.W.2d at 240. We have adopted this expansion,
stating that patrol officers are among the class of public employees that are
protected under the policy of the Firefighter’s Rule. Sallee, 839 S.W.2d at 279.
Johnson was employed as a patrol officer and was called to the location where
she was injured while in pursuit of a suspect. This is a normal part of the
duties of a police officer and the danger of changes in the terrain during
pursuit of a suspect is a specific risk of the job. Further, she was on Norfolk
Railway’s property for the sole reason of apprehending the suspect in the
course of her job. The Court of Appeals also held that Johnson did not fit within the third
prong of the rule. The court cited Sallee, holding that Johnson “was not
injured by the risk she was called upon to engage, but by a risk different in
both kind and character.” Id. 839 S.W.2d at 279.
As mentioned previously, Johnson’s injury occurred after she fell down
an embankment while engaged in a foot pursuit of a suspect. She had
responded to a call regarding an individual acting in a disorderly manner,
which led to this pursuit. We agree with the argument presented by Norfolk
Southern: Johnson’s injury was a result of the risk that she was called upon
to engage.
In Rice v. Vanderespt, 389 S.W.3d 645 (Ky. Ct. App. 2012), the Court of
Appeals held the Firefighter’s Rule applied to bar a police officer from
recovering from the assailant’s landlords for injuries sustained from gunshot
wounds while responding to a domestic violence call at a leased premises.
There, the court said the risk of receiving gunshot injuries fell within the scope
of risks inherent in the duties of a police officer. The Court of Appeals held:
We cannot agree that by failing to evict their tenant before April 8, 2009, the Vanderespts created an undue risk of injury beyond what is inevitably involved in responding to a call for help from the scene of ongoing domestic violence. On the contrary, the injuries that Officer Rice sustained at the Vanderespts’ property were sadly but inescapably within the scope of those very risks inherent in her duty as a patrol officer responding to just such a call. Consequently, we conclude that the public policy considerations underlying the Firefighter’s Rule clearly apply to the undisputed facts of this case and preclude recovery by Rice. Id. at 647. We are of the opinion that, like Rice, Johnson’s injury was within
the scope of the risks inherent in her duty as a patrol officer assisting in
apprehending a suspect.
Because Johnson meets the three prongs of the Firefighter’s Rule, she
may not recover from Norfolk Southern. Since this case is resolved pursuant to
the Firefighter’s Rule, we need not address whether the danger was open and
obvious.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the opinion of the Court of Appeals
and reinstate the circuit court’s directed verdict in favor of Norfolk Southern.
All sitting. Cunningham, Hughes, Keller, VanMeter, Venters, and
Wright, JJ., concur. Minton, C.J., concurs in result only.
7 COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
Robert Barry Cetrulo Cetrulo, Mowery 85 Hicks, PSC
Casey Leigh Hinkle Kaplan 85 Partners LLP
Michael P. Abate Kaplan Johnson Abate & Bird LLP
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
Kelly P. Spencer Spencer Law Group
Lyman Darby Lexington, KY