TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
ON MOTION FOR REHEARING
NO. 03-03-00620-CV
Nolan Byron Warren, Appellant
v.
Nora Zamarron, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 126TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. GN-300531, HONORABLE DARLENE BYRNE, JUDGE PRESIDING
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
Our opinion and judgment issued on February 3, 2005 are withdrawn, and the
following opinion is substituted.
A no-answer default judgment was entered against appellant Nolan Byron Warren
in a suit brought by appellee Nora Zamarron for damages arising out of an automobile accident. In
this restricted appeal, Warren complains that service was not effected in strict compliance with the
rules and that the trial court's award of damages is not supported by the evidence. We affirm in part
and reverse and remand in part.
Service of Process
Warren first asserts that service was not effected in strict compliance with the rules
and therefore the default judgment cannot stand. He asserts that error is evident on the face of the
record because the return receipt was signed by "Byron Warren," whereas the court documents name
"Nolan Byron Warren" as defendant.
A default judgment may be attacked through a restricted appeal brought (1) within
six months of the date of the judgment, (2) by a party to the suit (3) who did not participate in the
actual trial, (4) if the asserted error is apparent on the face of the record. Norman Communications
v. Texas Eastman Co., 955 S.W.2d 269, 270 (Tex. 1997); see Tex. R. App. P. 26.1(c), 30. A plaintiff
defending a default judgment must show strict compliance with the procedural rules governing
citation and return of service. Primate Constr., Inc. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151, 152 (Tex. 1994); see
Tex. R. Civ. P. 99, 103, 105, 106, 107. In reviewing a default judgment, we make no presumptions
of compliance with the rules. Primate Constr., 884 S.W.2d at 152.
After an original petition is filed, the clerk issues a citation and delivers it "as directed
by the requesting party"; the party requesting citation is responsible for obtaining service of the
citation and a copy of the petition. Tex. R. Civ. P. 99(a). The citation provides information about
the case, such as the court in which it was filed, the parties' names, the date by which the defendant
must answer, and that failure to answer may result in default judgment being entered against the
defendant. Tex. R. Civ. P. 99(b). An authorized person serves the citation by delivering it and a
copy of the petition to the defendant in person or by registered or certified mail, return receipt
requested. Tex. R. Civ. P. 103, 106(a). When the serving officer receives the citation, he or she
must note the time and date of receipt. Tex. R. Civ. P. 105. Once service is made, the serving
officer must sign a "return of service" and note when and how citation was served. Tex. R. Civ. P.
107. If service is made by registered or certified mail, the return receipt signed by the addressee
must be attached to the return of service. Id. A return of service is considered prima facie evidence
of the facts recited therein. Primate Constr., 884 S.W.2d at 152. Such recitations carry so much
weight that they are rebutted only by corroborated proof. Id.
Zamarron named "Nolan Byron Warren" as defendant and provided a post office box
as the appropriate address for service of process. Citation was issued to "Nolan Byron Warren" and
the return of service was filed by an authorized private process server and verified by a notary public.
The return recites that the citation, petition, and several discovery documents were executed at the
given address on February 24, 2003 to "Nolan Byron Warren" by restricted certified mail, return
receipt requested. The return receipt attached to the return of service lists "Nolan Byron Warren"
as the addressee, states it is "RESTRICTED DELIVERY ONLY!" and that the restricted fee was
paid, and has the word "ONLY" handwritten next to a checked box requiring that the receipt be
signed by the addressee. "Nolan Byron Warren" is hand-printed in the "Received by" block, and
"Byron Warren" is the name signed in the signature block next to the "Addressee ONLY" box.
Warren's argument is that because the return receipt was not signed "Nolan Byron
Warren," the receipt does not show strict compliance with the rules. We disagree. It is true that the
courts examine service of citation in default judgment cases very strictly. See, e.g., Uvalde Country
Club v. Martin Linen Supply Co., 690 S.W.2d 884, 885 (Tex. 1985) (holding that citation to and
service on "Henry Bunting," not "Henry Bunting, Jr.," were defective); TAC Ams., Inc. v. Boothe,
94 S.W.3d 315, 320-21 (Tex. App.--Austin 2002, no pet.) (holding that return of service showing
citation obtained after it was purportedly served was defective). However, the return of service and
return receipt brought forth in this cause comply with the rules of procedure.
The return receipt notes in several places that it was restricted and could only be given
to and signed by the addressee himself. Warren's full name, Nolan Byron Warren, is handwritten
below the signature line as the person by whom the citation was received. It is only Warren's
handwritten signature that does not include "Nolan," and we will not hold Zamarron responsible for
the manner in which Warren apparently chose to sign his name. Process servers cannot be expected
to require a citation recipient to sign his or her name in a particular manner, and it would be virtually
impossible to effect proper service if a recipient could defeat service by failing to sign his or her full,
formal name. The fact that Warren did not sign his first name does not render this service invalid
or defective. (1) The record contains uncontroverted, prima facie evidence that Warren was the person
served by restricted certified mail. See id. We hold there is no error in service of citation on the face
of this record. We overrule Warren's first point of error.
Evidence Supporting the Damages Award
Warren next argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support
the trial court's damages awards, attacking the evidence supporting the court's findings of various
types of damages and the authentication of some of Zamarron's evidence.
Standard of Review
Review by restricted appeal involves a review of the entire case, and legal and factual
sufficiency claims may be raised. Norman Communications, 955 S.W.2d at 270. However, error
must appear on the face of the record, which consists of all the papers on file, including the statement
of facts. Id. When a default judgment on an unliquidated claim is entered, all factual allegations set
forth in the petition are deemed admitted except for the amount of damages. Holt Atherton Indus.,
Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 83 (Tex. 1992). Before awarding unliquidated damages in a default
judgment, a trial court must hear evidence of those damages. Tex. R. Civ. P. 243; Heine, 835
S.W.2d at 83. If no findings of fact or conclusions of law are filed or requested in a bench trial, we
will assume that the trial court made all findings necessary to support its judgment, but when a
reporter's record is made part of the record, these implied findings may be challenged for factual or
legal sufficiency. Heine, 835 S.W.2d at 83-84. In reviewing legal sufficiency, we will consider only
the evidence and inferences that tend to support the finding, disregarding all contrary evidence and
inferences and will overrule the challenge if more than a scintilla of evidence supports the finding.
Id. at 84. In reviewing factual sufficiency, we will not substitute our judgment for the fact-finder's,
but will consider all of the evidence and reverse only if the challenged finding is so against the great
weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust or shock the conscience. Pool
v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986).
Evidence of Damages
Because Warren attacks the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court's
damages awards, a recitation of the evidence produced at the default judgment hearing is necessary.
Zamarron testified that she was rear-ended by Warren in February 2001 and that the accident was
Warren's fault. Zamarron testified that as a result of the accident she suffered head, neck, and back
injuries, which caused her physical and mental pain and suffering and required medical treatment.
Zamarron received cortisone injections, went to therapy with a chiropractor, and was seeing an
orthopedic surgeon. Zamarron testified that the surgeon determined Zamarron had "a 10 percent
disability as a result of this collision" and prescribed a "TENS unit" for therapy. Zamarron was still
having neck problems and noticed that the pain changed with the weather. She testified that her past
treatments caused her pain and she anticipated similar pain for future therapy and treatments.
Zamarron introduced her medical records and bills into evidence. The records show
that Zamarron was involved in an earlier automobile accident in September 2000, and state that her
doctors tried to differentiate between the two accidents. One doctor noted that Zamarron's injuries
were caused by the February 2001 accident with Warren and that several months later she still had
persistent pain in her neck and shoulder. The bulk of Zamarron's records refer to the February 2001
accident as the date of injury and focus on that accident as the cause of her injuries.
Past and Future Medical Expenses
Warren first attacks the trial court's awards for past and future medical expenses,
arguing that (i) Zamarron's medical records were not properly authenticated and thus improperly
admitted, (ii) there was no proof that the bills were for reasonable and necessary services, and (iii)
the bills submitted do not total the amount awarded for past expenses.
We agree with Warren that Zamarron did not prove the reasonable necessity of her
medical expenses, an essential element to recovery of medical expenses. See Jackson v. Gutierrez,
77 S.W.3d 898, 902 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.). Proof of the amounts
Zamarron actually paid in medical expenses, presented through the admission of her medical records
and bills, does not establish that the expenses were necessary. See id. Indeed, even if Zamarron had
proved that the expenses were reasonable and customary, there is still insufficient evidence that they
were necessary. (2) See id. A plaintiff may prove that her medical expenses were reasonably necessary
through expert testimony or through an affidavit complying with section 18.001 of the civil practice
and remedies code. Id.; see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 18.001 (West 1997). Zamarron
produced neither expert testimony nor an affidavit and did not make the required showing of
necessity. The evidence is factually insufficient to support the trial court's awards of past and future
medical expenses. We therefore reverse the awards for past and future medical expenses. We need
not address whether Zamarron's medical records were properly authenticated or admitted or whether
any error in the admission of the records was waived.
Past and Future Pain and Suffering
We now turn to Warren's complaints related to the trial court's awards for past and
future pain and suffering. Zamarron testified that as a result of the accident she suffered head, back,
neck, and shoulder injuries and suffered pain in those areas. She stated that her past medical
treatments were very painful; that she underwent several months of treatment with a chiropractor;
that she was currently being treated by an orthopedic surgeon, who believed she had a ten-percent
disability as a result of the accident; and that she still suffered neck pain. Zamarron believed that,
based on her past and on-going pain, she would continue to suffer pain in the future.
Awards for damages such as pain and suffering should not be disturbed unless they
are excessive. See Rosenboom Mach. & Tool, Inc. v. Machala, 995 S.W.2d 817, 829 (Tex.
App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. denied); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Sholl, 990 S.W.2d 412, 420
(Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1999, pet. denied); Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp. v. Martin, 942
S.W.2d 712, 719 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1997, no writ). Based on this record, we hold that the evidence
is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court's awards of $9,793 for past pain and
suffering and $9,793 for future pain and suffering. We overrule Warren's complaints related to the
pain and suffering awards.
Past and Future Mental Pain and Suffering
The trial court's awards for mental pain and suffering, however, cannot be sustained.
The only evidence as to mental anguish came when Zamarron was asked, "Did you experience any
mental pain and suffering," and responded, "Yes." Recovery for mental anguish requires evidence
of the nature, duration, or severity of mental anguish leading to a substantial disruption in her daily
routine or other evidence of a high degree of mental distress amounting to more than mere worry or
anxiety. (3) Saenz v. Fidelity & Guar. Ins. Underwriters, 925 S.W.2d 607, 614 (Tex. 1996) (quoting
Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434, 444 (Tex. 1995)). Zamarron's agreement that she had
endured mental pain and suffering does not amount to the required showing. See Jackson, 77
S.W.3d at 903. The evidence is factually insufficient to support the trial court's awards for mental
pain and suffering. We therefore reverse those awards.
Costs
Finally, we consider the trial court's $300.84 award for litigation costs. Zamarron
correctly notes that a prevailing party may recover "all costs incurred therein." Tex. R. Civ. P. 131.
Zamarron stated during the default hearing that she had incurred "$300.84 for the cost of litigation,
being post judgment at the legal rate allowed by law, and all costs of court incurred in the cause of
action and in defense of this judgment." However, the certified bill of costs included in the record
is not entirely clear as to the costs incurred by Zamarron, (4) and on appeal, she states that her $300.84
request "was merely a specification of the total costs of court as of the time of default, said costs
being for costs of filing fee, citation fee, and service fee," but provides no further explanation that
would result in a $300.84 total. Because we are remanding portions of this cause for further
proceedings, further costs might be incurred. Therefore, we need not attempt to interpret the bill of
costs to determine whether the trial court's award was correct. Instead, we reverse the award of costs
and remand it to the trial court for a new calculation of costs after further proceedings have been
conducted.
Evidence Showing a Causal Nexus
Last, Warren argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to show a
causal nexus between the accident and Zamarron's damages. We disagree.
A plaintiff in a default judgment must prove a "causal nexus" between the event made
the basis of the suit and the plaintiff's injuries. Morgan v. Compugraphic Corp., 675 S.W.2d 729,
732 (Tex. 1984). "Proving that the event sued upon caused the plaintiff's alleged injuries is part and
parcel of proving the amount of damages to which the plaintiff is entitled." Id. Zamarron testified
that as a result of the accident caused by Warren, her head, neck, back, and shoulders were injured,
causing her pain and suffering and requiring medical care. We hold that Zamarron's testimony
established a causal nexus between the accident and her injuries and damages. See Jackson, 77
S.W.3d at 902.
Conclusion
We affirm the trial court's finding that service was properly made and its entry of
default judgment against Warren. We hold that Zamarron sufficiently established a causal nexus
between the accident cause by Warren and her injuries and damages and affirm the trial court's
awards of past and future pain and suffering. However, the damages awards for past and future
medical expenses and mental pain and suffering are not supported by sufficient evidence and are
reversed. We remand the cause for a new hearing on those measures of damages and for court costs.
See Heine, 835 S.W.2d at 86. (5)
__________________________________________
David Puryear, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Patterson and Puryear
Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Remanded in Part
Filed: May 5, 2005
1. We do not know what name Warren uses in his daily life, but it is certainly not
inconceivable that he, like many others, uses his middle name instead of his first or full name.
Warren cites Uvalde Country Club v. Martin Linen Supply Co. for support of his argument. 690
S.W.2d 884 (Tex. 1985). In Uvalde Country Club, the petition stated that service should be made
on Henry Bunting, Jr., but citation was directed to Henry Bunting. Id. at 884. The court held that
there was no showing that Henry Bunting was authorized to receive service or otherwise connected
to the defendant. Id. at 885. Here, the petition, the citation, and the return receipt were all addressed
to Nolan Byron Warren. The affidavit of service recites that the documents were delivered "to the
within named Nolan Byron Warren via U.S.P.S. Restricted Certified Mail." See Primate Constr.,
Inc. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151, 152 & n.1 (Tex. 1994) (return of service is prima facie evidence of
recited facts; return stated registered agent was served and was prima facie evidence of person's
status as registered agent). There was no error committed by Zamarron or the process server that
would render this service invalid.
2. Although Warren argues that Zamarron's medical records were improperly admitted, even
if we were to consider the records, they do not show reasonable necessity.
3. Case law treats "mental pain and suffering" interchangeably with "mental anguish." See
Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434, 442 (Tex. 1995) ("mental anguish" damages permitted
when "mental suffering" accompanied by physical injury or produced by particularly disturbing
event); Carrell v. Richie, 697 S.W.2d 43, 44-45 (Tex. App.--Austin 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.)
(upholding award for "mental pain and suffering" when evidence described terror, "fear, trepidation,
humiliation and embarrassment"); see also Carr v. Weiss, 984 S.W.2d 753, 768, 770 (Tex.
App.--Amarillo 1999, pet. denied) (using both phrases in discussion of mental anguish damages).
4. In his brief, appellant states, "Although it is not entirely clear, the certified bill of costs
appears to show taxable court costs of $274." The bill of costs lists the following charges: various
filing fees totaling $185, $8 for issuance of citation, $73 in service fees, two $8 fees titled "fee
account payable other," one marked with a "P" and the other with a "U."
5. Warren argues that it is improper to remand only part of the damages award for a new trial,
citing Holt Atherton Industries, Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80 (Tex. 1992), and Texaco, Inc. v. Phan,
137 S.W.3d 763 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.). In Heine, the plaintiff obtained a
default judgment and was awarded $159,665 in damages, $120,000 of which was for lost profits.
835 S.W.2d at 83. The supreme court held there was insufficient evidence of lost profits. Id. at 86.
However, instead of reversing the entire award, the court limited its reversal, only "remand[ing] the
cause to the trial court for a new trial on the issue of lost profits." Id. (emphasis added). In Texaco,
the plaintiffs were awarded damages for lost profits and mental anguish and exemplary damages.
137 S.W.3d at 766. The court of appeals held that there was insufficient evidence of lost profits and,
without actual damages, no grounds for exemplary damages. Id. at 772. The court reversed the
judgment and remanded "the cause for a new trial as to damages," citing Heine. Id. at 774. The
court did not discuss the mental anguish damages.