NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _______________
No. 20-1862 _______________
NOHEMY ESPERANZA LOPEZ REYES; E.J.L.L., Petitioners
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
_______________
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (Agency Nos. A209-278-251, A209-278-252) Immigration Judge: Charles M. Honeyman _______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a): December 8, 2020 _______________
Before: MCKEE, PORTER, and FISHER, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: December 16, 2020)
______________
OPINION ∗ ______________
∗ This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding precedent. PORTER, Circuit Judge.
Nohemy Esperanza Lopez Reyes, 1 a native and citizen of Honduras, petitions for
review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) upholding the denial of
her applications for asylum, withholding of removal under the Immigration and
Nationality Act (“INA”), and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).
After denying Lopez’s applications for relief from removal, an Immigration Judge (“IJ”)
ordered that Lopez and her son be removed to Honduras. 2 Because the factual findings
underlying the agency’s denial of Lopez’s applications are supported by substantial
evidence, we will deny the petition for review. 3
I
In September 2016, Lopez and her son were paroled into the United States after an
asylum officer found Lopez to have a credible fear of persecution. The Department of
Homeland Security charged Lopez and her son with removability, which they conceded.
Lopez sought asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT protection. She claimed to fear
persecution on account of her membership in two social groups: (1) “young Honduran
single mothers . . . of a boy being pursued by a gang,” and (2) “young Honduran women
business owners.” A.R. 45.
1 Both parties refer to the lead petitioner as “Lopez” in their briefing. We do the same. 2 Lopez’s son, a minor, was listed as a derivative beneficiary on her asylum application. The IJ denied the derivative asylum application. Although Lopez’s son presents no claim on his own, he is a co-petitioner in this case. 3 We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). 2 Before the immigration court, Lopez explained that she was a single mother whose
son’s father was married to another woman and had children with that woman. Lopez
claimed that she owned a food stand in Honduras and that members of a criminal gang
forced her to pay a “war tax.” A.R. 363–64, 371. This gang targeted her because she “was
alone with [her] son” and the gang tends to “search for women who are alone.” A.R. 364.
Lopez testified that because the gang “saw that [she] had a business,” it believed that it
could get money from her. A.R. 131.
When Lopez could not keep up with the gang’s extortion demands, gang members
threatened to harm her and force her ten-year-old son to join the gang if she did not
continue to pay. Lopez testified that she paid the extortion for two additional weeks
because she did not want the gang to kidnap her son, and then left Honduras. Lopez
explained that the gang worked with the police and would kill her if she reported the
extortion and threats.
The IJ found that Lopez was “credible overall.” A.R. 48. But he nevertheless
denied Lopez’s applications for relief from removal. The IJ found that neither of Lopez’s
articulated social groups is cognizable under the INA. As to the first proposed social
group, he found that “gang recruitment standing alone is not an adequate formulation of a
cognizable social group” and that the facts of this case did not demonstrate that a social
group involving animus against Lopez’s family was distinct enough. A.R. 48, 50–51. As
to the second group, he found that “articulated groups of business owners are too broad
and amorphous to constitute a sufficiently particular group.” A.R. 47.
3 Although the IJ rejected the two proposed particular social groups, he ruled in the
alternative that even if Lopez’s proposed social groups were cognizable, the threats
Lopez received were due to the gang’s desire to extort money from her and not
principally on account of her membership in either group. The IJ deemed “any interest in
[Lopez’s] son . . . incidental and tangential” to the gang’s central interest in extorting
money. A.R. 49. Thus, the IJ found that Lopez did not demonstrate a sufficient nexus
between her membership in the proposed social groups and the harm she feared. As a
result of these findings, the IJ concluded that Lopez “ha[d] not suffered past persecution
on account of one of the statutory grounds and ha[d] not established a well-founded fear”
of persecution, requiring rejection of her asylum claim. A.R. 51. Because Lopez was
ineligible for asylum, she was also ineligible for withholding of removal under the INA,
which requires a showing of a “clear probability of future persecution” rather than just a
well-founded fear of persecution. A.R. 46, 51. Turning to Lopez’s CAT claim, the IJ
concluded that Lopez had not “proven that it is more probable than not that she would be
tortured” if returned to Honduras, so she was not entitled to CAT protection. A.R. 51.
After denying all of Lopez’s applications, the IJ ordered her and her son removed to
Honduras.
Lopez appealed to the BIA. She contended that, contrary to the IJ’s findings, the
record established that she was “extorted by a criminal gang to coerce [her son’s]
recruitment into the gang due to [her] relationship with her son, due to her family
relationship, and because she was a young woman in Honduras.” A.R. 3. The BIA
“[a]ssum[ed] arguendo that one or more of [Lopez’s] proffered particular social groups is
4 cognizable” but upheld the IJ’s determination that the gang’s interest in Lopez’s son was
incidental and tangential to its central motive to extort money from her. A.R. 3–4. The
BIA also rejected Lopez’s claim that “government corruption and the high rate at which
women suffer violence in Honduras” made her eligible for CAT protection, explaining
that Lopez failed to establish that she personally would more likely than not be tortured
upon return to her country. A.R. 4. Finding her challenges to the IJ’s decision without
merit, the BIA dismissed Lopez’s appeal.
This petition for review followed.
II
Because the BIA affirmed the IJ’s determination that Lopez failed to show the
required nexus between the harm she suffered and membership in her proposed social
groups while at the same time adopting the IJ’s reasoning, we review both the BIA’s
decision and the IJ’s decision. See Uddin v. Att’y Gen., 870 F.3d 282, 289 (3d Cir. 2017)
(“When . . . the ‘BIA’s opinion directly states that the BIA is deferring to the IJ, or
invokes specific aspects of the IJ’s analysis and factfinding in support of the BIA’s
conclusions,’ we review both decisions.” (quoting Oliva-Ramos v. Att’y Gen., 694 F.3d
259, 270 (3d Cir. 2012))). The BIA did not adopt the IJ’s reasoning in rejecting Lopez’s
CAT claim, however, so we review only the BIA’s decision on that score. See Calla-
Collado v.
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _______________
No. 20-1862 _______________
NOHEMY ESPERANZA LOPEZ REYES; E.J.L.L., Petitioners
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
_______________
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (Agency Nos. A209-278-251, A209-278-252) Immigration Judge: Charles M. Honeyman _______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a): December 8, 2020 _______________
Before: MCKEE, PORTER, and FISHER, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: December 16, 2020)
______________
OPINION ∗ ______________
∗ This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding precedent. PORTER, Circuit Judge.
Nohemy Esperanza Lopez Reyes, 1 a native and citizen of Honduras, petitions for
review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) upholding the denial of
her applications for asylum, withholding of removal under the Immigration and
Nationality Act (“INA”), and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).
After denying Lopez’s applications for relief from removal, an Immigration Judge (“IJ”)
ordered that Lopez and her son be removed to Honduras. 2 Because the factual findings
underlying the agency’s denial of Lopez’s applications are supported by substantial
evidence, we will deny the petition for review. 3
I
In September 2016, Lopez and her son were paroled into the United States after an
asylum officer found Lopez to have a credible fear of persecution. The Department of
Homeland Security charged Lopez and her son with removability, which they conceded.
Lopez sought asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT protection. She claimed to fear
persecution on account of her membership in two social groups: (1) “young Honduran
single mothers . . . of a boy being pursued by a gang,” and (2) “young Honduran women
business owners.” A.R. 45.
1 Both parties refer to the lead petitioner as “Lopez” in their briefing. We do the same. 2 Lopez’s son, a minor, was listed as a derivative beneficiary on her asylum application. The IJ denied the derivative asylum application. Although Lopez’s son presents no claim on his own, he is a co-petitioner in this case. 3 We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). 2 Before the immigration court, Lopez explained that she was a single mother whose
son’s father was married to another woman and had children with that woman. Lopez
claimed that she owned a food stand in Honduras and that members of a criminal gang
forced her to pay a “war tax.” A.R. 363–64, 371. This gang targeted her because she “was
alone with [her] son” and the gang tends to “search for women who are alone.” A.R. 364.
Lopez testified that because the gang “saw that [she] had a business,” it believed that it
could get money from her. A.R. 131.
When Lopez could not keep up with the gang’s extortion demands, gang members
threatened to harm her and force her ten-year-old son to join the gang if she did not
continue to pay. Lopez testified that she paid the extortion for two additional weeks
because she did not want the gang to kidnap her son, and then left Honduras. Lopez
explained that the gang worked with the police and would kill her if she reported the
extortion and threats.
The IJ found that Lopez was “credible overall.” A.R. 48. But he nevertheless
denied Lopez’s applications for relief from removal. The IJ found that neither of Lopez’s
articulated social groups is cognizable under the INA. As to the first proposed social
group, he found that “gang recruitment standing alone is not an adequate formulation of a
cognizable social group” and that the facts of this case did not demonstrate that a social
group involving animus against Lopez’s family was distinct enough. A.R. 48, 50–51. As
to the second group, he found that “articulated groups of business owners are too broad
and amorphous to constitute a sufficiently particular group.” A.R. 47.
3 Although the IJ rejected the two proposed particular social groups, he ruled in the
alternative that even if Lopez’s proposed social groups were cognizable, the threats
Lopez received were due to the gang’s desire to extort money from her and not
principally on account of her membership in either group. The IJ deemed “any interest in
[Lopez’s] son . . . incidental and tangential” to the gang’s central interest in extorting
money. A.R. 49. Thus, the IJ found that Lopez did not demonstrate a sufficient nexus
between her membership in the proposed social groups and the harm she feared. As a
result of these findings, the IJ concluded that Lopez “ha[d] not suffered past persecution
on account of one of the statutory grounds and ha[d] not established a well-founded fear”
of persecution, requiring rejection of her asylum claim. A.R. 51. Because Lopez was
ineligible for asylum, she was also ineligible for withholding of removal under the INA,
which requires a showing of a “clear probability of future persecution” rather than just a
well-founded fear of persecution. A.R. 46, 51. Turning to Lopez’s CAT claim, the IJ
concluded that Lopez had not “proven that it is more probable than not that she would be
tortured” if returned to Honduras, so she was not entitled to CAT protection. A.R. 51.
After denying all of Lopez’s applications, the IJ ordered her and her son removed to
Honduras.
Lopez appealed to the BIA. She contended that, contrary to the IJ’s findings, the
record established that she was “extorted by a criminal gang to coerce [her son’s]
recruitment into the gang due to [her] relationship with her son, due to her family
relationship, and because she was a young woman in Honduras.” A.R. 3. The BIA
“[a]ssum[ed] arguendo that one or more of [Lopez’s] proffered particular social groups is
4 cognizable” but upheld the IJ’s determination that the gang’s interest in Lopez’s son was
incidental and tangential to its central motive to extort money from her. A.R. 3–4. The
BIA also rejected Lopez’s claim that “government corruption and the high rate at which
women suffer violence in Honduras” made her eligible for CAT protection, explaining
that Lopez failed to establish that she personally would more likely than not be tortured
upon return to her country. A.R. 4. Finding her challenges to the IJ’s decision without
merit, the BIA dismissed Lopez’s appeal.
This petition for review followed.
II
Because the BIA affirmed the IJ’s determination that Lopez failed to show the
required nexus between the harm she suffered and membership in her proposed social
groups while at the same time adopting the IJ’s reasoning, we review both the BIA’s
decision and the IJ’s decision. See Uddin v. Att’y Gen., 870 F.3d 282, 289 (3d Cir. 2017)
(“When . . . the ‘BIA’s opinion directly states that the BIA is deferring to the IJ, or
invokes specific aspects of the IJ’s analysis and factfinding in support of the BIA’s
conclusions,’ we review both decisions.” (quoting Oliva-Ramos v. Att’y Gen., 694 F.3d
259, 270 (3d Cir. 2012))). The BIA did not adopt the IJ’s reasoning in rejecting Lopez’s
CAT claim, however, so we review only the BIA’s decision on that score. See Calla-
Collado v. Att’y Gen., 663 F.3d 680, 683 (3d Cir. 2011).
Our review—whether just of the BIA’s decision or of both decisions—is “highly
deferential.” Nasrallah v. Barr, 140 S. Ct. 1683, 1692 (2020). “The standard of review is
the substantial-evidence standard: The agency’s ‘findings of fact are conclusive unless
5 any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.’” Id.
(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). We must uphold all agency findings that are
“supported by reasonable, substantial and probative evidence on the record considered as
a whole.” Kayembe v. Ashcroft, 334 F.3d 231, 234 (3d Cir. 2003). This is an
“extraordinarily deferential standard.” Abdulrahman v. Ashcroft, 330 F.3d 587, 598 (3d
Cir. 2003).
III
A
Lopez seeks asylum and withholding of removal based on her membership in two
proposed social groups. An asylum applicant bears the burden of establishing that her
membership in a particular social group (or other protected characteristic) “was or will be
at least one central reason for persecuting the applicant.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). An
alien seeking withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A) because of
persecution based on membership in a particular social group also bears the burden of
establishing the required nexus between the harm she suffered or will suffer and her
membership in that group. See Gonzalez-Posadas v. Att’y Gen., 781 F.3d 677, 684–85
(3d Cir. 2015) (“To establish eligibility for withholding of removal based on membership
in a particular social group, an applicant must establish both that the group itself is
properly cognizable as a ‘social group’ within the meaning of the statute, and that [her]
membership in the group is ‘one central reason’ why [she] was or will be targeted for
persecution.” (citing Matter of C-T-L-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 341, 344–46 (BIA 2010))). “For a
protected characteristic to qualify as ‘one central reason,’ it must be an essential or
6 principal reason for the persecution.” Id. at 685. As a result, neither asylum nor
withholding of removal may be granted “when the characteristic at issue ‘played only an
incidental, tangential, or superficial role in persecution.’” Id. (quoting Ndayshimiye v.
Att’y Gen., 557 F.3d 124, 130 (3d Cir. 2009)).
Lopez also seeks CAT protection. An applicant for such protection bears the
burden of establishing “that it is more likely than not that . . . she would be tortured if
removed to the proposed country of removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). Such torture
must be inflicted “by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a
public official.” Myrie v. Att’y Gen., 855 F.3d 509, 515 (3d Cir. 2017) (internal quotation
marks omitted) (quoting Auguste v. Ridge, 395 F.3d 123, 151 (3d Cir. 2005)).
B
With these principles of law in mind, we turn to Lopez’s challenge to the agency’s
denial of relief from removal. Lopez urges us to overturn the agency’s findings that she
failed to demonstrate (1) the required nexus between her mistreatment and her proposed
particular social groups and (2) that she would more likely than not be tortured if
removed to Honduras. Because the record does not compel rejection of the agency’s
findings, we must leave them undisturbed.
With regard to the issue of nexus, Lopez contends that her “relationship with her
son is one of the primordial reasons why she is targeted by the [gang].” Pet’rs Br. 16. But
that claim is contrary to her own testimony before the IJ, where she stated that the gang
extorted her because it believed that she was as an easy target for financial gain. Indeed,
she testified that the gang threatened to recruit her son only if she stopped paying the
7 “tax.” The gang never contacted her son or made any effort to recruit him; rather, it
threatened to do so if Lopez did not continue paying them. 4 We previously upheld an
agency determination that gang members pursuing an asylum applicant out of a “bare
desire for money” did not act on account of a ground protected by the INA. Shehu v. Att’y
Gen., 482 F.3d 652, 657 (3d Cir. 2007). We uphold the agency’s determination here
because substantial evidence supports the agency’s finding that the gang’s desire for
money was the central motive for its actions and that the applicant’s membership in
proposed particular social groups was merely “tangential.” A.R. 49. Because Lopez has
not shown that a protected ground was one central reason for her mistreatment by the
gang, she is not eligible for asylum or withholding of removal under the INA. The agency
properly denied her applications for both forms of relief.
Lopez’s challenge to the denial of her application for CAT protection is also
without merit. Lopez focuses on the high rates of violence against women in Honduras
and alleges that “[t]he government is unwilling or unable to protect [women]” from that
violence. Pet’rs Br. 20. But she does not demonstrate, as she must to prevail in this Court,
that any reasonable factfinder would be compelled to reject the agency’s finding that she
failed to show a particularized risk of torture. See Wang v. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 347, 350
(3d Cir. 2004) (denying a petition for review where the petitioner failed to meet his
burden to establish that he would “more likely than not . . . be tortured upon return”).
4 The record also supports the IJ’s conclusion that “[t]here is no evidence that single business owners [were] specifically targeted.” A.R. 50. Lopez does not meaningfully challenge that finding in her brief. 8 Lopez’s fear of generalized violence against women in Honduras is not enough to meet
her burden. Because the agency’s finding is supported by substantial evidence, we uphold
it. And because Lopez has not shown that she would more likely than not be tortured if
returned to Honduras, the agency properly denied her application for relief under CAT.
* * *
For the foregoing reasons, we will deny the petition for review.