OPINION OF THE COURT BY
FREAR, C.J.
(Perry, X, dissenting.)
Tbe Circuit Court upon granting the divorce in this case awarded to the wife as or in li'eu of permanent alimony one-half of the husband’s real estate in this Territory, but tbis Court on ■exceptions (13 Iiaw. 654) held tbat under tbe statute tbe Court •could not order a division of tbe husband’s real estate. The Circuit Court then ordered tbe husband to pay to tbe wife within fifteen days $10,000 as alimony in gross. The libellee now firings the case here again on exceptions.
The main contention is that the statute does not permit alimony in gross, and the first question is whether that point is settled by tbe former decision referred to above. In tbat decision tbe majority of the Court, then differently constituted, held (1) tbat alimony could be granted in gross, but (2) that the bus-[153]*153band’s real estate could not be divided. The minority concurred as to the latter proposition but declined to express an opinion as to the former on the ground that no opinion was called for on that question in view of the conclusion reached on the other question. It is now contended that the opinion expressed by the majority on the first question was mere obiter diotwm. Just what are dicta and what weight should be given to them have been subjects of some difference of opinion. “According to the more rigid rule, any expression of opinion however deliberate upon a question however fully argued, if not essential to the disposition that was made of the case, may be regarded as a dictum.” Bouv. Die., Tit. Dictum. If both questions had been decided in the negative, the opinion on each would have disposed of the case as effectually as the decision on the other and the opinion cm each would have been a decision as distinguished from a dictum. Est. of Banning, 9 Haw. 253; Hawes v. Contra Costa Co., 5 Sawy. 287, (11 Fed. Cas., No. 6, 235). But the first question was decided in the afiirmative and only the second in the negative, and consequently the case was disposed of on the second question only, and the opinion on the first was only a dictum, according to the more rigid rule above set forth.
But perhaps as important a .question as that of whether an opinion is a decision or a dictum is that of the weight to be given to it if it is a dictum. To hold that an opinion is a dictum is not equivalent to holding either that the court in the particular case acted unwisely in giving it or that no respect should be shown it. There are all shades. Even an actual decision may be reversed if clearly erroneous. An opinion expressed after full argument and due consideration upon a doubtful point closely connected with, or apparently though not necessarily involved in a case, should perhaps, on principle, be given greater weight than an actual decision rendered upon little argument and consideration. It should at least be given greater weight than an opinion expressed merely by the way. See cases supra. There is no doubt a greater tendency now than there was formerly to pass upon questions presented but not necessary to be decided, and doubtless [154]*154courts often go too far in that direction. Just how far they should go in any particular case depends largely upon the circumstances of that case. "Whether in this instance the court should not have expressed an opinion at the former hearing upon the question now raised, we need not say. There is much that can be said on both sides. Perhaps the strongest reason that can be urged in support of the course pursued is, that the case was tO' go back to the Circuit Court for further action and that, that court would naturally want instructions upon the point in question and that, if such instructions were not given, the case would probably be brought to this court again for the settlement of the question. Under such circumstances, with a view to settling the law of the case once for all, the court would often be justified in going further than it would under some other circumstances. A somewhat similar case was that of Buchner v. Chicago, M. & N. W. R’y. Co., 60 Wis. 264. There, as here, two questions had been presented and the court had decided the first against and the second for the defendant. It was afterwards contended, as it is now contended here, “that it was mere obiter to determine the first proposition, by reason of the conclusion reached upon the second proposition.” The court considered that a case of “judicial d/ictu/m” as distinguished from.mere “obiter dictum,” and said among other things: “To confine this court to the consideration of a single proposition, where several are involved and fully discussed by counsel, might at times operate to prolong litigation, increase the number of appeals, and inflict unnecessary burdens upon both parties and the public, and yet at times it-may be highly proper. * * * We do not hold that the finding of the court in the other case * * * is res adjudicada in this case; nor that all that was said in that case is absolutely binding upon the parties and the court in this case; but simply that that opinion cannot fairly be treated as merely obiter.” This reason for taking, the course pursued, namely, to avoid further litigation, would not operate so strongly where, as at the former hearing in this instance, the court was not unanimous and was not composed of its regular members, a Circuit Judge sitting in place [155]*155of an absent member. Under such .circumstances it would be doubtful whether counsel would be satisfied with the opinion and whether they would not feel justified in bringing the disputed question to the court as differently constituted. Such turned out to be the case.
The question was argued by counsel, including the one who now contends that the opinion upon it was mere obiter, was passed upon by the court with as great care and deliberation as if it had been necessary to decide it, was closely connected with the question upon which the case was decided, and the opinion was expressed with a view to settling a question that would in all probability have to be decided before the litigation was ended. Under such circumstances the opinion should be given considerable weight, and should not be disturbed if, upon consideration of the merits, the question is found to be one upon which there might well be a difference of opinion and the opinion is found to be not contrary to good policy. Such we find is the case.
As to the question of policy, the fact that alimony in gross is now expressly permitted by statute in many of the states and even in England where the contrary view originated and was adhered to in the courts, some statutes even going so- far as to permit a division of the estate in specie-, the fact that doubtful statutes elsewhere have in a number of cases been sio construed; and the fact that this view has often been favorably commented upon and seldom condemned, all go to indicate that there is nothing contrary to public policy to permit alimony in gross. This means, not that an award in gross should usually be made, hut merely that there is no sound objection to the existence of the power to award alimony in gross or to the exercise of such power in proper cases. Some courts which hold that such power exists hold also that it should not be exercised except under special circumstances. As a rule the alimony should bei payable periodically. The court can then control its amount more effectually and change it from time to time according as the means and needs of the parties change.
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OPINION OF THE COURT BY
FREAR, C.J.
(Perry, X, dissenting.)
Tbe Circuit Court upon granting the divorce in this case awarded to the wife as or in li'eu of permanent alimony one-half of the husband’s real estate in this Territory, but tbis Court on ■exceptions (13 Iiaw. 654) held tbat under tbe statute tbe Court •could not order a division of tbe husband’s real estate. The Circuit Court then ordered tbe husband to pay to tbe wife within fifteen days $10,000 as alimony in gross. The libellee now firings the case here again on exceptions.
The main contention is that the statute does not permit alimony in gross, and the first question is whether that point is settled by tbe former decision referred to above. In tbat decision tbe majority of the Court, then differently constituted, held (1) tbat alimony could be granted in gross, but (2) that the bus-[153]*153band’s real estate could not be divided. The minority concurred as to the latter proposition but declined to express an opinion as to the former on the ground that no opinion was called for on that question in view of the conclusion reached on the other question. It is now contended that the opinion expressed by the majority on the first question was mere obiter diotwm. Just what are dicta and what weight should be given to them have been subjects of some difference of opinion. “According to the more rigid rule, any expression of opinion however deliberate upon a question however fully argued, if not essential to the disposition that was made of the case, may be regarded as a dictum.” Bouv. Die., Tit. Dictum. If both questions had been decided in the negative, the opinion on each would have disposed of the case as effectually as the decision on the other and the opinion cm each would have been a decision as distinguished from a dictum. Est. of Banning, 9 Haw. 253; Hawes v. Contra Costa Co., 5 Sawy. 287, (11 Fed. Cas., No. 6, 235). But the first question was decided in the afiirmative and only the second in the negative, and consequently the case was disposed of on the second question only, and the opinion on the first was only a dictum, according to the more rigid rule above set forth.
But perhaps as important a .question as that of whether an opinion is a decision or a dictum is that of the weight to be given to it if it is a dictum. To hold that an opinion is a dictum is not equivalent to holding either that the court in the particular case acted unwisely in giving it or that no respect should be shown it. There are all shades. Even an actual decision may be reversed if clearly erroneous. An opinion expressed after full argument and due consideration upon a doubtful point closely connected with, or apparently though not necessarily involved in a case, should perhaps, on principle, be given greater weight than an actual decision rendered upon little argument and consideration. It should at least be given greater weight than an opinion expressed merely by the way. See cases supra. There is no doubt a greater tendency now than there was formerly to pass upon questions presented but not necessary to be decided, and doubtless [154]*154courts often go too far in that direction. Just how far they should go in any particular case depends largely upon the circumstances of that case. "Whether in this instance the court should not have expressed an opinion at the former hearing upon the question now raised, we need not say. There is much that can be said on both sides. Perhaps the strongest reason that can be urged in support of the course pursued is, that the case was tO' go back to the Circuit Court for further action and that, that court would naturally want instructions upon the point in question and that, if such instructions were not given, the case would probably be brought to this court again for the settlement of the question. Under such circumstances, with a view to settling the law of the case once for all, the court would often be justified in going further than it would under some other circumstances. A somewhat similar case was that of Buchner v. Chicago, M. & N. W. R’y. Co., 60 Wis. 264. There, as here, two questions had been presented and the court had decided the first against and the second for the defendant. It was afterwards contended, as it is now contended here, “that it was mere obiter to determine the first proposition, by reason of the conclusion reached upon the second proposition.” The court considered that a case of “judicial d/ictu/m” as distinguished from.mere “obiter dictum,” and said among other things: “To confine this court to the consideration of a single proposition, where several are involved and fully discussed by counsel, might at times operate to prolong litigation, increase the number of appeals, and inflict unnecessary burdens upon both parties and the public, and yet at times it-may be highly proper. * * * We do not hold that the finding of the court in the other case * * * is res adjudicada in this case; nor that all that was said in that case is absolutely binding upon the parties and the court in this case; but simply that that opinion cannot fairly be treated as merely obiter.” This reason for taking, the course pursued, namely, to avoid further litigation, would not operate so strongly where, as at the former hearing in this instance, the court was not unanimous and was not composed of its regular members, a Circuit Judge sitting in place [155]*155of an absent member. Under such .circumstances it would be doubtful whether counsel would be satisfied with the opinion and whether they would not feel justified in bringing the disputed question to the court as differently constituted. Such turned out to be the case.
The question was argued by counsel, including the one who now contends that the opinion upon it was mere obiter, was passed upon by the court with as great care and deliberation as if it had been necessary to decide it, was closely connected with the question upon which the case was decided, and the opinion was expressed with a view to settling a question that would in all probability have to be decided before the litigation was ended. Under such circumstances the opinion should be given considerable weight, and should not be disturbed if, upon consideration of the merits, the question is found to be one upon which there might well be a difference of opinion and the opinion is found to be not contrary to good policy. Such we find is the case.
As to the question of policy, the fact that alimony in gross is now expressly permitted by statute in many of the states and even in England where the contrary view originated and was adhered to in the courts, some statutes even going so- far as to permit a division of the estate in specie-, the fact that doubtful statutes elsewhere have in a number of cases been sio construed; and the fact that this view has often been favorably commented upon and seldom condemned, all go to indicate that there is nothing contrary to public policy to permit alimony in gross. This means, not that an award in gross should usually be made, hut merely that there is no sound objection to the existence of the power to award alimony in gross or to the exercise of such power in proper cases. Some courts which hold that such power exists hold also that it should not be exercised except under special circumstances. As a rule the alimony should bei payable periodically. The court can then control its amount more effectually and change it from time to time according as the means and needs of the parties change. An award in gross may be made appropriately when the husband is likely to vexatiously delay or [156]*156withhold payments, and of eonrse, there are other circumstances to he considered.
• As to the law, it will not be necessary to repeat the statute or review at length the authorities cited .in the former opinion referred to.. Under statutes very similar to ours, it has been held, as pointed out in the former opinion, in California, Illinois and South Dakota, that alimony may be awarded in gross. The Massachusetts cases also are relied on.as holding the Same way. But it is said that they .are distinguishable by reason of the statute being differently worded. That statute contains the.words: . “such part of the .personal estate of the husband and such alimony out of his estate,” while onr statute contains no such words as those we have put in italics. But, as we understand it, alimony is not granted in gross in Massachusetts under the words italicised, for those words permit a division of the estate m specie, but the authority relied on there is the other portion of the statute which reads, “alimony out of his estate,” which permits an award merely of money, whether’ payable out of income or estate, and here lies an important distinction. Power to. award alimony in gross does not, any more than power to award it as an annuity, permit a division of even personal estate in specie. Alimony, whether in gross or periodical, is payable out of income or estate, real or personal, but is not.a part of the.estate. This distinction is brought out more clearly in the Wisconsin cases under a similar statute. Bacon v. Bacon, 43 Wis. 197; Campbell v. Campbell, 37 Id. 206.
•. .Several words and pbraseS in ,the statute are relied on as tending to show an intention on the part of the leg¡islature that alimonl.y should be periodical only. For instance, the allowance is for the wife’s “support.”. The husband may be required to> give ■“reasonable security.” Upon his neglect to give such security or. make payment, the court may “sequester his personal estate and the rents and profits of his real estate,” and cause the same to be applied to.the allowance as to the court shall s’eeam just “from time to time.” Civ. L., Secs. 1943, 1947. Reliance is placed also upon the general principle that the statute should be [157]*157construed with reference to the old rules that obtained in the absence of statute, as, for instance, that alimony was always a periodical allowance. It must be conceded that all these arguments have considerable force, and yet they are not conelusive. Alimony in gross as well as in periodical payments may be for the wife’s support. The husband may be required to give security for one kind as a veil as for the other kind, as time is often allowed for the payment of alimony in gross, and sometimes it is made payable in installments extending over a period of several years, and, besides, this part of the statute, if it were not applicable to alimony in gross, could be applied as far as applicable, that is, to periodical alimony, if applicable to that only. ' The personal estate and the rents and profits of the real estate could be sequestered as well for alimony in gross as for periodical alimony; and upon this point the distinction above referred to should be borne in mind — that alimony in gross is not a part of the estate either real or personal though payable out of the estate or income. The court may also cause the personal estate and rents and profits of the real estate to be applied to the allowance “from time to time” in one case as well as in the other, so long as payment has not been made, or may exercise the power conferred by the statute so far as it is applicable. "We may add that some or all of the words now relied on are found in the. statutes of all the states above referred to and yet they were not considered sufficient to show an intention that no alimony in gross should be awarded. The statute, it is true, should always be construed to some extent in the light of the common and ecclesiastical law, and yet this argument loses some of its force from the fact that so great departures háve been made from such law in the very statute now in question. Eor instance, “allowance” and not “alimony” is the word used in' the statute. It is authorized in cases «of absolute divorce as well as in cases of separation, and in favor of the children as well as in favor of the wife, all contrary to the old practice.
No doubt the general impression here, as shown by the prac-' tice, has been that alimony in gross, if not absolutely unauthor[158]*158ized, should at least not usually be granted. Such alimony however has been granted in several cases which have come to this court on exceptions but in which the court was not required to express an opinion upon the point.
On the whole we do not think sufficient cause has been shown for reversing the opinion expressed at the former hearing.
It is contended further that no alimony could be granted for want of a sufficient prayer in the complaint. The prayer of the amended complaint, so far as it bears on this question, was, “That the court order an equitable division of said property between plaintiff and defendant; that she have alimony during such time and in such amount as the court may decree and that defendant be ordered to pay the costs of this action and reasonable counsel fees; and that plaintiff have such other and further relief as to your honor may seem just and proper in the premises.” The granting of an allowance is, under the statute, ancillary to the granting of the divorce, and while the prayer could easily be improved so far as permanent allowance or alimony in gross is com cemed, it was sufficient.
A further contention is that there was not sufficient evidence to support a decree for alimony, in that it was not shown how much was necessary for the wife’s “support” per month or year, &c:, or what her expectation of life was. In the nature of things it could not, nor does the statute require it to be shown exactly how much she would need, nor in awarding an allowance in gross was it necessary to estimate' the amount by tables of annuities and mortality. The statute provides as to the amount, that it shall be such “as the court shall deem just and reasonable, having regard to the ability of the husband, the character and situation of the parties, and all other circumstances of the case.” Oiv. L., Sec: 1943. Courts elsewhere do not seem as a rule to make use of such tables or to require exact proof of the wife’s needs in estimating alimony in gross.
Lastly it is urged that the amount is excessive. The amount is largely within the discretion of the trial court, but that discretion can be reviewed as in other cases of discretion, when it is [159]*159.■abused, that is, in cases of this kind, when the amount is clearly excessive. All the circumstances should be considered.- There was much difference of opinion among the witnesses as to the value of the defendant’s property, which consisted chiefly of real estate. The court placed it at $30,000, basing the estimate principally upon the testimony of one witness, and making no allowance for the fact that that witness estimated the value of the largest tract of land as a whole-, irrespective of the fact that the defendant had only a part interest in it and that the title to another tract was defective or at least doubtful. Probably $20,000 would be as large an estimate as could reasonably be sustained on the testimony. The wife owned real estate valued at $3,500 at the lowest, the larger part of which had been given to her by her husband about two years before the action was. brought. It did not appear what her needs were, but about a year and a half before the action was brought the. parties agreed in writing to live separately, he to pay her $6 a week. She had also some income from her own land. She had contributed some to the •earnings of the family before the separation, at times hiring out and at other times assisting in the work of the dairy which he conducted. There were no minor children, the only child being .a son twenty-four years old. The divorce, was Sought and granted solely for adultery during the period of separation. There were no special circumstances of aggravation, the facts, while condemnable enough, as they are in all such cases, being only such as might be expected in any such case-. The usual practice is to award not over one third of the husband’s income. If he had died she would be entitled by way of dower to only one third of the income of his real estate for her life, besides one third of his personal estáte, which in ihis case amounts to little. But if an allowance in gross is made, she gets it absolutely and not merely for her life. As a rule allowances in gross are less than one-third of the estate, and in estimating the amount the » property that the wife already has is taken into account and especially that part of it which came from her husband, and, on "the other hand, any contributions she may have made. On the [160]*160whole, in out opinion, considering the amount that she already has, the allowance should not exceed $5,000.
Geo. A. Davis for libellant.
J. T. DeBolt for libellee.
We are also of the opinion that the time allowed for payment is too short. The whole $10,000 was ordered paid within fifteen days. The property was not readily salable — by reason of its character and location. Its value was very uncertain. The title to some of it seems to be uncertain. It is doubtful whether $10,000 could be obtained by mortgage, and, if thei property had to be sold in order to realize the amount required, it would probably be at a great sacrifice, with the result that while the wife would get only what was ordered the husband would lose a great deal more. In Farley v. Farley, 30 Ia. 353, the property was valued at $4,000 and the allowance was $1,300, which was ordered paid, $500 in sixty days, $400 in six months and $400 in nine months. On' appeal the court held that the amount was not excessive but that the time for payment was too- short. The time was changed so that $300 was payable in ninety days, $500 in nine months, and $500 in eighteen months. The time need not be so long now that the amount is reduced to $5,000 as it should be if it were to remain at $10,000, but it seems to us that at least six months should be given in which to pay the greater part of it, and the defendant may be required, to pay interest on it meanwhile.
The exception is sustained, the order excépted to set aside and the case remanded to the Circuit Court for further proceedings consistent with the foregoing views.