STONE, J. —
We often find, in opinions given by judges, the expression “ that the rules of pleading are the same in criminal cases as in civil.” — 1 Bish. Cr. Proc. § 43. This, another adds, “ though the books contain more or less such language as is mentioned [above], and though this language is in a certain sense correct, still the practice is to require greater strictness in criminal matters than in civil.”- — lb. § 44. We think we may safely assert that, in the absence of statutory regulations, as high a degree of certainty is required in criminal pleadings as in civil.
In Bish. Cr. Proc. § 333, it is said to be “ an established rule in respect to the statement of the offence in the indictment, that it must not be stated in the disjunctive, so as to leave it uncertain what is really intended to be relied upon as-[78]*78the accusation.” So, this court held, in Johnson v. The State, that an indictment which charged that the defendant obstructed a highway “ by fence, bar, or other impediment,” was fatally defective. — 32 Ala. 583.
Our statutes have somewhat relaxed the common law doctrine as to certainty and completeness of averment in criminal pleading. — See Code of 1876, §§4785, 4787, 4788. So, in three particulars, it is provided that the averments may be stated disjunctively:
Ҥ4796. When the offence may be committed by different means, or with different intents, such means or intents may be alleged in the same count in the alternative.
“ § 4797. Where an act is criminal, if producing different ■results, such results may be charged in the same count in the alternative.
“§4798. Where offences are of the same character, and subject to the same punishment, the defendant may be charged with the commission of either in the same count in the alternative.”
The present indictment charges that the defendant “ knowingly converted or applied to his own use one hundred and eighty dollars, or other large sum of money.” It will be observed that this is not the case of an offence that may be committed with different means, or intents, or which may lead to different results. Nor is it a case of several offences of the same character. Hence this case does not fall within either of the sections copied above.
In Johnson v. The State, supra, and in Horton v. The State, (53 Ala. 488), we held that when two or more offences are charged in the same count disjunctively, each separate, alternative charge must contain a substantive offence under the law, charged with that degree of certainty which our statute requires, namely, “ in ordinary and concise language, with- . out prolixity or repetition, in such a manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what is intended, .-and with that degree of certainty which will enable the couyt, on conviction, to pronounce the proper judgment.” This is probably nothing more nor less than the ‘ certainty •to a common intent,’ of which Lord COKE speaks.
Applying these rules: the indictment, in legal effect, is nothing more than a charge that the defendant knowingly converted or applied to his own use a large sum of money. This would be fatally uncertain and defective in a civil proceeding, and is equally so in an indictment. Under the • form 50, of the Code of 1876, it would have been suffi[79]*79ciently certain if the averment had been “about the amount of” [any named sum.]
The graver question raises the inquiry, under what statute should the offence shown in the evidence in this cause be prosecuted? It is contended for the prosecution that the misconduct which the testimony tends to prove falls under -section 115 of the Bevenue Law, approved March 19, 1875. That section provides, “ that if any officer or person applies ¡any of the revenue of the State, or of any county thereof, to his own use, or the use of any other person, he shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and upon conviction thereof be fined not less than two hundred, nor more than one thousand dollars, and be imprisoned in the penitentiary not less than one year, one or both, at the discretion of the court trying. The same.” — Pamph. Acts, p. 45. This statute, in language, is not materially different from section 128 of the revenue ■law of 1868, save that it denounces the act as a higher grade •of offence, and fixes a severer punishment. — Pamph. Acts, p. 337.
Considering this statute by itself, there can be no question that the act described by the witnesses amounts to a conversion or application of the money, part of the revenue of the 'State, to the use of the defendant, or of some other person. The direct tendency of the testimony was to show that the defendant, acting for and' representing the auditor in his official capacity, received national currency — either legal tender treasury notes of the United States, or notes of national banks; that he appropriated one hundred and eighty dollars of the same, and substituted therefor, and paid into the treasury, the same amount, one hundred and eighty dollars, in State obligations, worth at that time in the market considerably less than the national currency he received.
Conversion is an unauthorized assumption and exercise of the right of ownership over goods or personal chattels belonging to another, to the alteration of their condition, or the •exclusion of the owner’s rights. — Bouvier’s Law Die. title Conversion; see 1 Addison on Torts, 393 ; Moody v. Keener, 7 Por. 218; Daniel v. Thompson, 13 Ala. 440; Glaze v. McMillan, 7 Por. 279; 2 Brick. Dig. 486, §§ 36, 37, 43.
We do not understand the appellant — defendant in the City Court — as seriously controverting this general proposition. He takes the position that section 14 of the funding .act (Pamph. Acts 1873, p. 46), makes special provision .for ■the act shown in this evidence, and thereby segregates this offence from the general provisions of the acts of 1868 and [80]*801875, copied above. The material provisions of the section of the act of 1873 referred to, are as follows:
“ Section 14. That it shall be the duty of every collector of taxes, and every receiver of public moneys in this State, to keep and faithfully pay into the treasury, or to the depository appointed by law for the keeping of the public money, the identical money received by him or them from the taxpayer or tax-payers; and it is hereby made unlawful for any person or officer of this State to use or apply any portion of' the money paid him in the course of his official duty, as collector of taxes, or receiver of any part of the State revenue,, to any other use or purpose than payment into the treasury,, in the manner and form in which such money was so received by him.
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STONE, J. —
We often find, in opinions given by judges, the expression “ that the rules of pleading are the same in criminal cases as in civil.” — 1 Bish. Cr. Proc. § 43. This, another adds, “ though the books contain more or less such language as is mentioned [above], and though this language is in a certain sense correct, still the practice is to require greater strictness in criminal matters than in civil.”- — lb. § 44. We think we may safely assert that, in the absence of statutory regulations, as high a degree of certainty is required in criminal pleadings as in civil.
In Bish. Cr. Proc. § 333, it is said to be “ an established rule in respect to the statement of the offence in the indictment, that it must not be stated in the disjunctive, so as to leave it uncertain what is really intended to be relied upon as-[78]*78the accusation.” So, this court held, in Johnson v. The State, that an indictment which charged that the defendant obstructed a highway “ by fence, bar, or other impediment,” was fatally defective. — 32 Ala. 583.
Our statutes have somewhat relaxed the common law doctrine as to certainty and completeness of averment in criminal pleading. — See Code of 1876, §§4785, 4787, 4788. So, in three particulars, it is provided that the averments may be stated disjunctively:
Ҥ4796. When the offence may be committed by different means, or with different intents, such means or intents may be alleged in the same count in the alternative.
“ § 4797. Where an act is criminal, if producing different ■results, such results may be charged in the same count in the alternative.
“§4798. Where offences are of the same character, and subject to the same punishment, the defendant may be charged with the commission of either in the same count in the alternative.”
The present indictment charges that the defendant “ knowingly converted or applied to his own use one hundred and eighty dollars, or other large sum of money.” It will be observed that this is not the case of an offence that may be committed with different means, or intents, or which may lead to different results. Nor is it a case of several offences of the same character. Hence this case does not fall within either of the sections copied above.
In Johnson v. The State, supra, and in Horton v. The State, (53 Ala. 488), we held that when two or more offences are charged in the same count disjunctively, each separate, alternative charge must contain a substantive offence under the law, charged with that degree of certainty which our statute requires, namely, “ in ordinary and concise language, with- . out prolixity or repetition, in such a manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what is intended, .-and with that degree of certainty which will enable the couyt, on conviction, to pronounce the proper judgment.” This is probably nothing more nor less than the ‘ certainty •to a common intent,’ of which Lord COKE speaks.
Applying these rules: the indictment, in legal effect, is nothing more than a charge that the defendant knowingly converted or applied to his own use a large sum of money. This would be fatally uncertain and defective in a civil proceeding, and is equally so in an indictment. Under the • form 50, of the Code of 1876, it would have been suffi[79]*79ciently certain if the averment had been “about the amount of” [any named sum.]
The graver question raises the inquiry, under what statute should the offence shown in the evidence in this cause be prosecuted? It is contended for the prosecution that the misconduct which the testimony tends to prove falls under -section 115 of the Bevenue Law, approved March 19, 1875. That section provides, “ that if any officer or person applies ¡any of the revenue of the State, or of any county thereof, to his own use, or the use of any other person, he shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and upon conviction thereof be fined not less than two hundred, nor more than one thousand dollars, and be imprisoned in the penitentiary not less than one year, one or both, at the discretion of the court trying. The same.” — Pamph. Acts, p. 45. This statute, in language, is not materially different from section 128 of the revenue ■law of 1868, save that it denounces the act as a higher grade •of offence, and fixes a severer punishment. — Pamph. Acts, p. 337.
Considering this statute by itself, there can be no question that the act described by the witnesses amounts to a conversion or application of the money, part of the revenue of the 'State, to the use of the defendant, or of some other person. The direct tendency of the testimony was to show that the defendant, acting for and' representing the auditor in his official capacity, received national currency — either legal tender treasury notes of the United States, or notes of national banks; that he appropriated one hundred and eighty dollars of the same, and substituted therefor, and paid into the treasury, the same amount, one hundred and eighty dollars, in State obligations, worth at that time in the market considerably less than the national currency he received.
Conversion is an unauthorized assumption and exercise of the right of ownership over goods or personal chattels belonging to another, to the alteration of their condition, or the •exclusion of the owner’s rights. — Bouvier’s Law Die. title Conversion; see 1 Addison on Torts, 393 ; Moody v. Keener, 7 Por. 218; Daniel v. Thompson, 13 Ala. 440; Glaze v. McMillan, 7 Por. 279; 2 Brick. Dig. 486, §§ 36, 37, 43.
We do not understand the appellant — defendant in the City Court — as seriously controverting this general proposition. He takes the position that section 14 of the funding .act (Pamph. Acts 1873, p. 46), makes special provision .for ■the act shown in this evidence, and thereby segregates this offence from the general provisions of the acts of 1868 and [80]*801875, copied above. The material provisions of the section of the act of 1873 referred to, are as follows:
“ Section 14. That it shall be the duty of every collector of taxes, and every receiver of public moneys in this State, to keep and faithfully pay into the treasury, or to the depository appointed by law for the keeping of the public money, the identical money received by him or them from the taxpayer or tax-payers; and it is hereby made unlawful for any person or officer of this State to use or apply any portion of' the money paid him in the course of his official duty, as collector of taxes, or receiver of any part of the State revenue,, to any other use or purpose than payment into the treasury,, in the manner and form in which such money was so received by him. And when any collector of taxes in this State, or any person who is by law authorized to collect and receive any part of the State revenue, receive in payment of any taxes, licenses or public dues, any of the obligations issued under the authority of this State, he shall, in a proper book, make an entry of the obligations received by him, and the date of such receipt, which date and entry shall correspond with the date of the receipt given to the payer of taxes from whom such obligation was received; and such collector of taxes, or receiver of the State revenue, shall produce said book to the auditor of the State at the time when his account is audited and adjusted, in default of which entry, or production of said book, such obligation or obligations shall be received by the treasurer for the amount only of the principal thereof, without interest.”
Many provisions of this statute, and notably those after-mentioned, show that the testimony in the present record does not make a case that falls within its provisions. It is the money received from the tax-payer this statute requires to be kept and paid into the treasury. The collector is to make an entry in a proper book, when he collects in State obligations, and shall produce said booh to the auditor of the State at the time when his account is audited and adjusted. These clauses show that the statutory offence it denounces, can be committed only by the conversion or unauthorized application of money which the officer proceeded against, himself' collected from the tax-payer, and whose account it is the duty of the auditor to audit and adjust. — See Smith v. Speed, 50 Ala. 276.
Since the introduction and free use of bank notes and treasury notes as a circulating medium and standard of value, they are as readily understood as being embraced in the-[81]*81generic term money, as is the authorized coin of the country. Haynes v. Wheat, 9 Ala. 239; Corbett v. The State, 31 Ala. 329; Grant v. The State, 55 Ala. 201.
"We have many statutes which employ the general designation money, which, in their construction, would force us to hold that the word embraces every species of lawful circulation which passes from hand to hand as money. — See Bevenue Law of 1868, § 6, subds. 19, 20, 21; Revenue Law of 1875, § 5, subds. 18,19, 20. In the fourteenth section of the funding act of 1873, which it is contended this case falls under, it is clear that the term money is employed in the generic sense above expressed. See, also, Code of 1876, sections 4261 et seq. 4373, 4377 et seq. Section 4811 of the Code of 1876, applying, as it does, expressly to embezzlement, lays down a rule which we think should govern in all cases of indictment for that offence ; and under the general name, money, proof should be received of any lawful circulating medium, which usually circulates as money.
While we have declared above that the substitution for National currency of State obligations, alleged to have been made by defendant, was a conversion by him, yet, every change of the money collected into other funds, of the same class, or of equal or greater value, would not necessarily be within the spirit of the statute, or punishable as a conversion. But when the money received is appropriated by the collector or receiver, and its place supplied by another circulating medium, or other commodity receivable in payment of taxes, but of less value than the money thus received and appropriated, a case is made which falls directly within the letter and spirit of the statute. Whether that which was substituted was equally or less valuable than the money received and appropriated, is a material inquiry in the trial of every such prosecution • for it tends to show the motive of the exchange. The City Court did not err in receiving proof of the value at which State obligations were held, or were convertible, at the time of the exchange.
For the defect in the indictment, pointed out above, the judgment of the City Court is reversed and the cause remanded. Let the defendant remain in custody until discharged by due course of law.