Chief Justice Campbell
delivered the opinion of the court.
The defendant has appealed from this decree assigning a large number of errors. The abstract of the record consists of 318 printed pages, to which there is an appendix in fine type of thirty pages containing numerous statements of accounts and various exhibits produced at the trial. It should be stated that counsel now appearing for appellant did not participate in the hearing before the referee, and have come into the case only since it has reached this court. We are admonished by them that we will get very little light from a reading of this abstract, which was made, as they say, principally because it seemed to be required by the rules. Nevertheless, we are asked to make a cursory examination of it in order that we may see for ourselves that the objections made by them in argument are borne out by the record.
We have examined the abstract with sufficient thoroughness to satisfy ourselves that the findings of the referee and the decree of the court are sustained by the evidence. In our discussion, we shall limit ourselves to the matters argued by appellant, and give no consideration whatever to the many other alleged errors which counsel have specified in their assignment, but not argued to the court.
1. It is insisted that tins court shall sift and weigh the evidence to ascertain whether the decree is justified by it; because, without hearing any testimony or seeing the witnesses, the district court’s approval of the referee’s report does not give to the findings the weight that attaches to the [471]*471verdict of a jury, or the finding of a court made upon oral testimony to which it has listened. To this are cited Jackson v. Allen, 4 Colo. 263, Miller v. Taylor, 6 Colo. 41, Sieber v. Frink, 7 Colo. 148, Stockgrowers’ Bank v. Newton, 13 Colo. 245, and Bates v. Wilson, 14 Colo. 140.
In these cases it appears that the referee merely took the testimony and reported it to the court without findings. In the case at bar, the referee not only took the testimony, but in accordance with the order of appointment, and in pursuance of section 212 of the code of 1887, made findings of fact which, by that section, have the effect of a special verdict. In Kimball v. Lyon, 19 Colo. 266, which counsel themselves have called to our attention, it was held that when the referee reports the facts and has heard and observed the witnesses, as he did in the case at bar, his findings are entitled to the same consideration as the verdict of a jury or the findings of a court based upon oral and written evidence produced in open court. In the opinion the distinction is drawn between the effect of findings so made and approved by the trial court, and findings made by the court in the first instance and upon evidence reported by the referee without findings of fact. In line with the Kimball case is Morris v. Everly, 19 Colo. 529.
The rule established by them, applicable to this case, is that the review in the appellate court is to be confined to the specific objections and exceptions, as in cases of ordinary trial before the court or jury upon oral and written evidence, and that findings made as they were here are entitled to the same weight as the verdict of a jury, and will not be interfered with, if based on conflicting evidence, if there is legal evidence to sustain them; or unless it should appear from the whole record that, in weighing the testimony, the referee or the district court was governed by bias or prejudice, or influenced by passion, none of which latter exceptions are claimed by the appellant to exist.
2. The first specific objection to the decree is that since the copartners made a settlement of their account, it cannot [472]*472be set aside unless the impeaching evidence is so satisfactory and clear as to leave no doubt in the mind of the court that its incorrectness -has been established. Unquestionably, the evidence to an issue of this kind should be clear and satisfactory. If this rule be applied we are satisfied that the evidence of fraudulent conduct on the part of the appellant meets the test so as to warrant the finding that the charges of fraud in the complaint were proved.
3. Complaint is made that the referee, over defendant’s objection, heard evidence of experts as to the cost of a building which the parties erected. The point is that one member of a copartnership is not liable to the other for a mistake of judgment in the conduct of the joint business, and that it is quite immaterial how much the building ought to have cost; but the only question is, how much did defendant pay for its construction ?
This contention, however, is quite irrelevant, for the charge in the complaint is that the appellant (the defendant below) falsely reported to the appellee the cost of this building, and that the appellee relying, as he had a right to, ujmn the integrity of the appellant, made the settlement upon that basis. The referee doubtless heard testimony of its cost upon the ground that it tended to establish the charge of fraud.
■ However this may be, we are not'required, under the facts of this case, to determine whether admitting this class of testimony was, or was not, erroneous, because some of the expert testimony to which the appellant now objects, was given by his own witnesses and elicited in response to questions'by his own counsel. In addition to this, there is the testimony of a witness produced by the plaintiff who testifies that, from the books of the copartnership and various other data furnished by the appellant Noble, this witness and Noble estimated the cost of the building, upon which the referee, in part at least, based his findings with reference to this item of account, and upon the testimony of this witness alone the finding may be sustained.
4. It is urged that the books of account were so inaccu[473]*473rately kept that their value as evidence is so untrustworthy that the decree, or any part thereof, or any of the findings based upon them, must fall. It must be confessed that they were very badly kept. But this defect is due to the appellant himself, for he, and those whom he employed and who acted under his direction, were responsible for it, and no blame can attach to the appellee by reason of the loose method of evidencing the business done by the firm. If any one is in a position to complain on account of this carelessness, it appears clear to us that it was the appellee, and not appellant, for he is the one who has suffered from it.
But' our examination of the testimony has extended far enough to satisfy us that the findings, even in so far as they depend upon these loosely kept books, are not without support, and they have behind them direct or strongly circumstantial, independent and corroborating evidence. Having made a careful examination of the abstract to see if there were support for those items in the findings which, in argument, counsel for appellant attacked, we are satisfied that they should not be set'aside, and we do not feel called upon, as already .stated, to go over any other portion of the findings of the referee for any purpose whatever.
Counsel have indulged in vigorous declamation as to the uncertainty and doubt which must attend any expert bookkeeper in the investigation of this complicated account, and there may be, and probably is, some truth in the assertion that no two would exactly agree in striking a balance.
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Chief Justice Campbell
delivered the opinion of the court.
The defendant has appealed from this decree assigning a large number of errors. The abstract of the record consists of 318 printed pages, to which there is an appendix in fine type of thirty pages containing numerous statements of accounts and various exhibits produced at the trial. It should be stated that counsel now appearing for appellant did not participate in the hearing before the referee, and have come into the case only since it has reached this court. We are admonished by them that we will get very little light from a reading of this abstract, which was made, as they say, principally because it seemed to be required by the rules. Nevertheless, we are asked to make a cursory examination of it in order that we may see for ourselves that the objections made by them in argument are borne out by the record.
We have examined the abstract with sufficient thoroughness to satisfy ourselves that the findings of the referee and the decree of the court are sustained by the evidence. In our discussion, we shall limit ourselves to the matters argued by appellant, and give no consideration whatever to the many other alleged errors which counsel have specified in their assignment, but not argued to the court.
1. It is insisted that tins court shall sift and weigh the evidence to ascertain whether the decree is justified by it; because, without hearing any testimony or seeing the witnesses, the district court’s approval of the referee’s report does not give to the findings the weight that attaches to the [471]*471verdict of a jury, or the finding of a court made upon oral testimony to which it has listened. To this are cited Jackson v. Allen, 4 Colo. 263, Miller v. Taylor, 6 Colo. 41, Sieber v. Frink, 7 Colo. 148, Stockgrowers’ Bank v. Newton, 13 Colo. 245, and Bates v. Wilson, 14 Colo. 140.
In these cases it appears that the referee merely took the testimony and reported it to the court without findings. In the case at bar, the referee not only took the testimony, but in accordance with the order of appointment, and in pursuance of section 212 of the code of 1887, made findings of fact which, by that section, have the effect of a special verdict. In Kimball v. Lyon, 19 Colo. 266, which counsel themselves have called to our attention, it was held that when the referee reports the facts and has heard and observed the witnesses, as he did in the case at bar, his findings are entitled to the same consideration as the verdict of a jury or the findings of a court based upon oral and written evidence produced in open court. In the opinion the distinction is drawn between the effect of findings so made and approved by the trial court, and findings made by the court in the first instance and upon evidence reported by the referee without findings of fact. In line with the Kimball case is Morris v. Everly, 19 Colo. 529.
The rule established by them, applicable to this case, is that the review in the appellate court is to be confined to the specific objections and exceptions, as in cases of ordinary trial before the court or jury upon oral and written evidence, and that findings made as they were here are entitled to the same weight as the verdict of a jury, and will not be interfered with, if based on conflicting evidence, if there is legal evidence to sustain them; or unless it should appear from the whole record that, in weighing the testimony, the referee or the district court was governed by bias or prejudice, or influenced by passion, none of which latter exceptions are claimed by the appellant to exist.
2. The first specific objection to the decree is that since the copartners made a settlement of their account, it cannot [472]*472be set aside unless the impeaching evidence is so satisfactory and clear as to leave no doubt in the mind of the court that its incorrectness -has been established. Unquestionably, the evidence to an issue of this kind should be clear and satisfactory. If this rule be applied we are satisfied that the evidence of fraudulent conduct on the part of the appellant meets the test so as to warrant the finding that the charges of fraud in the complaint were proved.
3. Complaint is made that the referee, over defendant’s objection, heard evidence of experts as to the cost of a building which the parties erected. The point is that one member of a copartnership is not liable to the other for a mistake of judgment in the conduct of the joint business, and that it is quite immaterial how much the building ought to have cost; but the only question is, how much did defendant pay for its construction ?
This contention, however, is quite irrelevant, for the charge in the complaint is that the appellant (the defendant below) falsely reported to the appellee the cost of this building, and that the appellee relying, as he had a right to, ujmn the integrity of the appellant, made the settlement upon that basis. The referee doubtless heard testimony of its cost upon the ground that it tended to establish the charge of fraud.
■ However this may be, we are not'required, under the facts of this case, to determine whether admitting this class of testimony was, or was not, erroneous, because some of the expert testimony to which the appellant now objects, was given by his own witnesses and elicited in response to questions'by his own counsel. In addition to this, there is the testimony of a witness produced by the plaintiff who testifies that, from the books of the copartnership and various other data furnished by the appellant Noble, this witness and Noble estimated the cost of the building, upon which the referee, in part at least, based his findings with reference to this item of account, and upon the testimony of this witness alone the finding may be sustained.
4. It is urged that the books of account were so inaccu[473]*473rately kept that their value as evidence is so untrustworthy that the decree, or any part thereof, or any of the findings based upon them, must fall. It must be confessed that they were very badly kept. But this defect is due to the appellant himself, for he, and those whom he employed and who acted under his direction, were responsible for it, and no blame can attach to the appellee by reason of the loose method of evidencing the business done by the firm. If any one is in a position to complain on account of this carelessness, it appears clear to us that it was the appellee, and not appellant, for he is the one who has suffered from it.
But' our examination of the testimony has extended far enough to satisfy us that the findings, even in so far as they depend upon these loosely kept books, are not without support, and they have behind them direct or strongly circumstantial, independent and corroborating evidence. Having made a careful examination of the abstract to see if there were support for those items in the findings which, in argument, counsel for appellant attacked, we are satisfied that they should not be set'aside, and we do not feel called upon, as already .stated, to go over any other portion of the findings of the referee for any purpose whatever.
Counsel have indulged in vigorous declamation as to the uncertainty and doubt which must attend any expert bookkeeper in the investigation of this complicated account, and there may be, and probably is, some truth in the assertion that no two would exactly agree in striking a balance. Even a cursory examination of the record will show that the referee made a patient and exhaustive study of the evidence, and that his clear and comprehensive report and summary of the various contentions of the parties and the evidence produced by them and his conclusions therefrom fuz’nish a complete answer to the objections argued by counsel. We are satisfied that substantial justice has been done by these findings, and under the well established rule in this court our course is clear, requiring us to affirm the deci’ee resting upon them.
5. The last specific objection is that the decree is indefinite [474]*474and uncertain. The points made are that the decree in the first part orders that the defendant shall pay to the plaintiff within five days the amount which the referee finds that he owes, and that the latter part of the decree directs the receiver to proceed to wind up the business, to sell the property of the firm, and, after the payment of certain items, then out of the remaining proceeds of the sale to pay the judgment of plaintiff against the defendant. It is said that by this decree the plaintiff is to be paid twice; first by the defendant himself, and then by the receiver out of the funds of the co-partnership.
It is further said that the decree is indefinite in this, that it requires the receiver to pay to the plaintiff out of the firm property a debt which has been adjudged to be the debt of the defendant alone; and to do this would be unjust to the plaintiff because it would virtually be directing that one half of the defendant’s individual debt should be paid by the plaintiff himself. A sufficient reply to this is that the defendant cannot complain, and if any one should suffer by such uncertainty, it is the plaintiff, and he is not objecting.
We think, however, that these objections are not tenable. The decree should be read in its entirety; and its plain meaning is that, if the defendant does not within the five days pay the specified amount, then, in default thereof, and in that event only, shall the receiver pay the judgment out of the proceeds of the sale of the firm property. And it is plain that the direction to the receiver, in view of the contingency provided for, is that he shall so pay this judgment in favor of plaintiff against the defendant as that the same shall come out of the share of the assets belonging to the defendant.
The decree should be affirmed, and it is so ordered.
Affirmed.